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2L

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE

No. 102L

1 -12 AS I. FLUID FOE

USE OF FPE01,1

AEFODYNAMIC TETI UG

By Paul T. Huber

Lan1ey Me'iorial Aeronautical Laboratory

Lariley Field, Va.

Washington
Aoril iL
 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 1024

USE OF FBEON-12 AS FLUID FOR

AERODYNAMIC TETTNG

By Paul W. Huber

SUMMARY

The thermodynamic prooerties of Freon12 haVe been

investigated to determine the possibi1itie of the use
of this gas as a fluid for aerodynamic testing. The
values of velocity of sound in-Freon-12, which are les
than one-half those in air, are presented as functions
of temp eratures and pressure, including measurements at
room temperture. The density of Freon-12 is about
Pour times that of air. Changes in state of Freon-12
may be predlcted by means of the ideal gas law with an
accuracy of better than 1 percent at pressures below
1 atmosphere at room temperature. Freon-12 is shown not
to condense during an adiabatic expansibn from normal
conditions up tb.a Mach number of . The values of the
ratio of speifIc heats y for Freon-12 are lower than
that for ir, and therefore an additibnal parameter is
introduced, whici must be conideredwhen comparisons
are made of aerodynamic tests using Freon-12 with those,
using air. ... . .

The time lag of the vibrational heat capacity

of Freon-12 to a change in temperatre has been
measured and found to be of the order of 2 Y, 10_U second
at atmospheric temperature and pressure. This time
is so short that no important energy .dissiratibxs
should result in most engineering applications.

2 NACA TN No. .10214

INTRODUCTION :..

Some. types of aerodynamic testing can be rnademore'

c-o-venient by the use of a testing fluid having a lower
velocity of sound than air. By the use of such a testing
fluid aerodynamic tests of rotating.machinery at high
Mach numbers can be made at lower rotational sneeds, at
which structural problems are less serious, and also less
power is required to obtain the same Mach number and
Reynolds number as in air.

In order to become 'a suitable substitute for air,

the fluid should have certain thermodynamic properties
as well as the necessary chemical inertness. If the
fluid has a substantially lower velocity of sound than
air, it will be more dense. This dense gas should not
depart greatly from a perfect gas because such a dar-
ture would necessitate the introluction of complicated
correction factors.

The time lag of the vibrational heat capacity of the

gas to a change intemperature must -be - short to avoid
important energy dissipations as a result of this lag.
At room temperature, air has very little vibrational
heat capacity so that even though its time lag is long,,
resulting energy defects are negligible. Also, the gas
must not condense over a sufficient rang-- .of pressure
and temperature above and below atmospheric.

Freon-12 (CC1F2 ) has been proposed as a possible

fluid for aerodynamic testing. Some thermodynamic
properties of this gas, including the time lag of its
vibrational heat capacity and the velocity, of sound,
are p resented and discussed herein.

SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Tcr critical tem:oerature, °T'

critical pressure, atmospherere

cr
gas constant, •cubic ce.ntimeter. atmosp1ere p er gram
mole per or foot-pounds per slug. per

NACA TN No. 1024 3
at Van der Waals'.constant atmosphere (cubic centi-
meter per gram mole)

bi Van der Waals' constant, cubic centimeter per gram

mole •. •:.

c specific heat at constant vlume, units of H

specific heat at constant pressure, units of R

CT)

Y ratio of s p ecific heats, nondimensional (cp/c)

