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 A NATIONAL MINING RESEARCH AND EDUCATION INITIATIVE
A Concept Paper Developed by the National Minerals Partnership
April 2013

Ronald J. White, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

Richard A. Bajura, West Virginia University

Introduction

The U.S. has been a leading mining nation for more than 100 years both in terms of output and
the development of technology. Many key mining technologies were developed in the U.S. in
areas such as geology, geophysics, underground mining, and mineral processing. Leadership
came from both the industrial sector and from research organizations in government, universities
and the private sector. Much of this infrastructure has disappeared or is in decline through mer-
gers and acquisitions in industry, reduced funding from government, and from changing priori-
ties, retirements and departmental closures in universities.

Ironically, the importance of mining to the economy has not changed. However we no longer
have the research and educational infrastructure to support this contribution. Other natural re-
source-based countries, such as Australia, have passed the U.S. in spending, and support for
relevant research directed towards the mining industry.

While the mining industry has enjoyed strong demand and prices over the last five to six years,
there are unprecedented challenges facing the industry that will limit the Nation’s ability to meet
rising demand. For the U.S., these challenges present problems that can, in part, be met through
an expanded federal initiative focused on research, innovation, and workforce development
through education and training.

R&D Challenges Facing the U.S. Mining Sector

Although the U.S. mining sector faces a number of challenges as it moves into the 21st century,
three stand out as major challenges: power usage, water usage and workforce development.

Power Usage
The mining industry consumes significant amounts of power resulting largely from the need to
break, move, grind and process enormous amounts of rock. Providing efficient, appropriately
priced, clean energy for the industry is a significant challenge exacerbated by other competing
industrial and residential demands. Increasing prices of the raw materials needed to support our
manufacturing, mining, and construction industries appear to be inevitable given commodity
prices, but innovative ways to limit the cost of power could be a significant advantage for
domestic mining.

Efforts to reduce power consumption through improved efficiency and the introduction of new
technologies are perhaps even more important than changes in the source of power. Seeking new
methods of fragmentation and selective separation of valuable ore components would be game
changing in the industry. The U.S. should play a leading role in this effort which will not only
enhance competitiveness but also deliver new levels of environmental performance and sustain-
ability.

Major changes in mining methods are limited by the need to move vast amounts of rock. The
main opportunities are the introduction of new electric or hybrid equipment and full automation.
The latter is an enormous opportunity that will deliver benefits in performance, efficiencies,
reduced maintenance, labor costs, people movement, and safety. Unfortunately, the U.S. is
behind our international competitors in efforts to find synergies between IT, remote vehicle
engineering, and mining, but we have the capacity to close the gap.

Water Usage
The mining industry is also a major user of water. Worldwide, we deal with issues related to
either limited water or too much water. As a result, water management is critical. New technolo-
gies are needed to improve the use of water in processing, recycling of water, and treatment of
water before release. Water issues influence the cost and management of tailings, the handling of
waste rock, and the potential onset of acid rock drainage. This Nation’s academic sector has ex-
pertise in and access to a range of novel water treatment technologies, and to research groups
that lead in areas of hydrogeology, water treatment, bioremediation, acid rock drainage, and
natural CO2 sequestration.

Standard methods of tailings disposal involve large amounts of water. New methods of handling
tailings with much lower water consumption are being developed and are already used in some
operations in other countries. A recently announced collaboration among Canadian oil sands
operators to seek new approaches to tailings management is a strategic breakthrough that may
deliver major new technologies for tailings in general and place Canada at the forefront of
tailings management.

Workforce Development
Increasing demand for commodities has led to new mines, expanded production from existing
operations, and numerous opportunities for skilled workers – professionals and technical trades-
people. The need for people is exacerbated by demographic issues related to the rapidly retiring
baby boomers – loss of skills and more importantly knowledge. To make matters worse, the de-
cline in universities and colleges that previously educated employees for the mining industry
places pressure on all operations to find, attract and train people. A new focus on education,
directed at attracting a new generation of mining professionals is needed. In terms of R&D, the
demographic issues cited above also have serious implications for the potential of the Nation’s
research enterprise to deliver innovative solutions to the major technical issues facing the mining
industry. In addition to employee challenges, the mining industry faces other major people-
related issues in terms of the approach to and engagement with communities. The U.S. has the
potential to be a leader in constructive and productive community engagement related to mining
but this goal requires both a proactive effort on behalf of industry and supportive social and
technical R&D funding.

