Volume 4, Issue 3 MAY 2016

DEVELOPMENT OF ARM7 BASED SENSOR INTERFACE FOR INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) IN IOT ENVIRONMENT

T. BALAKRISHNA 1, R. NAGA SWETHA 2

1
M.Tech Student, Dept of ECE, Anurag Group of institutions (formerly CVSR College of Engineering) (autonomous),
Venkatapur village, Ghatkesar mandal, rangareddy, Telnagana, India

2
Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, Anurag Group of institutions (formerly CVSR College of Engineering) (autonomous),
Venkatapur village, Ghatkesar mandal, rangareddy, Telnagana, India

Abstract: The paper describes the performance and
functional characteristics of Arm based wireless sensor
node in monitoring the parameters such as CO2,
temperature, humidity and light around the pipeline
structure. The system is deployed to monitor any
deviations in these parameters with the standard
atmospheric values eventually alert the user even to a
remote location. The proposed system is an ARM based
wireless sensor node and it has the features of continuous
monitoring of specified parameters with easy deployment
procedures and increase the battery lifetime. Wireless
connectivity is obtained by ZIGBEE module which
enables data transmission of the system to the remote
location. The sensor node consists of various sensors to
monitor the values of CO2 concentration, percentage of
temperature and relative humidity each sensor outputs are
amplified by the gain amplifier. The maximum gain of an
amplifier is selected to obtain the reference voltage of the
analog to digital converter (ADC). The filter circuit is
added with the output of the gain amplifier to reduce the
noise level of the amplified output. The filtered analog
signals are given as inputs to the 10Bit ADC modules of
the micro controller. The sensor node is successfully tested
for the distance of 100 ft without any data loss. The
individual sensors such as Carbon-di-Oxide, Temperature
and Humidity are calibrated and deployed for the
Estimation of hazarourdous gas pipe line leakage. The
signal conditioning circuit for the individual sensor has
been designed eventually tested. A ten byte of data frame
is formed and its data fields are allocated to each measured
parameter.
Key words: Arm7 controller, Sensors, GPRS module,
ZIGBEE wireless technology.
I. Introduction
Obviously, the atmospheric air is composed of various
gases including nitrogen, methane, oxygen and carbon
dioxide etc in different percentage. Industries are using
gases like CO2, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane etc and
commercializing it based on the requirements. Gas
pipelines take part of vital role in transmission and
distribution of gases in industrial and domestic purposes.
Leakage of hazardous gas pipelines modifies the
percentage of gas contents in the atmospheric air and
causes undesirable effects in the environment. In Proposed
system used to monitor the concentration of CO2 and the
percentage of humidity and temperature in the atmosphere
in the randomly selected locations in the pipeline.
II. The Hardware System
Micro controller: This section forms the control unit of
the whole project. This section basically consists of a

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 Volume 4, Issue 3 MAY 2016

Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal employees, and maintaining the temperature of streams
with capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if released to the environment to minimize harmful
needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of environmental impact.
the project because it controls the devices being interfaced
Co Sensor: They are used in gas leakage detecting
and communicates with the devices according to the
equipments in family and industry, are suitable for
program being written.
detecting of LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol,
ARM7TDMI: ARM is the abbreviation of Advanced Hydrogen, smoke.
RISC Machines, it is the name of a class of processors, and
Light sensor: we use the light sensor to measure the light
is the name of a kind technology too. The RISC instruction
intensity in the environment.
set, and related decode mechanism are much simpler than
those of Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Buzzer Section: This section consists of a Buzzer. The
designs. buzzer is used to alert / indicate the completion of process.
It is sometimes used to indicate the start of the embedded
Liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display,
system by alerting during start-up.
electronic visual display that uses the light modulation
properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary
images or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, III. Design of Proposed Hardware System

such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a

digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except
The sensor node consists of various sensors to monitor the
that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
values of CO2 concentration, temperature and relative
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
humidity. The sensors to be embedded with the system are

ZIGBEE: ZIGBEE is a new wireless technology guided listed in Table 1 Each sensor outputs are amplified by the

by the IEEE 802.15.4 Personal Area Networks standard. It gain amplifier [7]. The maximum gain of an amplifier is

is primarily designed for the wide ranging automation selected to obtain the reference voltage of the analog to

applications and to replace the existing non-standard digital converter (ADC). The filter circuit is added with the

technologies. It currently operates in the 868MHz band at output of the gain amplifier to reduce the noise level of the

a data rate of 20Kbps in Europe, 914MHz band at 40Kbps amplified output. The filtered analog signals are given as

in the USA, and the 2.4GHz ISM bands Worldwide at a inputs to the 10Bit ADC modules of the micro controller.

