GPON Technology

Overview Principles
Working Principles Frame Structure Acronyms
C
The GPON technology uses the P2MP architecture of a standard PON network. A GPON network consists The GPON technology uses different upstream and downstream wavelengths to transmit data bidirectionally over a single optical fiber. A GEM frame is a GPON service transmission unit with a length of 125 s. All data is encapsulated into
CPE Customer premises equipment
of an OLT, ONUs, and optical splitters. The following figure shows the GPON network architecture. GEM frames for transmission.
SNI S/R R/S UNI Downstream center wavelength: 1490 nm D
ODN Downstream Frame

 A GEM port is the minimize unit for 125 s DBA Dynamic bandwidth allocation
ONU ONU 1 carrying data.
Optical splitter Physical Control Block Downstream E
Optical splitter T-CONT  A T-CONT is an upstream service flow (PCBd) Payload
Upstream EPON Ethernet passive optical network
IFgpon control unit.
IFgpon OLT GEM port Bandwidth Map
Service node OLT CPE  A GPON port on an ONU contains ONU 1 F
T-CONT multiple T-CONTs. FTTB Fiber to the building
 A T-CONT contains multiple GEM AllocID Start End AllocID Start End FTTC Fiber to the curb
ONU ONU N ports.
FTTD Fiber to the door
Upstream center wavelength: 1310 nm
1 100 200 2 300 500
FTTH Fiber to the home

GPON Standards and Protocols FTTO Fiber to the office

Service Transmission Principles OLT
FTTW Fiber to the Wi-Fi
ITU-T G.984.2
ITU-T G.984.1 T-CONT 1 T-CONT 2 G
• ODN parameter specifications 1 1
• GPON network parameters ONU 1 ONU 1 (ONU 1) (ONU 2)
• 2.488 Gbit/s downlink optical port parameter specifications GEM GPON encapsulation mode
• Networking requirements for a protection 1 Slot Slot Slot Slot
• 1.244 Gbit/s uplink optical port parameter specifications
switchover
• Physical layer overhead allocation 100 200 300 500 GPON Gigabit-capable passive optical
network
2 1 2 3 2 ONU N
OLT ONU 2 OLT 2 ONU 2 PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu Payload x DBRu Y Payload y I

ISP Internet service provider

ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4 3 Upstream Frame N
ITU-T G.984.3 3 3
ONU 3 ONU 3 NSP Network service provider
• GTC layer specifications
• GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol stack O

• GTC layer frame structure ITU-T G.984.4 PLI ODN Optical distribution network
Data is transmitted in TDMA mode in upstream direction. In this mode, PLI
• OMCI message structure Data is broadcast in downstream direction. ONUs receive the

5 bytes
• ONU registration and activation flows multiple timeslots are allocated to an uplink. ONUs transmit data based Inter-packet gap Port ID ONU Optical network unit
• OMCI device management architecture desired data according to GEM port IDs. Port ID
• DBA specifications on allocated timeslots. This prevents data conflict. PTI OLT Optical line terminal
• OMCI principles Preamble PTI
• Alarms and performance Ingress buffer HEC
SFD CRC P
Service Multiplexing Principles
DA PON Passive optical network
GPON Parameters OLT
OLT SA P2P Point-to-point
Payload
Upstream 12901330/1310 Data GFP GEM payload TDM data
Length/Type

Filter
Wavelength/Center ONU 1 TDM fragment P2MP Point-to-multipoint
GEM port IFgpon GEM port T-CONT IFgpon ONU 1
Wavelength (nm) Downstream 14801500/1490 Voice TDM/VoIP MAC client data S
Service Supporting
Upstream 1.244 Video GEM-IPTV IFgpon GEM port GEM port filter
FCS SNI Service node interface
IFgpon
Bandwidth (Gbit/s) EOF T
Downstream 2.488 TDM GEM GEM port
GEM port T-CONT IFgpon ONU N

Filter
T-CONT Transmission container
Line NRZ/FSS Format of DBA packets Standard IFgpon GEM port Mapping Ethernet frames to GEM frames Mapping TDM data to GEM frames
ONU N
Protocol TDMA Time division multiple access
Link ATM/GEM Ranging Equidistant EqD mode
Downstream Upstream TWDM Time and wavelength division
Maximum Logical Reach (km) 60
 Ethernet frames are mapped to GEM frame payloads.  TDM packets enter a buffer queue and are encapsulated multiplexed
Bandwidth Efficiency 92%
 Each Ethernet frame is mapped to one or multiple GEM to GEM frames in a fixed number of bytes for transmission. U
Maximum Physical Reach (km) 20 ONT Management-compliant Protocol OMCI 1. OLT data is mapped to GEM ports. 1. ONU data is mapped to GEM ports.
frames.  The GPON system transparently transmits the TDM
2. ONUs transmit data to the OLT based on T-CONT requirements. UNI User network interface
2. The OLT broadcasts GEM port data to all ONUs.  A GEM frame supports only an Ethernet frame. packets.
Nominal Reach (km) 20 Data Encapsulation Protocol GEM
3. The OLT restores GEM port data and transmits the data to its service W
3. ONUs receive the desired data according to GEM port IDs.
Split Ratio 1:641:128 Optical Power Budget Class A/B/C processing units. WDM Wavelength division multiplexing