Overview and Rationale for a National Mining Initiative

This white paper proposes the creation of a revitalized partnership between the federal govern-
ment, the private sector, and the academic research sector that would help the nation regain its
competitive edge in today’s international mining industry through the establishment of a Na-
tional Mining Research and Education initiative. The concept for this initiative was developed

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by the National Minerals Partnership (NMP), a group of academic institutions dedicated to ad-
vancing U.S. national security and enhancing U.S. competitiveness by focusing on strengthening
the academic sector involved in all aspects of mining. The membership includes the traditional
mining schools identified by the SME (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration) and
other institutions whose programs include a focus on research, education, and training supportive
of the mining industry. The present membership is identified in Attachment A.

Need
The U.S. domestic mining industry has fallen behind our international competitors due, in part,
to the virtual elimination of support for mining research and education by the federal government
and the private sector. This decline has nearly led to serious adverse consequences relative to
national security, international competition, and job losses. Investment in a public-private
partnership at a total funding level between $100 and $150 million annually would lead to new,
lower-cost, highly-efficient, environmentally sound, safer and more advanced mining technolo-
gies that will help the U. S. to regain its economic competitiveness. Sustained and targeted
efforts to further develop new methods, technologies, and practices can lead the way to a revital-
ization of the domestic mining sector, bringing back new jobs to be filled by an expanded and
technically-trained workforce. This white paper recommends the following initiatives that are
consistent with federal research and development policy objectives: (1)
 Supporting research that will expand the knowledge base and capabilities of our technical
workforce to enable U.S. industry to successfully compete on the world stage
 Fostering the development of the energy-dependent economy in ways that take advantage
of new technologies, new processes, and innovative environmental protection practices
 Supporting future job creation through the continued development of advanced and
emerging technologies
 Protecting critical infrastructure – both cyber-infrastructure and conventional infrastruc-
ture
 Improving the health and safety aspects of mining
 Promoting multidisciplinary research
 Developing the next generation of the scientific and technical workforce through support
for graduate traineeships, mining extension training, and professional development activi-
ties
 Providing information that enables the development of mining and minerals policy initia-
tives

To carry out these public policy objectives and revitalize the Nation’s mining industry, the
federal government must partner with industry and institutions of higher education to drive the
innovation necessary to rebuild our domestic mining sector while also ensuring that our national
security is not dependent upon the mineral exports of rival economies and governments.

Impact of Mining Sector

The U.S. economy’s dependence on minerals is increasing, especially in the growth sectors of
the economy. Policy makers are increasing their focus on strengthening advanced manufacturing
capabilities as a way to contribute to economic growth and increase the nation’s competitiveness
on the global stage. Minerals are a critical component in any plan to revitalize our advanced
manufacturing enterprise.

It is widely recognized that federal investment in both basic and applied research and develop-
ment (R&D) is a key to the growth and prosperity of mining industry in the United States. The

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current minerals mining industry and academic community have already suffered the conse-
quences of this lack of investment. In 1978, the U.S. was more than 50% import dependent for
twenty-five mineral commodities and 100% import dependent for only seven minerals.(2) By
2009, those numbers had increased to thirty-eight minerals with more than 50% import reliance
and nineteen minerals with 100% import reliance.(3) Currently, the United States is 100% import
dependent for all Rare Earth Elements (REEs).(4) A revitalized industry with new jobs and ad-
vanced technologies will depend heavily on the development and maintenance of a highly-
educated and well-trained workforce; maintenance of this workforce is a role universities can
and should play if the federal government and the private sector provide joint support.