maximum data-rate of 250Kbps. Low power micro controller is contributed for

computations, conversion and data transmission of the
Temperature sensor: Temperature sensors are devices proposed system. The input power supply required to
used to measure the temperature of a medium. Examples operate the micro computer is 3.3V.
of this include maintaining the temperature of a chemical
reactor at the ideal set-point, monitoring the temperature of
a possible runaway reaction to ensure the safety of

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Fig.1.Block diagram of node1 section
Fig.1.Block diagram of node2 section
Fig.1.Block diagram of node3 section
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Volume 4, Issue 3 MAY 2016
Fig.4.Block diagram of Receiver section
The current drawn by the micro controller is 11μA at run
mode. Thirteen number of 10-bit ADC modules support
the extension of the existing design; SPI module and
ZIGBEE compatibility are the key features which are used
by the proposed system. The 10bit ADC of the micro
controller converts the analog input signal from the sensor
module into digital value within the range between 0 and
1024. Computations are used for the conversion of digital
values to its respective engineering units.
IV. Board Hardware Resources Features
ZIGBEE Technology
ZIGBEE is a new wireless technology guided by the IEEE
802.15.4 Personal Area Networks standard. It is primarily
designed for the wide ranging automation applications and
to replace the existing non-standard technologies. It
currently operates in the 868MHz band at a data rate of
20Kbps in Europe, 914MHz band at 40Kbps in the USA,
and the 2.4GHz ISM bands Worldwide at a maximum
data-rate of 250Kbps.The ZIGBEE specification is a
combination of Home RF Late and the 802.15.4
specification. The specification operates in the 2.4GHz
(ISM) radio band - the same band as 802.11b standard,
Bluetooth, microwaves and some other devices. It is
capable of connecting 255 devices per network. The
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specification supports data transmission rates of up to 250

Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZIGBEE's technology
is slower than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (1
Mbps) but it consumes significantly less power. 802.15.4
(ZIGBEE) is a new standard uniquely designed for low
rate wireless personal area networks. It targets low data
rate, low power consumption and low cost wireless
networking, and its goal is to provide a physical-layer and
MAC-layer standard for such networks.
Fig.5.Pin diagram of X-Bee Transceiver

Wireless networks provide advantages in deployment,

GPRS
cost, size and distributed intelligence when compared with
GPRS is expected to profoundly change the
wired networks. This technology allows users to set up a
mobile data services that GSM, CDMA and TDMA
network quickly, and allows them to set up networks
(ANSI-I36) network operators can offer. GPRS will
where it is impossible or inconvenient to wire cables.
increase opportunities for higher revenues and enable
Wireless networks are more cost-efficient than wired
new, differentiated services and tariff dimensions to be
networks in general. Bluetooth (802.15.1) was the first
offered (such as a charge for the number of kilobytes of
well-known wireless standard facing low data rate
data transferred). GPRS combines mobile access with
applications. The effort of Bluetooth to cover more
Internet protocol (IP)-based services, using packet data
applications and provide quality of service has led to its
transmission that makes highly efficient use of radio
deviation from the design goal of simplicity, which makes
spectrum and enables high data speeds. It gives users
it expensive and inappropriate for some simple
increased bandwidth, making it possible and cost-
applications requiring low cost and low power
effective to remain constantly connected, as well as to
consumption. These are the kind of applications this new
send and receive data as text, graphics and video.
standard is focused on. It's relevant to compare here
Bluetooth and ZIGBEE, as they are sometimes seen as
GPRS (general packet radio service) is a packet-
competitors, to show their differences and to clarify for
based data bearer service for wireless communication
which applications suits each of them. The data transfer
services that is delivered as a network overlay for GSM,
capabilities are much higher in Bluetooth, which is capable
CDMA and TDMA (ANSI-I36) networks. GPRS applies
of transmitting audio, graphics and pictures over small
a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an
networks, and also appropriate for file transfers. ZIGBEE,
efficient way between GSM mobile stations and external
on the other hand, is better suited for transmitting smaller
packet data networks. Packet switching is where data is
packets over large networks; mostly static networks with
split into packets that are transmitted separately and then
many, infrequently used devices, like home automation,
reassembled at the receiving end. GPRS supports the
toys, remote controls, etc. While the performance of a
world's leading packet-based Internet communication
Bluetooth network drops when more than 8 devices are
protocols, Internet protocol (IP) and X.25, a protocol that
present, ZIGBEE networks can handle 65000+ devices.

