Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SCURP 2019
A Basic Course in Urban and Regional Planning
Training and Extension Services Division
3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City
11- 15 March 2019
Discussion flow
• Government, business, and the rise of the
“Third Pillar”
• The three-folding image of society today
• The State as “first among equals”
• Reserve powers of the State relevant to planning
• Planning as a primary function of the State
Government, business,
and the rise of the “third pillar”
Throw back to pre-EDSA years
• Prior to martial law private business, led by a small but powerful
elite known as the oligarchs, wielded tremendous power and
influence, controlling much of the country’s resources and the
public and private bureaucracies. The Private sector was
paramount.
• Under martial law this oligarchy was supposedly dismantled. A
politico-economic system known as state corporatism run by
technocrats and bureaucrats coupled with authoritarian rule was
installed. Under this setup the state was the sole power that
determined the social, political and economic life and fortunes of
the nation and society. The State was paramount.
During martial law
• Some of the old oligarchs were able to regain their privileged
relationship with government and, together with the
technocrats and bureaucrats established a new oligarchy.
The new oligarchs, this time called “cronies”, also exploited
opportunities for graft and corruption and misuse of
influence in government much like their predecessors did.
State corporatism took on a new name: crony capitalism.
Under crony capitalism, the State and the business sector
became close allies.
The rise of the “third pillar”
“In any society, there is the state (manifested by but not equivalent to,
the government) and there is business (the private enterprise sector).
Both wield tremendous power impacting directly the people’s lives and
their environments, shaping their futures with what they do and how
they do it. Often both are accused of consolidating their power in an
unholy alliance that corners society’s benefits … at the expense of the
general public. … In 1990 the term “civil society” came in vogue to
represent what may be considered the third pillar in society. Known
variously as NGOs, PVOs, POs, CBOs, etc., civil society is a collection of
individuals and organizations which are independent of the government
and who manifest the will and interests of citizens.”
(Dr. Cielito F. Habito, former NEDA Director-General, quoted from his column “No Free Lunch”, Philippine
Daily Inquirer, 11/20/2012)
From Government to Governance
• The rise of the third pillar created a three-folding image of
society and brought to the fore the concept of governance.
• Governance refers to the process by which individuals join
together to make collective decisions that are binding on all
participants. It is rule ordered and identifies the
mechanisms by which individual preferences are
aggregated into collective choices, and the mechanisms
governing how these choices are implemented and
administered. (Robert Stein 1990)
Governance a broad concept
Governance is a broader concept than government. It is an
inclusive concept; it embraces the state, the private sector and
civil society: three critical agents for sustaining human
development.
The state creates a conducive political and legal
environment;
The private sector generates jobs and income;
Civil society facilitates political and social interaction –
mobilizing groups to participate in economic, social and
political activities. (UNDP)
The three-fold image
of contemporary society
THE THREE-FOLD IMAGE OF SOCIETY
Social & Spatial Equity
Participatory Governance
Filipino Culture Promotions & Enrichment
•Knowledge
•Clarity & Coherence of Values
•Public Interest •Democratic Governance
•Advocacy CIVIL SOCIETY STATE •Securing Justice & Equity
(Culture) (Polity) •Safeguarding Public Interest
• Boracay was visited by 2 M tourists, - 293 out of 340 lodging houses are in
grossing Php 56 B in revenues and creating violation of the 30 m easement
thousands of jobs in 2017. prescribed by local ordinance.
• Pres. Duterte threatens to close down the - Trash piles abound everywhere or
1,032 ha island resort due to sewage and thrown into the sea.
garbage problems. Items: • There are enough national laws and
- coliform bacterial levels on the east side local ordinances but these are not
are well above the acceptable standard; implemented strictly. Citizens note:
- green algae coating the water and foul “Local officials have been complacent,
smell are blamed on untreated sewage helpless and easily impressed by big
draining into the sea. business…have been extremely remiss in
• Greed has played a major part in Boracay’s their duties…even those in DENR are
deterioration. Items: Only 25 out of 150 sleeping on the job.”
business establishments are connected to “There is a great deal of corruption that
sewer lines to cut operation costs. has piled up for 40 years.”
