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ANALYSIS TOOLS

Rotordynamic
Capabilities
in ANSYS Mechanical
Useful features are available to study vibration
behavior in rotating shafts, bearings, seals, out of
balance systems, instability and condition monitoring. By Achuth Rao, ANSYS, Inc.

Rotordynamics is a collective term for the study of [M], [C] and [K] are the structural mass, damping and
vibration of rotating parts found in a wide range of equip- stiffness matrices, respectively. [Kc] is the spin softening
ment including turbines, power stations, machine tools, matrix, and [G] is a “damping” matrix contribution due to the
automobiles, home appliances, aircraft, marine propulsion rotation of the structure or the Coriolis term.
systems, medical equipment and more. In these applica- This modified equation of motion is at the foundation
tions, resonant vibration — in which mechanical systems of performing the most common types of rotordynamics
can oscillate excessively when excited by harmonic loads analyses.
at their natural frequencies — is of particular concern.
These large-amplitude vibrations can bend and twist Modal analysis: When components are spinning, the
rotating shafts, leading to premature fatigue failure in these Coriolis term adds nonsymmetric terms that introduce
components as well as bearings and support structures. forces to the system, causing natural frequencies to split
Also, deformation of shafts and other components can and shift up and down. These natural frequencies must be
cause rotating systems to impact adjacent parts in which determined, therefore, to avoid excitations at the critical
clearances are tight, causing potentially catastrophic speeds. Modal analysis predicts how speed affects
damage in high-speed equipment. frequency by running at speeds from zero rpm up to the
Analysis of rotating systems typically involves the study maximum rotational velocity of the system.
of many different variables related to vibration including the
critical rotational speeds that set up natural-frequency reso- Harmonic analysis: A harmonic analysis sweeps through
nances, the response of the entire system to unbalanced a range of frequencies to determine how the system
loads and instabilities, deflection of the shaft during vibra- responds to various rotating speeds and excitation forces.
tion, torsional vibration in which shafts also twist around Again, the Coriolis terms shift the frequencies, and damping
their axes, and flow-induced oscillations produced by fluids plays a greater role. If the excitation is different from the
moving through the system. Calculation of these and other rotating frequency, ANSYS Mechanical technology offers
vibration-related variables can be performed in ANSYS options to scale it up or down.
Mechanical software using some of the most advanced
rotordynamics simulation capabilities available in com- Static and transient analysis: Static and transient analyses
mercial finite element analysis (FEA) codes. determine loads exerted on structures, joints and bearings
Rotordynamics usually is best studied in the rotating of rotating structures. This can be done as a static analysis
frame of reference, in which Coriolis terms are used in the (by applying initial conditions to specify velocities) or
equations of motion to describe rotational velocities and transient dynamic simulation in which the Coriolis effects
accelerations. Introducing these Coriolis terms for static, are included.
modal, harmonic and transient analysis provides a modified
equation of motion:

www.ansys.com ANSYS Advantage • Volume I, Issue 2, 2007 31


ANALYSIS TOOLS

Case in Point: Beam Model Analysis of a Multi-Spool Rotor


The following is an example of a harmonic analysis of a two-spool rotor on symmetric bearings with unbalance
force. An unbalance is located on the second disk of the inner spool, and harmonic response is calculated.
The example uses an excitation frequency that is synchronous with the rotational velocity of the structure. ANSYS
Mechanical software calculates the rotational velocity Ω of the structure from the excitation frequency and an
unbalance excitation force (F = Ω2 * Unbalance) is applied on the nodes.

Beam model of a two-spool rotor with symmetric bearings (left) and displacement plot (right)

In a typical rotordynamics harmonic analysis, quantities of interest such as nodal amplitude as a function of
frequency, orbit plots at a given frequency and displacements plots at a given frequency are often output as part of
the analysis.

1.OE.03

1.OE.04

VALU 1.OE.05

1.OE.06

1.OE.07
0 50 100 150 200 250
25 75 125 175 225
FREQ
Amplitude versus frequency (left) and orbit plots (right) for harmonic analysis of a beam model

Capabilities for Rotordynamics Analysis


ANSYS software offers a complete set of capabilities for model rotating machinery starting from computer-aided
studying the dynamics of rotating machinery. design (CAD) geometry.

Solids, shell and beam elements: For decades, rotor- Bearings and damping: In real-world rotating systems,
dynamics has been performed with in-house and bearings are not infinitely stiff, and the friction and lubricant in
commercial codes using beams and masses. For most them introduce damping. Also, springs in these systems often
rotor assemblies, this still is the most efficient and the most have stiffness that varies with speed and direction.
accurate method. However, sometimes a system does not The same goes for damping. ANSYS Mechanical offers spring-
lend itself to this type of approximation. ANSYS Mechanical damper elements like COMBI14, or the newer COMBI214 for
software provides a unique solution to address such issues modeling bearings in rotor dynamics, allowing users to
using 2-D and 3-D solid and shell elements to accurately specify stiffness and damping ratios for their particular systems.

32 ANSYS Advantage • Volume I, Issue 2, 2007 www.ansys.com


ANALYSIS TOOLS

Stationary and rotating frames: ANSYS Mechanical soft- Campbell diagram: The primary post-processing tool for
ware provides both rotating and stationary reference frames rotordynamics work is the Campbell diagram showing how
for rotor-dynamics analysis. The primary application for a vibration modes split because of whirling. The Campbell
stationary frame of reference is a case in which a rotating diagram assists users in finding the critical speed for a
structure (rotor) is modeled along with a stationary support rotating synchronous or asynchronous force as a function
structure. The primary application for a rotating frame of ref- of rotation speed.
erence is in the field of flexible body dynamics in which,
generally, the structure has no stationary parts and the Whirl orbit plot: When a structure is rotating about an
entire structure is rotating. axis and undergoes vibration motion, the trajectory of a
node around the axis generally is an ellipse designated as a
Unbalance response: ANSYS Mechanical allows users to whirl orbit. ANSYS Mechanical software provides plotting
specify whether the excitation frequency is synchronous or tools of the whirl for beam/mass and solid rotordynamic
asynchronous with the rotational velocity of a structure. models. The orbit (ANHARM macro) can be animated for
New capabilities in the software such as the SYNCHRO further examination. ■
command update the amplitude of the rotational velocity
vector with the frequency of excitation at each frequency The author would like to thank the development and technical support
team at ANSYS, Inc. and Eric Miller from Phoenix Analysis & Design
step of the harmonic analysis. Technologies (PADT) for their efforts and contribution to this article.

Case in Point: Solid Model Analysis of a Hard Disk Assembly


In a hard disk assembly, modal analysis is run to predict how speed affects frequency by running at zero rpm
and then several speeds up to the maximum rotational velocity the system is expected to see. The primary post-
processing tool for modal analysis is the Campbell diagram.

1040

832
Frequency (Hz)

624

416

208

0
0 753.984 1507.968 2261.952
376.992 1130.976 1884.96
Spin velocity(rd/s)

Hard drive assembly modeling using 3-D solid, beam and spring elements

Campbell diagram (top) and mode shapes (bottom) from modal analysis with
Coriolis effects
www.ansys.com ANSYS Advantage • Volume I, Issue 2, 2007 33

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