Republic of the Philippines

COTABATO CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

College of Engineering, Technology and Computing
A.Y. 2017-2018

A PROPOSAL ON THE
RECONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF A FIVE (5)-STOREY
SCHOOL BUILDING

In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering

Designed by:
GUIBAR, ABDULNASSER
SINSUAT, EDWIN JR.
ARSOLON, AIRA A.

MAY 2018
 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Education in the Philippines is treated as the biggest weapon for the prevention of

wide spreading illiteracy and incompetency. It is said that education is the

most important treasure parents can give to their child, as what we always say

“Children are the hope of the country”. Education has been made as the ultimate

tool in preventing and reducing poverty. Many schools are offering high

quality teaching methods, facilities and equipment to boost their performance

into their directed learning programs.

The growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our

natural environment. The manufacturing, design, construction and operation of

the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of

many of our natural resource.

Nowadays, one of the major problems that we are experiencing today is

pollution. Pollution isn’t always caused just by vehicles plying the streets

City of Cotabato, but also from the lights that we use and even our very

way of consuming electricity. We commonly use CFL or a compact fluorescent

lamp bulbs because we think that they are less expensive. But little do we

know that they consume more electricity than other lights do. We usually

take into consideration the interior design of the building and the possible

savings we can get from carefully designed interiors.

This problem is the primary considerations of our proposed design of a Five

(5)-Storey School Building. It is our aim that the structure will be able to

reduce significant amounts of energy that are usually caused by appliances

and lightings, and help in promoting the drive towards a friendlier

environment.
1.1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

The main reason why we are planning to develop the school building into

a green structure is that Cotabato City have experienced a huge consumption

of energy because of the massive commercialized way of living occurring

within the city. It also covers the designing of a building which is more

developed and environment-friendly to address the said concern.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The City of Cotabato, where our school project will be situated, has an

estimated population of 299,400 as of 2017 census. The beneficiary wishes to

design an environment-friendly school that will cater to the needs of the

students of Notre Dame Village National High School and help them save

significant amount of energy.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The purpose for writing the thesis is for the compliance of the researchers in their

CE Project subject during their study.

The project’s primary objective is to develop and design a five-storey

school building that will help the students to have a higher levels of

knowledge about energy efficiency and environmentally friendly building

specifically design to be “green” and at the same time, to save significant amount

of energy. Considering putting of plants in the vicinity and incorporate

sustainability in the structure installing operable glass windows that allow in as

much sunlight as possible help to reduce the need of the lightings and for the

concern to have indoor air quality because poor air quality is a major contributor

to absenteeism for students with asthma. LED lights will also be used for the

structure to help reduce the energy consumption.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research will focus on reconstruction of developing and designing a school

building into a green structure by installing glass windows to reduce the need of

the lightings and to have indoor quality air, and using of LED lights instead of

CFL bulbs to help reduce the energy consumption attributes the impacts the

performance of the students to improve the attendance and interest of the students

and teachers in learning.

Since, the proposal is a reconstruction of a building, the demolition of the said

structure, the foundation of the building nearer to the proposed structure and the

cost of constructing the structure are not covered this research.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is to build a five-storey school building which is

designed as a green structure improving the quality of the school facilities which

will help to decrease the pollution and become an environment-friendly structure.

Also, to significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the

environment and on the building occupants.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CFL bulb – A compact fluorescent lamp, also called compact fluorescent light

and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to

replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for

incandescent bulbs.

LED – A light-emitted diode (LED) is a semi-conductor device that emits visible

light when an electric current passes through it.

Cotabato City- The city was chartered by the virtue of Republic Act No. 2364. It

is a city in the Philippines in the province of Maguindanao.

Pollution- is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that

causes adverse change.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND FRAMEWORK

2.1 REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.1 Green School Definition

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), on its website

greenschoolbuildings.org had defined a green school as school building or

facilities that create a healthy environment that is conducive to learning as well as

saving energy, resources and money. Gordon (2010) states that green school is the

physical result of the consensus process of planning, design, and construction that

takes into account a building’s performance over its entire 50- to 60-year life

cycle. Gordon further pointed out that the green school is built so that it can

provide clean fresh air, a comfortable temperature range, abundant light, and low

distraction from unwanted noise while also maximizing resource efficiency,

minimizing pollution, and teaching students the importance of innovation in the

built environment.

