Department of Education

Region V
Division of Camarines Sur
NABUA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Nabua, Camarines Sur

The Cell:
The Building Bricks of Life
PowerPoint Lectures in
General Biology 1

Prepared by:
Helen Rose T. Oraa
Teacher 1
 *
Content Standard
* The learner demonstrates understanding of cell theory and cell
structure and functions.
Learning Competencies
* The learners
a. Explain the postulates of the cell theory. (STEM_BIO11/12-1a-c-1)
b. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-1a-c-2)
c. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their
distinguishing features (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-3)
d. Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the
function(s) of each (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-4)
e. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out
specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-5)
 Definition of Cell

Early Discoveries of the Cell

Cell Theory

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Different Parts of a Cell

Plant and Animal Cells

Types of Cellular Organisms

*What is a Cell?
- the basic unit of life
- the basic structural, functional, and reproductive
unit of all living systems
 *Early Cell Discoveries

1665: Robert Hooke 1838: Matthias Schleiden

1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1839: Theodor Schwann

1830: Robert Brown 1855: Rudolf Virchow

 *

* 17th century English scientist

* Constructed the first microscope
* Published his observations in a
book entitled, Micrographia
* Coined the term “cell”
The cells observed by Hooke in the honeycomb
structure of a cork tissue
 *

* Dutch naturalist
* Claimed to have seen moving “animacules” (later
known as bacteria and protozoa)
* Discovered nematodes and rotifers
* Father of Microbiology
 *

* Found a central part common to all (cells), the nucleus

A microscopic view of the nuclei of cells

 *
* German botanist
* Concluded that all plants
were composed of living
cells
 *

* German zoologist
* Concluded that all animals
were also composed of
living cells
 *

* Omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell

originates from another existing
cell like it.")
* Reason for the reproduction and
growth of all organism
*
Classical
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Modern
4. Energy flow occurs within cells.
5. Genetic information or DNA is passed on from cell
to cell.
6. All cells have the same chemical composition.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
*
* do not contain a membrane bound nucleus (nuclear
membrane) and internal organelles surrounded by a
membrane (e.g. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria,
Vacuole, etc.)
* metabolic functions take place in the cytoplasm
* Bacteria and Achaebacteria are prokaryotes
*
* have a membrane around their nucleus, nuclear membrane
* have distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow
different parts of the cell to perform different functions

Plant cell

Animal cell
 A Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Cell membrane present present

Nuclear Membrane absent present

Membrane –bound absent present

organelles

Ribosomes small large

Chlorophyll Not found in chloroplasts, Found in chloroplasts

if present
Mitochondria absent present

Chromosomes Single loop of circular Multiple double-helix

DNA
The Different Parts of a Cell
Three Main Parts of the Cell (Eukaryotic):

Cell Membrane

Nucleus
(contains the DNA)

Cytosol
Cytoplasm
has 2 main components:
Organelles
*Continuous double-layered structure enclosing the
cell
*Made up of phospholipid molecules with proteins
(fluid mosaic model)
*Selectively permeable membrane, allows water and
some selected molecules and substances to pass
through
*Additional external structure in plant cells
(surrounds the cell membrane of the cell)
*Also found in algae , fungi, and bacteria
*Provides protection and support to the cell
* Primary cell wall: elastic, occurs in plants that live for a year
or less than a year
* Secondary cell wall: rigid, comprises the wood of fully grown
plants
* Control center of the cell (controls protein synthesis in
the cytoplasm)
* Contains the DNA, the hereditary materials of cells
* Presence or absence of a nucleus is important for
classifying cells
* Prokaryotic
* Eukaryotic
*Nuclear envelope -
contains numerous
circular pores of about
100 nanometers (nm) in
diameter
*Nucleolus – site of
assembly of ribosomes
(disappears during cell
division)
*Nuclear pores – serves as
channels for exchange of
materials between the
cytoplasm and the
nuclues
The nucleus of a cell
• Everything between the cell membrane and
the nucleus.
• Two Main Components:
– Cytosol - a jellylike mixture that consists mostly
of water, along with proteins, carbohydrates,
salts, minerals and organic molecules
– Organelles - structures that work like miniature
organs; carry out specific functions in the cell
 Ribosomes Lysosomes

ER Cytoskeleton

Mitochondria Plastids

Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles

• Small granular structures, site of protein synthesis
• Made up of two parts called subunits
– Large subunit: where amino acids are added to the
growing protein chain
– Small subunit: where mRNA binds and is decoded
Types:
- Stationary : attached to the membrane of the
endoplasmic reticulum
- Mobile: float freely in the cytoplasm
* Tubular network fused to
nuclear membrane
* Goes through cytoplasm onto
cell membrane
* Stores, separates, and serves
as cell's transport system
* Two kinds:
* Smooth ER – consists of branching canals; acts as
calcium-ion reservoir for skeletal muscles