Q pressure

vapor pressure, millimeters of mercury

V specific volume

T temperature, 0 Y or °F absolute

U internal energy

a velocity of sound, feet -,-.Der second

m molecular weight

S entropy

P density

Pr Prandtl number, nondimensional (

k thermal conductivity, Btu per second per square foot

per (°F per foot)

p. viscosity, slugs per foot per second

M local Wach number, nondimensional

M l Mach number of undisturbed stream when body is at'

critical s p eed, nondi:mensional

Mass flow at M
Sa crPcr (Area at M)(Speed of sound at Ml)(Dnsity at M=l)
 NACA TN No. 1024

u/u 1 ratio of maximum local low-speed velocity on

body to velocity of undisturbed stream,
nondimensional

P2/pl ratio of static pressure after shock to static

p ressure before shock, nondirnensional

T sat temperature at which Freon-12 vapor becoies

saturated at p ressure corresponding to M

x fraction of air in mixture of Freon-12 and air,

by wei;ht

Subscripts:

s stagnation conditions

n-ixture of Freon-12 and air

THERMODYNAIC FOP TIES. OF FREOI'T-12

Van der lpaalst constants.- The values of critical

temperature and pressure for Freon-12 veret obtained from
references 1 (p. ).74) and 2, which were in good agreement.
By. use of these values and the equations for a'. and b?
from page 12 of reference 3, Van der 'aals' constants
were calculated as follows:

aT
= 2( or =
10.62 x 106
aLL P cr

FT
b' =or = 9.72
cr

where

T =38L.. 6° K = 232° F

cr = 39 . 5 6 atmospheres = 581 p ounds per square inch

NACA TN No, 1024 5

R = 82.064 cubic centimeter atmosphere per gran mole

p er 0K
I-i
+. - b') = RT

Equation (1) is Vander waals' equation of State.

By use of these values of a 3 and b' and equa-

tion (1), values of pV/FT were plotted in figure 1 to
show departure of Freon- 12 froo.. a perfect gas. Van der
Waals eQuaticn of state was selected for its simlic:t
and indicates the order of magnitude of the departure.
Since Van der ITTaals l equation is not accurate in the
neighborhood of the condensation pnint, the curves are
not extended to the condensation point.

Specific_heats.- ?easured and calculated values of

for Freon-12 are taken from reference !L. These values
are plotted over a range of temperature in figure 2
By use of these valies of C1?9 1_0 was calculated for
the Van der Vaa1s'.as as fol1ow:

Ftorl. page to of reference 3,

(2)

since, from Page 65 of reference 3,

- a'

and, from. equation (1),

LL++
= -..---
J..
a'

6 NACA TN No. 104

Therefdre
Ra'V + RV3
- = (3)
2a'b 1 - a'V + pY

A plot of c,/CV against tem erature at pressures

p
of 0.1, 1, end l0 atmos heres is shown in figure 3.
p
VELOCITY OF SOUND

The velocity of sound in Freon-12 as a Van der Waals

gas was calculated over a range of temperature at
sures of 0.1, 1, and 10 atmospheres as fo1los:
res- p
From p age 318 of reference 3,

a2
(Lv)
os

= -___

Also

(àç Gs -
"àT) T) - T
P p P

Q S (ài (às'\ - Cv
-

and, from p =.

m
V2 àT)0

NACA TN No. 102L 7

When the foregoing equations are combined,

T
(2\ -
S cv (o',

V2y ()

(5)
m (a
V\

Substitution inequation (5) for and

from equstion (1) results in

2a'b' a'
2
J'y
2 v-
(6)
V- b'

Values of a, calculated from equation (6), are plotted

in figure Li.. The velocity of sound in Freon-12 at room
temperature and at pressures of 0.1 and 1 atmosphere was
also measured. (See fig. L.) The measurements were made
by use of a Helmholtz resonator and were in agreement with
the calculated values to better than 0.5 percent, which
was the experimental accuracy of the measurements.

Heat-capacity lag. - The time lag of the vibrational

heat capacity of Freon-12 was determined by the methods
used in references 5 and 6. The sample consisted of a
145- p ound bottle of the commercial liquid, which was
sufficient-for all the tests. The gas analysis submitted
by the manufacturer of this sam p le showed that impurities
were present to less than 0.1 percent. After the Freon-12
8 NACA TN No. 102t1

g is was evaporated into the test apparatus, data were

taken at various sets of conditions and the total-head
defects obtained are plotted in figure 5. The defects
shown are small and vary almost inversely as the diameter
of the imp act, tube, which is the case for a gas with a
very snort relaxation time. (See references 5 and 6.)