Gary Bailey, Vice President of Innovative Design, in his interview session with

Olson and Kellum (2003) concurs that sustainable or green schools can create

better learning environments. The concept of sustainable development reflects an

understanding that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A sustainable school not

only embraces the concept of sustainability but is, in itself, a teaching tool for

sustainability.

2.1.2 Green School Benefits

Kats et.al (2005), had underlined the benefits of green schools as in the Capital E.

Report which are energy cost saving, emissions reduction benefits, water and

wastewater benefits, health and learning benefits and financial benefits.

According to Kats (2006), green schools provide financial benefits that are 20

times larger than conventional schools. The report review that green schools cost

less than 2% more than conventional schools in America. Greening school design
provides an extraordinarily cost-effective way to enhance student learning, reduce

health and operational costs and, ultimately, increase school quality and

competitiveness. Gordon (2010) agreed that green schools will enable students to

study in healthier indoor environments and helps save energy and water. Gordon

(2010) further pointed out that green school also saves money in operational cost.

Saving money in operations and maintenance of green school building is

beneficial to the school community because it frees up those operational funds for

more teachers, equipment and activities.

In a survey by Turner Construction Company, one of the leading general builders

in the U.S., the results show that green building costs less than what the general

public thinks, but this misconception is still the primary obstacle for people to

accept the construction of green building. Turner Green Building Survey on 2005

emphasized that the benefits of green school design can be divided into three.

There are financial benefits, environmental benefits and student, teacher and

societal benefits.

Similarly to Kats et.al (2005), green schools use an average of 33% less energy

than conventionally designed schools. Typical energy performance enhancements

include more efficient lighting, greater use of day lighting and sensors, more

efficient heating and cooling systems and better insulated walls and roofs. U.S.

National Research Council added that green school design had estimated an

average water use reduction of 32%. It is saving the cost of the school building as

well as reduced pollution and decreased infrastructure and maintenance costs to

deliver water and to transport and treat wastewater.

Furthermore, green schools design provide additional benefits that are not

quantified such as reduced teacher sick days, reduced operations and maintenance

costs, reduced insured and uninsured risks, improved power quality and

reliability, increased state competitiveness, reduced social inequity, and

educational enrichment as reported by Kats (2006).

The USGBC researched the benefits of sustainable or green schools. The benefits

were broad, ranging from the impact on student health, test scores, and teacher
retention to reduce operational costs (USGBC, 2008). Facility improvements

directly related to student performance improvements is additional daylight,

improved indoor air quality, enhanced classroom acoustics, and comfortable and

consistent indoor temperatures (USGBC, 2008). The green school itself also

serves as a teaching tool – demonstrating to students, faculty, and parent’s

practical ways and it can turn back the clock on global warming while creating

healthier, more efficient, and less costly learning environments.

2.1.4 A SCHOOL AS A SYSTEM

Green doesn’t have to be build, nor does it have to look “different:. It can be

design in any style, or any shape. The main focus of green building is to provide

benefits to the students and school staffs. A green building is a building that is

designed, constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach,

with the goal of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building

and the site on which it sits.

Our built environment is changing the world significantly. Many of the school

built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy;

building contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a

systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land

use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air

quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals:

Energy Effect – it is the cornerstone of any green project. A well-designed and

green-built school consumes as little energy as possible and use renewable

resources of energy whenever possible. Lower energy use not only saves users

money but also has broader societal benefits, including: fewer disruption in

energy supplies, better air quality and reduced global climate change.

Conservation of Natural Resources- There is a great variety of effective building

strategies that conserve natural resources and provide other benefits, such as
lower cost. Strategies include the use of durable products to reduce waste and

specifying recycled-content products that reuse natural resources.

Indoor Air Quality- Poor indoor air quality is often caused by mold and mildew

that are result of leaks or poorly designed and maintained heating and cooling

systems. Another common source of indoor air pollution is the off-gassing of

chemical found in may building materials. Some are known carcinogens

(GreenBuilding.com).

2.1.5 GLASSES FOR GREEN BUILDING

Green building too are constructed using variety of materials. The only difference

being that- the materials come packed with a great deal of energy-efficiency.