Key Technologies Networking Applications Networking Protection

The DBA technology uses the dynamic upstream bandwidth adjustment mechanism to effectively improve upstream bandwidth usage. The GPON technology applies on FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, and FTTH networks based on access nodes. GPON lines are protected in type B or type C mode. ONU 1

OLT ONU ONU 1 IFgpon

1:N optical splitter
DBA report OLT IFgpon
DBA IFgpon
OLT 2:N optical splitter
DBA module Control plane  The DBA module in the OLT continuously IFgpon
BW map collects DBA reports from the ONU and uses Distribution point IFgpon
Distribution point IFgpon
the DBA algorithm to calculate the bandwidth to ONU N
be allocated to the ONU. IFgpon ONU N
T-CONT
Data plane  The OLT issues the calculated bandwidth to the IFgpon
Macro ONU IFgpon 1:N optical splitter
OLT
ONU through a BW map. Pico ONU IFgpon
T-CONT  The ONU uses the allowed timeslot to transmit
Timeslot data upstream based on the BW map data. FTTC Type B OLT port backup Type C full backup
Scheduler T-CONT
FTTB  An OLT uses two GPON ports as active and standby ones.  Both OLT and ONU use two GPON ports as active and standby ones.
Micro ONU
 If the active feeder fiber is faulty, the OLT automatically switches data to the  Feeder and drop fibers as well as GPON ports are protected in this mode.
FTTH/FTTD standby feeder fiber.
The ranging technology ensures that all ONU upstream data does not conflict.  All standby ports are idle, resulting in a low bandwidth usage.
 Feeder fibers and GPON ports are protected in this mode. Drop fibers are not
protected.
Zero-distance EqD Sstart
Ranging IFgpon
Start of D/S Frame Assigned EqD IFgpon GPON port Protection scope IFgpon Single GPON uplink port on an ONU Dual GPON uplink ports on an ONU
 During the ranging process, the OLT obtains ONU's The GPON technology applies on FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, FTTH, FTTO, and FTTW networks based on service scenarios. IFgpon
Pre-assigned EqD RTD.
 The OLT specifies proper EqD values for ONUs
OLT
Actual
reception of
Desired
start of the
Desired
reception of
based on the RTD to ensure the same logical reach CO
Technology Evolution
from all ONUs to the OLT.
S/N response U/S frame SN response
ONU The PON technology is being evolved at NG PON1 and NG PON2 phases.
response Pre-assigned Business NG PON1 provides higher rates based on the TDMA PON technology. The NG PON1 phase involves XGPON1 and XGPON2.
time EqD Sstart
ONU in ranging FTTO  XGPON1: provides asymmetric 10G PON transmission with a downstream rate of 9.953 Gbit/s and an upstream rate of 2.488 Gbit/s.
FTTC
state  XGPON2: provides symmetric 10G PON transmission with a downstream rate of 9.953 Gbit/s and an upstream rate of 9.953 Gbit/s.
Start of the U/S Transmission of
U/S BW map containing frame for the pre- S/N Response NG PON2: ITU-T has already used TWDM-PON as the NG PON2 standard.
a ranging request ranged ONU
Reception of D/S Frame
FTTB Small cell
Wi-Fi FTTW Item XGPON1
FTTH/FTTD
NGA2
FTTDp DS: 15751580
Wavelength (nm)
The burst optical and electrical technology prevents upstream data conflict and ensures correct data reception. TWDM-PON, stacked, 40G,  US: 12601280
DS: 1577
Continuous transmit module Center wavelength(nm)
Burst transmit module Burst Transmission US: 1270
Residential
The ONU optical transmit module uses only a preset DS: 9.953
Rate (Gbit/s)
timeslot to transmit data upstream in burst mode. US: 2.488
OLT OLT Residential NGA1
Class N1: 1429
ONU 1
Data conflict Class N2: 1631
XGPON1 XGPON2 Power budget (dB)
Class E1: 1833
ONU 2
OLT Class E2: 2035

Signal recovery Burst receive module ONU 3 Multi-Scenario Multi-Mode Multi-Medium Maximum fiber distance (km) 60
Burst Reception
The OLT optical receive module dynamically and • @Home • FTTH, FTTC, FTTB, and • Copper, optical fiber, coaxial Maximum differential fiber distance(km) 40
promptly adjusts power threshold based on received • @Move FTTDp cable, and electric power cable Split ratio 1:128
Continuous receive module Threshold signals. This prevents signal discarding or signal GPON
recovery faults caused by large attenuation. • @Work • FTTW and FTTO • Wi-Fi and small cell Frame structure XGEM

2010 2011