In order to establish further the rela y atioh time

as short, a nozzle 2 inches long was substituted for
the 1 2--inch nozzle and the defects were found to remain
the same. The total-head defects remained almost
constant with a chan.e in tem;erature. Also, the
addition of b percent water, 5 percent air, and 1.5 per-
cent alcohol into the r,.-as had but little effect on the
defects obtained, the effect being to slightly reduce:
the total-heso (letects. A very rapid ad . ustment or the
vibrational heat ca p acity . of Freon-12 with a sudden
change in temperature was thus indicated; The relaxation
times calculated from a few of the coint.s in figure 5
are of the order of 2 X 1O second (at atmospheric
p ressure), if all the vibrational beat capacity is
assumed to adjust with a single relaxation time.

Other_pronerties.-Jalues of the vapor pressure of

Freon-12 were calculated over a range of temperature
from the following formula taken from reference 2

log p 71 = 3),.5l23 - ll6.5T' - 10.959 log T + 0.007175T ()

where

2O.l < T < 38L,.6°

The values of p calculated are plotted in atmospheres

in figure 6. The data in the following table of viscosity
and thermal conductivity at a pressure of 1 atmosphere
for Freon-_12 can he obtained from reference 1, pages 790
and 959, espectiveIy. The Prend.tl number for Freon-12
is useful in p roblems involving heat transfer and in
problems involving viscous comoTessihle flow, such as
the flow In a compressible boundary layer. The following
values of the Prandtl number for Freon-12 have been
NACA TIT Nc. 1024 a-i

calculated for, a pressure Of I atmosnhere and are pre-

sented along with,viscosity and thermal conductivity in
comparison with a few of those of air:

Temper- Thermal Prandtl number

Viscosity, conductivity, k
atire
°F abs.)
I (slug/ft-sec)
Btu/( sec)(sq t)(°F/ft =
(nondimensional)

AirFreon-12 Air Freon-12 Air Freon-12

02 ----------- 2.13 x1'D ------------ ----------
49 3.61 x 10 7 2.1414 o.38q x ic -S 0.133 10 0.717 0.825
502 -------------- 2.7L. ------------- .170 .751
672 1)4 .55 3.03 .508 222 .6 1 .706
762 -------------060

a Units of k are in ft-lb rather than in J3tu in order to make

n.ondimensional.

The latent heats of vap orization of Freon-12 are given

in reference-7-

DIFJCVSSTON OF PR0?l'RTIES OF FFEON-12

The emrirical constants a' and b' in Van der

Waals' equation of state (equation (1)) are corrections
for the attractions between olecules and for the size
of the molecules, which are oath zero in the equation
of state for a nerfect gas. These ,rooerties of Freon-12
cause it to depart from a .oerfect gas by only a small
ampunt at pressures below 1 atmoschere arid at ordinary
temperatures. The departure from a aerfect gas is of
conditions and,
the order of 1 ijercent at atmospoeric
for a given temperature, varies aoproxia.ate.ly as 'the
Pressure. The density of Freon-12 at pressures of
1 atmosphere and 70° F' is 000b L5 slug per cubic foot
where F = LL11.5 foot-pounds per slug per °F and
DV
from figure 1. This density is more than
RT =
'
four tires that of air.
10 NACA TN No. 1024

The values of c/R for Freon-12 (fig. 2) are

much higher than those for air, which results in
noticeably lower values of. '. The value of y for
Freon-12, as may be seen in figure 3,at'orñial con-
ditions is about 1.13 as com p ared with 1.41 for air.
Since any of the aerodynamic relationshi p s are func-
tions of y, these relationshins for 117 reon-12 would be
expected to be somewhat different from the relationships
for air. In order to compare so- , e of these aerodynamic
relationships for E--reon-12 v.ith those for 1ots of
p/p 5 5 T/T 5 , and mass flow per unit area are oresentd
in nondimensional form as functions of the local Mach
number in figures 7, 8, and 9, respectively. These
relations were obtained from compressible-fluid theory
T+T
-
by use of values of y corresponding, to . The
2
results in figures 7 and. 9, however, are approximately
the same as the results obtained when y is treated as
constant end equal to 1.125.