Therefore, green building not only minimize the use of non-renewable resources,

but also maximize the reuse, recycling and utilization of renewable resources.

Glass is carving a niche for itself as one of the most popular ‘green’ building

materials. It is highly sought-after, for its ability to extend both functional as well

as aesthetic advantages. Glass has today transformed architecture across the

globe. It gives a plethora of design options, helps use light and space and is used

as a material for structural glazing or curtain wall of the building. It has truly

become a symbol of futuristic architecture(glassisgreen.com).

2.1.6 LED LIGHTS

Lightning maintenance can be a costly and time consuming chore, especially in

public buildings. The electrical maintenance required for lightning systems that

daily receive harsh and continual use, sometimes 24 hours a day, 365 days of the

year is overwhelming. The physical and financial effort needed to maintain public

building lightning has, in the past, creating pounding headaches and gaping holes

in the budget.

LED lightning contributes to energy savings and sustainability by improving

working conditions through deliberately directed light and lowering the energy
needed to power light fixtures. LED light also dramatically lowers costs, an

important asset for public building projects, by out-living previous solutions and

lasting for many years beyond traditional lighting fixtures. In public building

management, like any facility management or building upkeep, time is money,

and because changing LED fixtures happens far less often than the usual

traditional lighting, public building management will spend less on the ladder

changing bulbs and more time devoted to other pressing needs.

The initial cost of an LED retrofit can frighten off tye most dedicated user of

green technology, but luckily, this cost pays itself back within five years of

installation, if sooner, for LED fixtures and bulbs can last for ten years, if not

more. This impressive ROI means that a little initial planning for a greater initial

cost result in future financial and sustainable benefits down the road. LED

lighting is a positive addition for any facility, including public buildings.

There are two major benefits for installing LED lighting in any building, and

particularly in a public building project. LED lighting produces measurable

financial benefits and notable physical benefits. By evaluating LED lighting by its

financial and physical impact, we see that the benefts are overwhelming apparent.

LED lighting should pay for itself when all savings have been calculated. This

benefit can be especially crucial in public building project that may be operating

on a severely limited budget. While the initial cost is something to consider, the

benefits of LED energy savings and the helpful maintenance savings due to a

much longer time before failure of routine bulb change, make a higher installment

cost well worth the effort. In addition to the rapid ROI, many state and local

utilities offer significant rebates that can pay for up to half the cost of the

installation in certain areas, which may very well include public buildings. There

are online calculators to help discover a building’s predicted ROI for an LED

installation, should an electrical contractor, engineer, or designer need numbers

for a specific example.

For physical benefits, it must be noted that LED lighting is measured in lumens,

which captures the delivered light to a surface. Traditional lighting, conversely, is

measured in watts. Because LED lighting has more direct stream of light beaming

from its fixtures and in many cases its particular optics can be adjusted to point

more accurately at the target area, it more effectively fulfills lighting needs,

whether it be over bathroom sinks, lining hallways, or illuminating particular

alcoves in any building, public or otherwise. This better efficient often means that

for public buildings, manufacturing facilities, or larger retrofits, a one-to-one

fixtures replacement is often not necessary.

As with any project, it’s necessary to do your research before jumping right in.

public buildings are no different, and there are three components to LED lighting

that should be considered before installing a whole retrofit: the lifecycle,

temperature, and color of fixtures.

Because it can be dimmed without affecting the life of the fixtures, light that are

frequently switched on and off experience no negative consequence. This is

especially useful in application with sensors where fixture can be shut off when

the area is not in use. Light can also be dimmed when outside light is measured to

b maintaining light levels, therefore saving energy in the process. These features

are often particularly helpful in public building lighting design. A well-designed

fixtures can also retain 90 percent of its initial output after 70,000 hours, which is

nearly twice the life of “long-life” fluorescent sources. Fewer fixtures will be

required over time, which means the longer lifecycle does not pose environmental

problems, and, unlike traditional lighting choices, LEDs do not contain hazardous

materials, further improving the green initiative in a building.