International Competition
The growth of international competition and the increase in environmental standards within the
U.S. led to a lack of competitiveness by domestic producers of mined minerals. The ability of
foreign companies, especially the Chinese mining industry, to flood the market with cheaper
minerals is due in large part to the absence of labor force protection and environmental standards
which further handicaps American industry. Currently, the Chinese control 97% of the mining
and production of rare earth elements. (5) These minerals are key components in high-technology
equipment including magnets, electronics, and many of Department of Defense’s weapons pro-
grams. A Chinese monopoly in mining these metals is not only a threat to our own national
security interests, but it also reinforces Chinese dominance in research, development, and the
creation of a well-trained workforce in these areas. In addition, it also hinders our ability to de-
velop and manufacture the type of high-technology machinery and instruments that lead to
advances across all sectors of our domestic industries.

Industry Contribution to Enhancement of Mining Sector

While our domestic mining industry has been severely limited by this reduction in federal sup-
port and interest, it nonetheless stands ready to rebuild and help the Nation reclaim its security
and economic independence. For example, Molycorp, the only U.S.-owned rare earth producer
in the western hemisphere, recently reopened a facility in Mountain Pass, California. The new
technologies developed by Molycorp are leading the way for this renewed effort by the U.S.
mining industry. Molycorp’s investments in research have paid off in developments that will
dramatically reduce the toxic chemicals and water necessary for the removal of minerals and
REEs from the earth. Such advances could lead to practices that vastly exceed current environ-
mental standards and produce these necessary minerals for half the cost of the Chinese mines.
Reduced environmental remediation costs would be an enormous competitive advantage and
pose a unique opportunity for the establishment of a rebuilt U.S. mining sector. Molycorp has
shown that private industry is ready and able to make a substantial financial contribution to
advanced technologies and to rebuilding and educating the workforce that they will rely upon as
the U.S. mining industry remakes itself. Molycorp has also called for the types of public sector
investment and public-private partnerships that will make American mining safe, efficient,
environmentally responsible, and secure in the future.

Justifying Federal Support for Mining Research and Education

Mining research and education, both key components of the mining value chain, have been in
decline since the Bureau of Mines and its programs were abolished in the mid-1990s. This
decline has reached the crisis stage now that many faculty and researchers are at or near retire-
ment age and demand is increasing for a new generation of workers and technology. The world
of mining is much different today than it was in the past and needs to evolve further. Our nation
needs a 21st century approach to mining that is focused on research, innovation, environmental

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protection, and related STEM education. Mining has become more challenging as the richest
deposits disappear and as environmental sensitivities increase. The mining industry is not re-
search intensive and is unlikely to become so because mining research benefits a company’s
competitors as much as it benefits the company. In contrast, federal funding of mining research,
through the Nation’s colleges and universities, makes sense because it leads to new knowledge
and a technically trained workforce that will benefit the nation’s entire mining industry.

Immediate Benefits

A number of immediate economic and security-related benefits result from this initiative.

Secure Supply Chain

One of the most immediate benefits that renewed mining support and partnership initiatives
provides is a secure resource for materials necessary to support national security interests. The
ability and willingness of the Chinese to manipulate and prioritize the export, distribution, and
supply of these REE minerals places the United States at a significant manufacturing, compet-
itiveness, and national security disadvantage. It is paramount that our Nation takes the necessary
steps to re-establish a competitive domestic supply chain that is driven by innovation, education,
workforce training, and industrial participation. The resulting partnerships and advances will
make the industry safer, cleaner, and more efficient. These innovations must be spurred by fund-
ing from the public sector as well as private sector investment in research, education, and
workforce training.

Impact on Manufacturing Sector

The impact that a revamped domestic mining sector would have on U.S. manufacturing indus-
tries would also be immediate and significant. Dozens of minerals, including many of the REEs,
are used in the manufacture of green energy products as well as high-technology scientific
equipment. The current fossil fuel driven energy sector, as well as the growing green energy
sector, relies heavily on products that are created using these elements and minerals. Manufac-
tured goods such as batteries, electric cars, wind and water turbines, lasers, and superconductors
all depend on reliable access to affordable minerals and rare earth elements. Our Nation’s ability
to lead the way in the alternative energy field and to secure our energy future will be determined
by our access to these elements and minerals at a competitive price. It is no coincidence that
China is the country leading the way in high-technology and green energy manufacturing and is
also the country that currently controls the vast majority of the Earth’s supply of these essential
elements and minerals. A renewal in the U.S. mining sector would spur growth across many of
our domestic manufacturing industries, bringing high-technology and manufacturing jobs back to
the United States and reducing our trade gap at the same time. This new growth in green manu-
facturing will lower the costs of alternative energy, allowing the U.S. to cut fossil fuel imports
from foreign, and sometimes hostile, countries and to further secure our Nation’s energy supply.