The difference between T/T 3 for Freon-12 and air

is largely due to the difference in 'y (fig. 8) Little
difference can he seen between the values of n/n 5 for
Freon-12 and for air in fIgure 7 and. between the values
of mass f1or ner u:nit area- for Freon-12 and for air in
fl. ure 9 up to a bh
ac number of 1.5. The large differ-
ence between the curves for air and Freon-12 in figure 8
will become noticeable In tests of rotating turbines
or comp ressors in which simulation of the Mach numbers
entering both the rotors and stators will not he possible.
Tn aerodynamic tests-of nonrotati.ng systems, however, it
can he seen from figure 9 t.ht Bach numbers may he closely
simulated at all points below Mach numbers of lii.

The effect of the differences shown in figure 3 on

tests of rotatina machinery can best he-ex p lained as
follows. If the Bscb. numbe'rs entering the rotor are
equal in 7reon-12 and air, the iatio of rotational speeds
will he the ratio of the entering velocity ofsound of
air and Freon-l2. Because of the temperature changes
that take place in the rotor blades, however, the ratio
of velocity of sound in air and 1--i-reon-12 leaving the
rotor will then no1oner he equal to the ratio of
rotational speeds. The Mach numbers entering the rotor
and the stator, therefore, cannot be simultaneously
simulated.
%_ q
Y
NACA TN No. 1024 ' 11

A plot of u2/u 12 as a function of Di l for Freon-12

is presented in figure 10. The calculations were' based
on the methods ofreference. 8. Plots of static-pressure
and total-l:::'ressure ratios across a. shock wave in 17;reon-12
as a function of Wach 'number are presented in figure 11.
In figures 7 to 11, the. deoarture of Freon12 from a
perfect gas is assumed to be zero.

The velocity of sound in T Tecn-l2 can be seen in

figure L. to be less than one-half that in air at standard
conditions., This low velocity of sound 'in Freon is
largely due' to the low value of F and rartly due to
the low value of y. The variation of velocity of sound
with pressure at pressures of 1 atmos phere or lower are
not large and can be calculated with reasonable accuracy
from the equat.on for the velocity of 'sound in a perfe-ct
gas, in which F. = 11.5 foot-pounds per slug per 01.
In aerodynamic tests, the velocity of sound and the den-
sity will change apreciably w.hep small amounts of air
are present in the Freon-12. Probably the most convenient
method of correct'ns: for this oresence of air is to
measure the velocity of sound. The values of y and R
for the mixture can be found if the velocity of sound is
known, for mixtures of rerfect gases, as follows

am2 = çFT

Rm = F airx + Rp 0 (l -. x)

)m
(-CPF'
/ \
-1

where

c c,- x+•c (1-x)

Pm "air Freon
12 NACA TN No. 1024

The short relaxation time measured in Preon-12 means

that this gas will adjust its vibrational heat capacity
to a change in temperature rapidly enough to allon no
imp ortant dissloations to occur in most engineering
ap olications. The relaxation time has been measured at
atmospheric tressure and it will increase as the tempera-
ture and 'pressure are lowered. (see references 5 and 6.)
If a comoression takes place within a distance of 0.10 inch
at . a Mach number of 2 in Freon-12 at a p ressure of 1 atmos-
phere, the com p ression time would be 1000 times longer
than the relaxation time. 9onditions inside a shock wave will
be altered. because of heat-cacacity lag. In narticular,
the thickness of the shock wave wil1 be increased (to the
order of 0.001 in. at 0.1 atm. pressure). if the boundary-
layer thickness were of this order, it is p ossible that
chan g es in the boundary-layer separation effects due to
shocks would be noticeable. A discussion of the effects
of heat-canacity la g on shock waves i. s presented in
reference 9.

