Water Hardness

Review its causes

Identify cations causing hardness
Classify differnet types of harness
Observe its effects – harmful and beneficial
Understand procedures to remove water hardness
Title: Hard and Soft Water
Objectives
• – describe key features of hard and soft water.
• - explain how to identify hard and soft waters

Starter – What has happened to these kettles and

this bathroom?
S
O
A
P

S
C
U
M
Permanent
Hardwater
Minerals (Salts)
 Water hardness in the UK by region
Where will your kettle last the longest?
Yorkshire
Cheshire
Peak District
Malvern
Somerset
Cornwall
Guildford

LO – to describe key features of

hard and soft water.
- To explain how to identify hard
and soft waters
Temporary Hard water = Ca(HCO3)2
or Mg(HCO3)2
S
O
A
P

S
C
U
M
Does furring in kettles occur in all types of water?
B – what is needed for this reaction?

Calcium  calcium + carbon

carbonate oxide dioxide
 Install a water softener

Na+
Ca2+

Mg2+

Na2CO3
Sodium Carbonate
Calcium ions + Sodium Carbonate

Sodium ions + Calcium Carbonate

 The Water Cycle
Q - Where in this water cycle does our drinking
water come from?

 Hard water contains dissolved compounds, usually of

calcium or magnesium. The compounds are dissolved when
acidic water comes into contact with rocks.
 The Water Cycle and water hardness – the
chemistry

Hard water contains dissolved compounds, usually of

calcium or magnesium. The compounds are dissolved when
slightly acidic water comes into contact with rocks.

CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq)  Ca2+(aq) 2HCO3-(aq)

Titel: Temporary and Permanent Hard Water
Lernziel
• to be able to distinguish between temporary hard water and
permanent hard water
• To be able to explain what happens when we heat temporary hard
water

Starter A – Does furring in kettles occur in all types of water?

B – what is needed for this

reaction?

Calcium  calcium + carbon

carbonate oxide dioxide
Temporary hard water chemistry

this is caused by the presence of CaHCO3 compound – soluble in

water
heat
Ca2+(aq) 2HCO3-(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(‘hardness’) (scale)

Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in water

LO – to be able to distinguish between temporary hard water and permanent hard water
- To be able to explain what happens when we heat temporary hard water
Review – explaining how temporary hard water is
softened by boiling

Choice 1 Choice 2 Choice 3

Explain which ions are
missing from soft water
Explain the symbol
equation for the reaction
of calcium ions with
carbonate to form scale
in full sentences.
Write a balanced symbol
equation for the
reaction of Magnesium
ions with carbonate ions
to form scale

Compulsory
Write definitions for these key words
Permanent hard water
temporary hard water
LO – to be able to distinguish between temporary hard water and permanent hard water
- To be able to explain what happens when we heat temporary hard water