Domestic Fuel Industry

The domestic fossil fuel industry, as a whole, has much to gain from these partnerships and
advances in mining as well. The coal industry is an integral part of the U.S. minerals mining
sector. Advances in safety, cleanliness, and new mining techniques and technologies can make
coal an indefinite source of domestic energy while meeting our environmental and public health
concerns directly. The coal industry stands ready and is eager to participate with other mineral
sectors, through endeavors like centers of excellence and public-private partnerships. Such
efforts will produce the technical advances and the trained workforce necessary to push U.S.

Page 5
mining back to the forefront with new technologies, enhanced environmental stewardship, and
improved safety. Because there is overlap between the technologies and techniques used in
mineral mining and for oil and natural gas production, the “technology spillover” from these
joint scientific research projects would be significant.

Congressional and Administration Interests

The negative impact of foreign domination has led to a growing concern within the U.S. govern-
ment that recognizes the importance of addressing our near-total reliance on foreign sources of
REEs and other minerals. In the 112th Congress alone, there were 10 separate bills introduced in
the House or Senate that directly addressed the need for progress in this area. There also exists
substantial support within the executive branch, including the Departments of Defense, Energy,
and Interior, as well as the White House, to make immediate progress on securing a reliable do-
mestic pipeline of essential minerals for use in U.S. manufacturing sectors across the board.
Supporting a public-private research mechanism that will fuel the creation of a domestic supply
of elements and minerals is an important step toward revitalizing the U.S. mining industry as
well as countless other U.S. manufacturing and industrial sectors. The advanced technologies
and materials produced by improved public and industry support will provide the necessary
resources for immediate and substantial improvements in national security, defensive and offen-
sive technologies, energy independence, cleaner and more efficient energy, as well as new devel-
opments and job growth in high-technology and green energy sectors. These elements and min-
erals are a cornerstone to U.S. economic growth that will reach across many major domestic
industries.

Oversight of a National Program in Mining Research and Education

Appropriate oversight of any new federal program should be well-thought out in advance of the
program’s initiation. Such oversight includes the following components.

Presidential Leadership
An initial step in this effort would be for the President, through the Office of Science and
Technology Policy (OSTP), to establish an interagency mining research and education commit-
tee under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). This action
would provide a forum for the coordination and development of interagency policy and
programmatic objectives.

NSTC Committee Membership

Membership on this NSTC committee could include: Department of Interior, Department of
Energy, Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, National Institute for Standards
and Technology, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Labor, Department of
Commerce, Health and Human Services, and other appropriate federal agencies. This is con-
sistent with a recommendation of the National Research Council’s (NRC) Committee on Critical
Mineral Impacts on the U.S. Economy. That report recommended several federal agencies
“develop and fund activities, including basic science and policy research, to encourage U.S.
innovation in the critical minerals and materials areas and…to use programs involving academic
organizations, industry, and government to enhance education and applied science.”(11)

Advisory Committee
Along with this NSTC inter-agency committee, there should be a broad-based advisory commit-
tee whose membership should include representatives of the mining industry, leading educators,

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relevant scientists and engineers, and environmental, health, and safety experts. This advisory
committee should provide advice and other assistance to the NSTC mining research and educa-
tion committee.

Lead Federal Agency

The initiative would be managed by a lead federal agency (e.g., the Department of Energy or
other agency skilled at interagency program coordination). Federal agencies whose missions
would be served by participating and supporting research on specific topics and contributing to
overall workforce development would be expected to partner and co-fund relevant programmatic
initiatives.