In order to determine the possibilities that ITreon.-12

will condense at the low temoeratures encountered from
adiabatic exp ansion to high Mach numbers, calculations
have been made and are p resented in fi gure 12. Ourves
are given for a stagnation temperature of 5500 F absolute
and vanj.ous stagnation pressures. As can be seen from
figure 12, Freon12 will remain a gas to Mach numbers of
3 or more, depending up on the stagnation pressure, for
the stagnation temperature shown. In figure 12, the
departure of Freon-12 from a perfect gas is assumed equal
to zero.. .

CO NC LUDI N BEMAFF S

Various thermodynamic nroerties of Freon-12 have

been presented, in order to determine the possibilities
of Freon-12 as a fluid for aerodynamic testing. The
velocity of sound in Freon-12 i. s less than one-half that
in air and. the density of Freon is approximately four
times that of air. The value of the ratio of specific
heats ' for Freon-12 is lower than that for air but
the effect of this lower value ci f or Freon-12 is
shown to he small at Mach numbers less than iii.. In
rotating machinery, however, the acb. numbers in
rotating and stationary coordinates cannot be sim.ul-
taneouslysiriulated in Freon-12 and in air. Freon-12

NACA TN No. 1024 13

does not depart markedly from a perfect gas at pressures

of 1 atmosphere and lower and will not condense at
normal conditions up to a Mach number of 3.

The time lag of the vibrational heat capacity of

Freon-12 to a change in temperature is so short that no
y dissimatlon should occur as a result
imp ortant energ
of this lag in most engineerincç a p p1icatyons.

Freon-12 must necessarily be used in a closed

system and the presence of small smou' ts of air will
noticeably change the velocity of send so that measure-
ments of the velocity of sound would be necessary for a
reasonably accurate 'knowledge of the working fluid.

In ener5l, the properties of Freon-12 are such

that interpretation of aerodmamic tests using this fluid
in terms of similar tests using air seems possible. An
actual comparison of aerodynamic data-obtained from tests
using air with data obtained from tests using Freon-12
will he necessary to establish this relationship.

Langle y 1V ei-rorial Aeronautical Laboratory

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Langley Field, Va., Dacember 7, 1945
iL FACA TN No. 102L

T
RE - EE RE NOES

1. Perry, John F. ChemIcal Engineers Handbook.

Second ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 19)i.

2. Tables annuelles de constantes et donr!e'es numriques.

Vol. xi, secs. i, iL., no. 6, Bermann & Ole (Paris),
1937;

Jorissen,. W. P., and van Keelc.em, 1P. C. Tension

p
de va eur - tempratui'es d'.bu]lition. 1-19.

Keesom, W. P. , van Santen, J. J. M. , and. H.aantjes, J.:

Lois des gaz. P. i..-6,

. Epstein, Paul S.: Textbook of Thermodynamics. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 197.

L. Eucken, A. and Bertrsni, A. Die Ermittelun,c., der

Meiwrme etniger Gase bei tiefen Temperaturen
ndch der Var1ie lei t1ahiets ethode Zeitscr-ir
f. phys. Chem., Abt. .B, Bd. 31, r. 5, Feb.
1961
0. 36.

5. Kantrowitz, Arthur: Effects of Heat-Capacity Lag in

Gas Dynamics. NACA AFF. No. 1-A22, ii±L. Classifi-
cation canceled June 19).5.

6. iant'owitz, Arthur, and Fuher, Paul . : Heat-Canacit

La in Turbine-working Fluids. 'PT RB No. LLLE29,
19L.1..

7. McAdams, VBlliam F.: Heat Transmission. Second ed.,

McGrsw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 19 2, p 1
8. von Ka'rmn, Th.: Compressibility Effects in Aero-
dynamics. Jour. Aero. Sc., vol. b, no. 9, July 19L!.l,
p. 7-56.
9. Bethe ' H. A., and Teller, B.:
Deviations from Thermal
Equilibrurn in Shoc.k.Waves. Fee. No. X-117,
Ballistic Res. Lab. Aberdeen Proving Ground, l9L1.5.


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