* Rough ER – consists of stacks of sheet-like,

flattened sacs with ribosomes attached to the
cytoplasmic surface of the stacks

The synthesized proteins from the RER proceed to

the Golgi complex through transport vesicles that
bud off from their membrane.
Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion)
*Powerhouse of the cell
*Sites where the stored energy in food molecules,
such as glucose, is converted to ATP
*Number of mitochondria present in a cell is
correlated to the cell‟s level of metabolic activity
*Has its own genetic materials-the DNA, the RNA,
and the ribosomes; thus, can undergo division
*Second largest organelle
* Outer membrane – separates the mitochondrion from the
cytoplasm
* Inner membrane – consists of convolutions, which increase
the surface area for energy production
* Protein „packaging plant‟
* A membrane structure found near nucleus
* Composed of numerous layers forming a sac
* Membrane-bound vesicles that bud off from the
Golgi bodies
* Contain about 40 kinds of hydrolytic enzymes
that digest disease-causing viruses, complex
food nutrients, and damaged cell components
* Recall the life cycle of a frog. Lysosomes play
an important role in the transformation of a
tadpole into a frog. During the stage wherein a
tadpole loses its tail to become a frog,
lysosomes in the cells of the tadpole‟s tail
secrete enzymes that cause the cells of the tail
to die. As a result, the tail disappears.
* System of “bones and muscles”
* Types of cytoskeletal elements:
* Microtubules – skeleton of the cell, not attached to the cell
membrane help provide anchorage for organelles; also act as
tracks (path) in which the organelles can move along in the
cytoplasm; locomotion of unicellular organisms
* Examples: Centrioles and spindle fibers
*Types of cytoskeletal elements:
*Intermediate filaments – appear like ropes of protein
fibers made up of long fibrous proteins; strengthen
the cell, especially when the cell is stretched.
* Example: Keratin-makes your hair and fingernails tough

*Microfilaments – “muscles” of cells, generally

attached to the cell membrane; give shape to the
cell; involved in the constriction of cytoplasm during
division in animal cells.
* Occur only in plant cells
* Double-membrane organelles
* Contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribomes and also
undergo cell division
* May be chloroplast, chromoplast or leucoplast
* Not all plastids are pigmented
* Chromoplasts – responsible for the yellow and orange
colors of flowers, fruits, and roots
* Leuocoplats – colorless plastids which serve as storage
areas for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
* Types:
* Chloroplast – involved in the
food-making process in plants;
chlorophyll, gives the green
characteristics color of leaves
and young stems
* Large vesicle used to store nutrients, wastes
products, and metabolites
* Maintain the structures and shape of the cell
* Plays a vital role in turgor, the pressure
applied by vacuoles to maintain the size of the
cell
*

* Unicellular organisms – single-celled organisms

(Examples: Paramecium and Amoeba)
* Colonial organisms – made up of similar cells
(Example: Volvox)
* Multicellular organisms – more complex
because of the different kinds of cells exist
within them
 Colonial: Volvox, any of genus
(Volvox) of flagellated unicellular
green algae that form spherical
Unicellular: Paramecium, any of genus colonies
(Paramecium) of ciliate chiefly freshwater
protozoans that have an elongate body rounded
at the anterior end and an oblique funnel-
shaped buccal
I. Early Discovery of the Cell
* Who used the first microscope?
* Who said that plants were made of cells?
* Who coined the term “cell”?
* Who said that all animals were made of
cells?
* Who said that cells must come from existing
cells?
II. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
6. What cell structures are found only in eukaryotic cells? In
prokaryotic cells?
7. What makes it possible for prokaryotic cells to survive and
function despite the absence of nucleus?
III. Parts of the Cell/ Plant and Animal Cell
1.What are the three main parts of the cell?
2. What part of the cell keeps the structure
intact?
3. What are the organelles inside the cell?
4. How is the function of an organelle related
to the other?
5. Describe the shape of each cell? What
structure helps them to maintain their
shape? (Plant and Animal Cell)
6. What structures present in the animals are
not found in plants and vice versa?
7. Did you see green oval bodies ? (Plant cell)
8. What do you call these organelles? What is
their function? (Plant cell)
9. What activities can be performed by animals
which cannot be done by plants and vice versa?
10. What do you think are the reasons for these
differences?
11. Do you think cell structure has something to do
with the difference between plants and
animals?
12. What are the main differences between plant
and animal cells?
13. What are similarities of plant and animal cells?
 How Does A Plant Cell relate To Your School?
Directions: In the space provided below describe the function of each cell organelle and
then state what person in your school serves a similar function in your school.

Plant Organelle Function within Who at your school has

the Plant Cell similar job?

Cell Wall
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast (s)
Mitochondrion
Vacuoles (s)
Chromosomes (DNA)
Ribosome (s)
 *
a. If different parts, work together in order to
function well, what is your part in this system?
b. What can you do which will disrupt the workings
and coordination of the cellular parts?
c. What should you do to avoid these disruptive or
harmful actions?
 *Concept
Mapping
Direction: Complete the blank concept map.
 Activity: Flora vs. Fauna
Direction: Describe the structures seen in both kinds of cells.

B
Plant Cells (Elodea Cells) Animal Cells (Cheek Cells)

Guide Questions:
a. What do you see?
b. What do you call each of the structure?
c. What is now your idea about the cell?