Elements of the National Program in Mining Research and Education

Work conducted under the National Program will focus on five thematic areas: Advanced
Technology, Environmental, Health & Safety, Workforce Development, and Policy. Collabora-
tions will be established with federal agencies that have programmatic missions in the five theme
areas. Representatives from academe, industry, labor, and the environmental community will
participate in the various projects conducted. The programs in these five thematic areas will ad-
dress research, education, and outreach initiatives as described below.

Research
Research conducted under the national program is broadly categorized by three program ele-
ments supporting individual research projects, research and technology centers, and infrastruc-
ture development through support for mining research instrumentation.

 Individual Research Project Support: This element will provide competitive, merit-
based grant support for research into a wide range of technology interests including mine
systems; rock mechanics and ground control; mineral/coal processing; energy and the
environment; materials and manufacturing; underground science and engineering; geol-
ogy and geological engineering; geophysics; metallurgical and materials engineering;
chemistry, physics, and engineering of energy conversion processes; high performance
computing; polymeric materials; excavation technology; civil engineering; research in the
fields of conventional electric power and energy systems and machinery; renewable
energy resources; distributed power generation; energy economics and policy; power
electronics and power quality; bio-environmental science and engineering; ground water
modeling and advanced water treatment and processing; risk assessment; mine health and
safety issues; and possibly others. Criteria to be used for evaluating the merit and appro-
priateness of research proposals will be developed by the lead federal agency based on
advice provided by the proposed OSTP interagency mining research and education
committee.

 Regional Cooperative Mining Research and Technology Development Centers: This

element’s objective would be to support the development of long-term partnerships
among industry, academe, and government through the establishment of regionally-
focused cooperative mining research and technology development centers. The centers
could be initiated by a five-year commitment from the lead federal agency. The initial
award could be followed by another potential five-year renewal if sufficient progress has
been made to support such an extension. Following the ten-year grant period, Centers
will strive to be primarily supported by industry members and sponsors, with the lead

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 federal agency continuing to play a supporting role in the development and the evolution
of the Center. Each Center will be established to conduct research that is of interest to
both the industry members and the academic partners.

 Mining Research Instrumentation: The Mining Research Instrumentation element

serves to increase access to shared scientific and engineering instruments for research and
research training in our Nation's institutions of higher education, museums, science cen-
ters, and not-for-profit organizations. This program especially seeks to improve the
quality and expand the scope of mining research and mining research training in science
and engineering by providing shared instrumentation that fosters the integration of min-
ing research and education in research-intensive learning environments. Development
and acquisition of research instrumentation for shared inter- and/or intra-organizational
use would be encouraged, as would development efforts that leverage the strengths of
private sector partners to build instrument development capacity at academic institutions.

Education
Under the educational aspects of the National Program, opportunities will be established to en-
hance the mining workforce through two targeted program elements designed to enhance gradu-
ate student and undergraduate student populations in areas pertinent to the mining industry.

 Mining Research Graduate Traineeship Program: This element would meet the
challenges of educating U.S. Ph.D. scientists and engineers with interdisciplinary back-
grounds, thereby graduating students with substantial knowledge in mining-related
disciplines and with relevant technical and professional skills. The element would
establish new models for graduate education and training in an environment for collab-
orative research that transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries. It will also facilitate
diversity in student participation and preparation. In addition, it will contribute to a
world-class, yet broadly inclusive and globally-engaged science and engineering work-
force, which is essential to the future health and well-being of the mining industry. This
program will support new models in graduate education and create an environment that
supports collaboration with industry. By providing hands-on experience, students will
learn how their own research and technology improvements may contribute to and benefit
society.

 Undergraduate Research Experiences in Mining: This program will support active

research participation by undergraduate students in any of the areas of research relevant
to the National Mining Research and Education Program. Projects will involve students
in meaningful ways in ongoing research programs or in research projects specifically
designed for this program.

Outreach
Outreach activities will be conducted through programs designed to increase coordination among
various research groups and partnerships between researchers and industry to ensure that tech-
nology developed under the National Program is both relevant and implemented in practice.
These activities are described below.

