Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract— Neutral reactors are generally employed in shunt energized phases of the same circuit, but also by the mutual
compensated long EHV transmission line to limit resonance coupling of the other healthy circuit.
overvoltages induced on de-energized conductors due to parallel The magnitude of the secondary arc current and the
energized circuits and stuck breaker conditions, and to reduce
recovery voltage are the most important factors, which
the secondary arc current during single phase auto-reclosing.
determine whether or not the secondary arc will be self-
The objective of this paper is to provide the guidelines for
selection of properly rated neutral reactors for shunt
extinguishing. Use of properly rated NGR at the neutral point
compensated EHV transmission lines by conducting system of the shunt reactor ensures secondary arc extinction and
studies. These guidelines are demonstrated through a 360 km, successful SPS [3].
400 kV double circuit line with 80 MVAr shunt reactor at both The parameters of NGR are initially determined based on
ends of each circuit. Studies were conducted using MiPower steady state analyses, considering equivalent networks on
power system analyses package. either side of the transmission line under consideration.
Appropriate rating of the NGR is then selected by performing
Keywords-induced voltage; nuetral reactor; recovery voltage;
secondary arc current; single pole switchng; stuck breaker.
transient analysis studies considering arc modeling, arc
extinction time and single line to ground fault at different
I. INTRODUCTION points on the transmission line. Both steady state and transient
analyses studies have to be performed using EMTP-type
S HUNT reactors are generally provided on long EHV
transmission lines to limit overvoltages during line
program.
energization, load rejection and light load conditions. These II. SELECTION OF NGR RATING
reactors are typically rated to compensate about 20 to 70% of
the line shunt capacitance. Although they limit overvoltages A. Equivalent network model for simulations
under the above conditions, the shunt reactors could actually Equivalent network model is derived based on load flow
increase voltages induced onto de-energized line conductors, and short circuit study results and a two bus equivalent system
due to resonance from the energized conductors of same circuit is formed as shown in Figures 1 and 2 (single circuit or double
or another circuit on the same right of way. These overvoltages circuit configuration).
could be limited by means of a reactor, termed a neutral SS-A SS-B
B
C C
T
T
top
C A
T
top
T
A B
T
T
top
B C C
C
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
80% of the transient faults. The short circuit arc is usually self-
Rn
Rn
+
Ln
Ln
+
+
Ln
Ln
+
Rn
Rn
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
SS-A SS-B
B
C C A
T
top
T
A B
T
top
T
B C
T
top
T
C C
C
B
B B B B C C A A B B
middle middle middle
A T T T A
B
C C C
T
top
T
C A
T
T
top
A B
T
top
T
B C C
C
T
bottom
B C
middle
T
bottom
C A
middle
T
bottom
A B B
A
A A A A B B C C A A
resulting in continuation of the fault current, which are known
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Ls
Rn
+
Ln
+
3
Rated peak current Based on Transient analysis studies observe the Recovery Voltage at Midpoint
maximum initial asymmetric peak current RRRV at midpoint
Recovery Voltage
flowing through neutral.
voltage (kV/ms)
160 16
(kVrms)
Calculate the asymmetric peak current based on 120 12
IEEE Std 32-1972. 80 8
Comparing these two values select the 40 4
maximum to be the rated peak current for NGR. 0 0
Voltage class and Based on the steady state and transient analysis 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Insulation level at neutral studies observe the maximum neutral voltage. NGR (Xn/Xs) value
point. By using this value and referring to IEEE std,
32-1972 select the insulation class for NGR Figure 4. Recovery voltage and rate of rise of recovery voltage for a fault
based fault voltage criteria. considered at the midpoint
Surge arrester rating for Duty cycle of surge arrester is chosen based on 60
NGR temporary overvoltage study or 10 second
Current (Arms)
Secondary Arc
50
voltage rating. 40
30
Various parameters to be recommended for NGR rating are 20
presented in Table III for a typical case study. 10
0
III. CASE STUDY 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
A. System Data NGR (Xn/Xs) value
Neutral Voltage
800 80
(kVrms)
(kVrms)
600 60
400 40
200 20
0 0
Figure 3. Transmission line data 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
NGR (Xn/Xs) value
3) Surge arrester data Figure 7. Open phase voltage and neutral voltage for a typical stuck breaker
condition
The 360 kV, class 4 surge arrester V-I characteristics are
referred from [7].