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is used mainly in Europe. GPRS enables any existing IP
or X.25 application to operate over a GSM cellular
connection. Cellular networks with GPRS capabilities are
wireless extensions of the Internet and X.25 networks.
GPRS gives almost instantaneous connection
set-up and continuous connection to the Internet. GPRS
users will be able to log on to an APN (Access Point
Name) and have access to many services or an office
network (without the need to dial-up) and remain
continuously connected until they log off, only paying
when data is actually transmitted. A physical end-to-end
connection is not required because network resources
and bandwidth are only used when data is actually
transferred. This makes extremely efficient use of
available radio bandwidth. Therefore, GPRS packet-
based services should cost users less than circuit-
switched services since communication channels are
being shared and are on a ‘as-packets-are-needed’ basis
rather than dedicated to only one user at a time. It should
also be easier to make applications available to mobile
users because the faster data rate means that middleware
currently needed to adapt applications from fixed line
rates to the slower speed of wireless systems will no
longer be needed.
GPRS data speeds will range from 14.4 kbit/s (using one
radio timeslot) to 115kbit/s (by amalgamating timeslots)
and offer continuous connection to the Internet for
mobile phone and computer users. GPRS data speeds are
likely to average at about 56 kbit/s, with between 28 and
40 kbit/s initially. The higher data rates will allow users
to take part in video conferences and interact with
multimedia web sites and similar applications using
mobile handheld devices as well as notebook computers.
The key drivers for operators to evolve to GPRS networks
are to:
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Volume 4, Issue 3 MAY 2016
· increase revenues by moving into the
mobile data market, especially since the voice market
has had profit margins squeezed with the
commoditization of voice services
· gain new subscribers who require
mobile data services or do not want to invest in aPC
to gain Internet access
· retain current subscribers by offering new
services
· reduce costs due to the efficient use of
network resources
· ease of adapting applications for mobile users
because high data speeds mean that middleware is no
longer required to convert fixed application for mobile
use.
The overall benefits of GPRS networks for mobile
operators are discussed below
Figure 6 – GPRS Network
GPRS is based on GSM communication and will
complement existing services such as circuit-switched
cellular phone connections and the Short Message
Service (SMS). It will also complement Bluetooth, a
standard for replacing wired connections between devices
with wireless radio connections.
GPRS is different to GSM because it offers the following
key features:
Higher bandwidth and, therefore, data speeds seamless,
immediate and continuous connection to the Internet –
‘always on-line’ new text and visual data and content
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services (due to data speeds and the Internet), such as  You can measure temperature more accurately
email, chat, still and moving images, information services than a using a thermistor.
(stock prices, weather reports, train times), video  The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to
conferencing, e-commerce transactions (buying flight and oxidation, etc.
cinema tickets) and Internet-based remote access to  The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than
corporate intranets and public networks (rather than dial- thermocouples and may not require that the
up remote access which incurs long distance phone calls) output voltage be amplified.
packet-switching rather than circuit-switching, which
means that there is higher radio spectrum efficiency
because network resources and bandwidth are only used
when data is actually transmitted even though it is always
connected different mediation, rating and billing
requirements such as collecting records from GPRS and
IP networks, charging for volumes of data transferred
rather than connection time and new and multiple
members of the billing value chain support for leading
Internet communications protocols - Internet protocol (IP)
and X. 25 additional components and protocols to the Fig.7. Temperature sensor
GSM network – the key elements are SGSN (serving
GPRS support node), GGSN (gateway GPRS support Working of LM35:
node) and a charging gateway different devices (not GSM
phones) - GPRS will be available from laptops or 1. It has an output voltage that is proportional to the

handheld computers that are either connected to GPRS- Celsius temperature.

capable cellular phones, external modems or that have PC 2. The scale factor is .01V/oC

card modems, smart phones that have full screen 3. The LM35 does not require any external

capability and cellular phones that have WAP calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy

microbrowsers. All of these devices have user interfaces of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC

that will allow users to utilise GPRS services the first over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.

important step on the path to 3G. 4. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ
is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its

Temperature Sensor - The LM35 supply and possesses a low self-heating

capability. The sensor self-heating causes less

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

to measure temperature with an electrical output

The LM35 comes in many different packages, including
proportional to the temperature (in oC)
the following.
The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