 Mining Research Coordination Networks: This element will work to advance a field
or to create new directions in mining research or education. Support will be provided to
groups of investigators who will communicate and coordinate their research, training, and

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 educational activities by working across disciplinary, organizational, geographic, and
international boundaries. This element will provide opportunities to foster new collab-
orations, including industry partnerships, and will address interdisciplinary topics
important for the future health and well-being of the Nation’s mining industry.
Innovative ideas for implementing novel networking strategies, collaborative
technologies, and the development of community standards for data and meta-data are
especially encouraged. Proposed networking activities should focus on an important
issue related to mining and minerals. This focus will give coherence to the collaboration
by addressing either a broad research question or a particular technology or approach.

 Mining Partnerships for Innovation: This element will contain two complementary
programmatic efforts: Technology Translation and Research Alliances. First, Technol-
ogy Translation, will encourage the translation of technologically-promising research
discoveries, and move those technologies forward on a path toward commercialization.
Second, Research Alliances will promote synergistic collaborations between an existing
academic research entity and other public and private entities to motivate the translation
and transfer of research discoveries into innovative technologies useful for the mining
industry. It is essential that technologies developed in the advanced research program be
suitable for deployment by industry leaders and the working miners.

Concluding Comments and Recommendations

Mining research, education and outreach, key components of the mining value chain, have been
in decline since the Bureau of Mines and its programs were abolished in the mid-1990s. This
decline has reached the crisis stage now that many faculty and researchers are at or near retire-
ment age and demand is increasing for a new generation of workers and technology. The world
of mining is much different today than it was in the past and needs to evolve further. Our nation
needs a 21st century approach to mining that is focused on research, innovation, environmental
protection, and related STEM education.

The mining industry is not research intensive and is unlikely to become so because mining re-
search benefits a company’s competitors as much as it benefits the company. In contrast, federal
funding of mining research, through the Nation’s colleges and universities, is appropriate and
necessary because it leads to the creation of new knowledge, processes, and technologies as well
as a technically trained workforce that will benefit the competitiveness of the nation’s entire
mining industry.

The National Minerals Partnership recommends that a national mining research and education
initiative be established that includes federal participation and support and involvement of the
industry, labor, academic and environmental community sectors. Benefits to our nation include
security of supply of essential minerals that drive our overall economy and the development of a
mining sector that can compete in international markets.

Ronald J. White, Ph.D. Richard A. Bajura, Ph.D.

Vice President for Research Director, National Research Center for Coal and
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Energy, West Virginia University
Rapid City, South Dakota 57701 Morgantown, WV 26506-6064

Page 9
References

(1) Innovation for America’s Economy, America’s Energy, and American Skills – Science,
Technology, Innovation and STEM Education in the 2013 Budget; Office of Science and
Technology Policy, February 13, 2012.
(2) Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Spring 2010 Industry
Study Final Report Strategic Materials Industry, p. 15; citing U.S. Geological Survey,
Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010, pp. 5-15.
(3) Id.
(4) CRS Report, Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain, by Mark Humphries,
September 6, 2011 p. 2
(5) Id. at p. 10 and Annual Industrial Capacities Report to Congress, Department of Defense,
September 2011.
(6) See USBM Technology Transfer Office, U.S. Bureau of Mines Cooperative Research
Opportunities, Report Nos: BUMINES-SP-03-95, April 1995 (Available from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS))
(7) Id. See also National Academies of Science, Commission on Geosciences, Environment
and Resources (CGER), Research Programs of the U.S. Bureau of Mines: First
Assessment, 1994 (1994) http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9206&page=R1
(8) Id.
(9) Id.
(10) Id.
(11) National Academies of Science, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources (BESR),
Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy (2008) at p. 221
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12034&page=R1

Page 10
 Attachment A

Members of the National Minerals Partnership

 Colorado School of Mines

 Michigan Technological University

 Missouri University of Science & Technology

 Montana Tech of the University of Montana

 New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology

 Pennsylvania State University

 Prairie View A&M University

 South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

 Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

 University of Alaska Fairbanks

 University of Arizona

 University of Idaho

 University of Kentucky

 University of Minnesota Duluth

 University of Nevada, Reno

 University of Pittsburgh

 University of South Carolina

 University of Texas at El Paso

 University of Utah

 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

 West Virginia University

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