600
Neutral Current
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 120 180 240 360
With fault on energized circuit Minimum BIL value at neutral point of 350 kVpeak
120 reactor
100 Minimum BIL value at neutral bushing of 380 kVpeak
80 reactor
60 No. of Phases 1
40 Connection Single Phase/Neutral
20
Insulation class at earthing side 15 kVrms
0
BIL Earthing Side 110 kVpeak
72 76 80 84 88
Shunt reactor MVAR value Temperature Rise To be specified by Vendor
Surge Arrester, class 78 kVrms rated voltage, class 4
(a)
50 1.2
energized circuit) kVrms
Voltage (with fault on
40 1
and load rejection. Use of neutral grounding reactor at the
30
0.8 neutral point of the shunt reactor on long EHV lines is
20
judiciously adopted to ensure the secondary arc extinction and
10 0.6
successful single pole switching as 80% of the transient faults
0 0.4 on EHV lines are single line to ground fault. This paper
72 76 80 84 88 provides the guidelines to properly rate the NGR for the steady
Shunt reactor MVAR value
state and transient duties to which they will be exposed by
(b) determining the NGR parameters initially based on steady
Neutral current on de-energized circuit
state analysis and finalizing the ratings by performing transient
With fault on energized circuit analysis with arc modeling and arc extinction time.
With other circuit energized
90 2.5
REFERENCES
energized circuit) Arms
80 2
energized) Arms
70 1.5 [1] A.T. Johns, R.K. Aggarwal, and Y.H. Song, “ Improved techniques for
modeling fault arcs on faulted EHV transmission systems”, IEEE Proc.
60 1 Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Volume 141, Issue 2, March
1994, pp: 148-154.
50 0.5
[2] A.I. Megahed, H.M.Jabr, F.M. Abouelenin, and M.A.Elbakery, “Arc
72 76 80 84 88 characteristics and a single-pole auto-reclosure scheme for alexandria
Shunt reactor MVAR value HV transmission system”, International Conference on Power system
Transients-IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA.
(c) [3] S.R Atmuri, R.S Thallam "nuetral reactors on shunt compensated ehv
lines" Transmission and Distribution Conference, 1994., Proceedings of
Figure 12. (a)Induced phase voltage (b) Neutral voltage at shunt reactor
the 1994 IEEE Power Engineering Society.
neutral (c) neutral current through shunt reactro on de-energized circuit.
[4] Gary C. Thomann, SM , Stephen R. Lambert, F , Somkiet Phaloprakarn ,
“non-optimum compensation schemes for single pole reclosing on EHV
From Fig.12, for selected 30% NGR value, induced double circuit transmission lines”, IEEE Transactions on Power
voltages on de-energized circuit are within the limits of rated Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1993, pp:651-659.
voltages. Neutral current of 2 Arms for normal condition used [5] Mohammad Reza Dadash Zadeh , Majid Sanaye-Pasand, “ Investigation
as one of the parameter to select the continuous rating for of Neutral Reactor Performance in Reducing Secondary Arc Current”,
NGR. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2008.
[6] F. ILICETO, E. CINIERI, A.DIVITA,” Overvoltages due to open-phase
E. Recommended NGR Parameters occurrence in reactor compensated EHV Lines”, IEEE Transactions on
Based on steady state and transient analyses studies the Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-103, No.3, March 1984.
recommended NGR parameters are presented in Table III. [7] ABB SURGE ARRESTERS — BUYER‟S GUIDE, Edition 6, 2008-08.