LED lighting can work in very chilly temperature, in fact performing better when

temperatures are low, but can also work in hot temperatures as well. Most LED

fixtures possess the ability to work in temperatures ranging up to 135 °F as well

as applications well below freezing, making them flexible for use in many

building’s environment. This ability of LEDs function well in cold environments

makes them ideal for freezer application where traditional lighting solutions have

needed special technologies added to continue to perform properly. Besides this

temperature benefits, LEDs in this cooler environment can see extended life and
increase savings versus other fixture technologies due to the fact that they can be

cycled on and off quickly, such as when sensors are installed, with no effect on

the LEDs performance due to temperature.

LED lighting has the ability to natively produce a variety of colors that can suit a

particular building’s nedds, from directional use to ambiance. Because of this

ability, LED lighting can generate specific colored light with fixtures that direct a

majority of the light directly from the fixture to the space. This provides a distinct

advantage over fluorescents where due to the nature of using lamps some of the

light must first be reflected up and then back down to the space in question. This

is why while both technologies can offer color temperatures to suit different

facility needs, LED fixtures can use less energy for the same color at the same

light levels.

LED lighting solutions contribute immense time and financial savings over the

lifecycle of the fixtures. The best way to prove its worth is ro view the impact of

actual lighting initiatives (Fuller, 2013).

2.1.7 AIR VENTILATION FOR GREEN BUILDING

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor

space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical

system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the

building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.

The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the raising concerns

regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use. Not only does natural

ventilation provide ventilation (outdoor air) to ensure safe healthy and

comfortable conditions for building occupants without the use of fans, it also

provides free cooling without the use of mechanical systems. When carefully

designed, natural ventilation can reduce building construction costs and operation

costs and reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.
The design for natural ventilation should incorporate maximizing both the wind

and stack driven ventilation design concepts as mentioned above. General design

consideration include:

 Increasing air supply intake by ensuring no outside nor inside obstruction

(such as furniture and interior partition) will obstruct inlet openings;

 Ensuring that rooms will have an inlet and outlet openings located in

opposing pressure zones. This includes openings on the windward and

leeward walls or on the windward wall and roof;

 Inlets should supply air at a low location in the room. Outlets should be

located across the room and at a higher level;

 The long façade of the building and the majority of the openings should be

directed so that the windward wall is perpendicular tomthe summer wind;

 Providing at least three-meter clearance from floor to ceiling;

 Windows areas should not excessive in size;

 Designing high thermal capacity and exposed ceiling for night cooling

 Reducing the possibility of wall warming by utilizing light-colored

building exteriors, trees/shrubs to provide shading and evaporate cooling,

grass and other groundcover to keep ground temperature low; and

 Keeping internal loadings low (Green Building Tech, 2007).

2.2 FRAMEWORK

START

PLANNING PHASE

SITE INVESTIGATION

PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL DESIGN

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

EVALUATE

ACCEPTED

NO
REVISED
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
END
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The project will be about designing and developing a five-storey school building

located in Cotabato City into a green structure to be able to improve further its

efficiency to the city.

We considered two design norms in our structure. First, the design norm of our

structure is the safety of the structure against failure. A structure should not only

be able to protect the environment, but the people and near the structure should be

protected. Second consideration for our design is the protection of the

environment, since we are designing an environment-friendly structure.

We also took consideration of choosing different materials and energy-saving

procedures that can be used in constructing green building.

3.2 RESEARCH LOCATION

Our proposed project will be located at Notre Dame Village National High School

in Cotabato City. We aim to build a green structure that will help the beneficiary

of the said structure so that the building will meet the project objective.

3.3 INSTRUMENT/PROCEDURE

The structural codes used in the proposed conform to the National

Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 (Buildings and

other Vertical Structures) and to the American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Code for Buildings. Minimum design loads are considered based from the

NSCP 2010.

. The slabs, beams, and columns were designed to resist gravity

loads and lateral forces (such as seismic forces) in accordance with the
provisions of the National Structural Code of the Philippines and other

pertinent codes and standards followed in practice.

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Based on the findings, articles, and journals that were presented on the

preceding pages, it was proven that LED lights are more economical to

use and produces more light than incandescent bulbs. Together with energy-

saving measures, LED Lights can be advantageous to use, and will help

save energy consumption for future use.

Architectural measures can also be incorporated to lessen use of electricity

such as designing large windows. These measures are popular methodologies

in green building design. Large windows allow fresh air outside to flow

inside the structure. This allows more air to circulate inside the buiding. In

this way, these measures can help lessen the need for air conditioning units.