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 TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,
 T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package
 TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)
CO SENSOR:
Product Description
They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in
family and industry, are suitable for detecting of LPG, i-
butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke.
Fig.8. CO Sensor
Advantages
 Voltage output
 High sensitivity
 Long stability
 Good selectivity
 Effective technical service
OPERATION PRINCIPLE:
The surface resistance of the sensor Rs is obtained through
effected voltage signal output of the load resistance RL
which series-wound. The relationship between them is
described:
Rs\RL = (Vc-VRL) / VRL
Fig. 5 shows alterable situation of RL signal output
measured by using Fig. 2 circuit output signal when the
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Volume 4, Issue 3 MAY 2016
sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon monoxide (CO) ,
output signal measurement is made within one or two
complete heating period (2.5 minute from high voltage to
low voltage ).
Sensitive layer of MQ-7 gas sensitive components is made
of SnO2 with stability, So, it has excellent long term
stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under using
condition.
SENSITVITY ADJUSTMENT
Resistance value of MQ-7 is difference to various kinds
and various concentration gases. So, when using these
components, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. we
recommend that you calibrate the detector for 200ppm CO
in air and use value of Load resistance that( RL) about 10
KΩ(5KΩ to 47 KΩ). When accurately measuring, the
proper alarm point for the gas detector should be
determined after considering the temperature and humidity
influence. The sensitivity adjusting program:
a. Connect the sensor to the application
circuit.
b. Turn on the power; keep preheating
through electricity over 48 hours.
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c. Adjust the load resistance RL until you data frame is formed and its data fields are allocated to
get a signal value which is respond to a each measured parameter.
certain carbon monoxide concentration
at the end point of 90 seconds. VI. REFERENCES
d. Adjust the another load resistance RL
until you get a signal value which is [1]AtmosphericComposition;http://www.physicalgeograph
respond to a CO concentration at the end y.net/fundamentals/7a.html.
point of 60 seconds .
[2] Industrial Application Gases; http://www.airgas.com/
LDR: LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful
especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the
[3]Supplyofindustrialgases;http://www.industrialgasplants.
resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as
com/industrial-gases-supply.html
1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light
resistance drops dramatically.
[4]NodeArchitecturehttp://www.lancs.ac.uk/postgrad/rutlid
ge/pdf/

[5] Peng Jiang, Hongbo Xia, Zhiye He and Zheming Wang

Article: Designof a Water Environment Monitoring
System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks Sensors 2009,
9(8), 6411-6434.

Fig.9. LDR sensor

[6] Barrenetxea, G.; Ingelrest, F.; Schaefer, G.; Vetterli,
M.; Couach, O.;Parlange, M. ; SensorScope: Out-of-the-
The animation opposite shows that when the torch is
Box Environmental Monitoring,International Conference
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V. Conclusion
[7]Lowpoweroperationalamplifier;http://focus.ti.com/docs/

The functionalities and performance of PIC18LF4620 prod/folders/print/tlc271.html.

based wireless sensor node has been evaluated by

interfacing the same with various sensors. The sensor node [8]Carbondioxide;http://www.figarosensor.com/products/4

is successfully tested for the distance of 100 ft without any 161pdf.pdf.

data loss. The individual sensors such as Carbon-di-Oxide, [9]HumidityandTemperature;http://www.gesensinginspecti

Oxygen, Temperature and Humidity are calibrated and on.com/en/moisture-and-humidity/relativehumidity-

deployed for the estimation of hazarourdous gas pipe line sensors/chipcap.html.

leakage. The signal conditioning circuit for the individual

sensor has been designed eventually tested. A ten byte of
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[10]AtmosphericComposition;http://www.physicalgeograp
hy.net/fundamentals/7a.html.

[11] Stoianov, I.; Nachman, L.; Madden, S.; Tokmouline,

T.; Csail, M.;PIPENET: A Wireless Sensor Network for
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[12] Volgyesi, P.; Nadas, A.; Koutsoukos, X.; Ledeczi, A.;

Air Quality Monitoring with SensorMap, International
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[13] Murty, R.N.; Mainland, G.; Rose, I.; Chowdhury,

A.R.; Gosain, A.;Bers, J.; Welsh, M.; CitySense: An
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[14] S. Koushanfar, F. Kosterev, A. Tittel, F. Rice Univ.,

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