The State as facilitator
of market transactions
Modes of Facilitating the Market
Examples of facilitation: The production function
Through proper
urban planning
and effective
regulation, living
in cities need not
be a horrible
experience. In
fact, it should be a
pleasurable one.
CODA
For planning to succeed,
the State
must exercise its reserve powers
as the
“first among equals”.
• The sole justification for government’s being is to • Private sector conquest of public services has
perform services needed by the people. extended to security and judicial services as
shown by the ubiquitous “blue guards” and the
• There was a time when the range of public
growing trend towards arbitration rather than
services was extensive. The government was the
court cases to settle disputes.
principal provider of community needs.
• When people get increased incomes they shift to
• When government encountered problems of
paying for privately provided public services,
inefficiency and insufficiency of funds, it
private schools, private hospitals, private cars.
encouraged the private sector to engage in the
Thus, any income increase attained by people is
business of providing public services.
captured by private companies providing public
• Big private companies enthusiastically responded services.
and found that tremendous income can be
• This may be one reason many of our people
gained from any business that provides public
continue to feel poor not withstanding the
services.
unprecedented growth in our economy.
• Privately provided services like schools, hospitals
• It is time to pause and rethink this creeping
and transport are patronized by the rich while
government schools, hospitals and public privatization of the government.
transport are patronized by the poor. (This is a paraphrase from the original for the sake of brevity.)
“To those who are fully alive, the
future is not ominous but a
promise…”
John Dewey
DOLE Dept. Order 174 “End to ENDO”
Prohibits the following acts:
• Labor-only contracting. • Requiring employees of contractor
• Farming out works by a principal to a or subcontractor to do work
“cabo” (a person or group supplying currently performed by regular
workers with or without any monetary or employees of principal.
other consideration, whether in the • Requiring employees to sign an
capacity of the employer’s agent or an antedated resignation letter; a blank
independent contractor). payroll; a waiver of labor standards,
• Contracting work through an in-house including minimum wages and social
agency or cooperative. or welfare benefits, or a quitclaim
releasing the principal or
• Contracting work because of strike or subcontractor from liability in paying
lock-out. future claims; or requiring them to
• Contracting work being performed by become members of a cooperative.
union members.
DOLE Dept. Order 174 “End to ENDO”
Prohibits the following acts:
• Requiring employees to sign a • Repeated hiring of employees
contract fixing the period of by contractor or subcontractor
employment to a term shorter under a contract of short
than the term of service duration.
agreement, unless the contract • Other practices, schemes or
is divisible into phases for which employment arrangements
substantially different skills are designed to circumvent the
required and this is made right of workers to security of
known to the employee at the tenure.
time of engagement.
“Re-municipalization of public services”
(Excerpts from Human Face by Ma. Ceres P. Doyo, Inquirer, 2/22/18)
• The Asia Europe People’s Forum -Thematic Circle on • Selected cases of remunicipalized public
Social Justice held a forum recently on the subject of services:
how public services are now being reclaimed by In Oslo, Norway, waste collection was taken
citizens who had been in the grip of private back from a private service provider in 2017.
enterprises that made profit out of dispensing public
In Delhi, India, a winning political party
services. delivered on its promise to provide affordable
• AEPF notes how public services essential to a life of health care by putting up 1,000 community
dignity and security have become increasingly clinics.
inaccessible to millions world- wide while in private In Grenoble, France, the city became the
hands and states continue to cut subsidies. States pioneer in water remunicipalization when it
have relinquished to profit-making corporations the ended the contract of a corrupt multi-national
task and duty to provide public services. This has provider in the 2000s.
ffected mostly the vulnerable sectors. In Lithuania, central heating was
remunicipalized after investigation showed
• Remunicipalization is the process by which people price manipulation.
reclaim privatized public services and bring them
back to be managed by local governments. The Transnational Institute has recorded 835
other examples in1,600 cities in 45 countries.
• Other newly coined terms like renationalization and
deprivatization are directed to fighting the ills of
privatization.
Good luck to all of us!