2.engine Vibration

2. NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
2. Engine Vibration/Noise and Causes
9/98
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2-1. AUTOMOBILE VIBRATION ........................................................2-1
1) VIBRATION REDUCTION........................................................2-2
2) VIBRATION PROOFING, DAMPING DEVICE.........................2-3
3) NOISE, VIBRATION EXAMPLES.............................................2-4
2-2. HOW TO CONDUCT A ROAD TEST .........................................2-5

1) VEHICLE SPEED SENSITIVE .................................................2-5
2) ENGINE SPEED SENSITIVE...................................................2-7
3) ACCELERATION/DECELERATION SENSITIVE.....................2-9
2-3. VIBRATION AT ENGINE IDLE .................................................2-12

1) PHENOMENA ........................................................................2-12
2) MECHANISM..........................................................................2-12
3) SERVICE TIPS.......................................................................2-13
4) PRELIMINARY INSPECTION ................................................2-13
5) USEFUL INFORMATION .......................................................2-13
2-4. ENGINE NOISE DIAGNOSIS TABLE.......................................2-14

1) VALVE MECHANISM [1] [2] [3] [4] .........................................2-18
2) ROTATING PARTS [5] [6] [7] .................................................2-19
3) PISTON PIN NOISE [8] ..........................................................2-20
4) BELT NOISE [9] [10] [11] [12] ................................................2-21
5) TURBOCHARGER NOISE [13]..............................................2-22
6) ENTRY OF FOREIGN PARTICLES [14] ................................2-23
Section 2:
Engine Vibration/Noise and Causes
2-1. AUTOMOBILE VIBRATION

The major automotive vibrations are caused by:
(1) Engine vibration
(2) Unbalanced rotating mass
(3) Propeller shaft joint angle
(4) Tire uniformity
Satisfactory results can be obtained through the improvement of these excitation

sources.
Sound transmission routes, and vibrating parts can also be improved.
Objects vibrate from vibration force. Vibrating parts.

Vibration transmission route. Human sense of touch.
(excitation source) (final vibration area)
Vibration caused by unbalance.... transmits through the suspension, to finally vibrate the .... giving discomfort to the
body.... steering wheel.... human senses.
Issued:June, 1999 2-1 Automotive Advanced Guide

Section 2:
1) VIBRATION REDUCTION
To reduce vibration, the vibration transmission route must be determined.
Excitation source
Oscillator Transmission route (vibration force)
Strengthen steering column installation. Correct suspension. Balance tires and wheels.
This example eliminates the vibration force (unbalanced tires and wheels) for
complete remedy. However, many types of vibration force cannot be totally
eliminated such as engine torque or uneven road surfaces. In these instances
therefore, the vibration transmission route or vibrating parts must be treated. A
reduction of the vibration force, and improvement in the transmission route and
vibration reduction of vibrating parts are all required.

Section 2:
2) VIBRATION PROOFING, DAMPING DEVICE

(1) Exciting force reduction
• Reduction of engine torque change (correction of irregular combustion,
simultaneous injection, dash pot)
• Reduction of unbalanced rotating factors (tires, flywheel, propeller shaft)
• Correction of joint angles (propeller shaft, drive shaft)
• Reduction of rattling parts (drive train parts, joint parts, installation area)
• Shift exciting frequency from resonance point. (idle speed correction)
(2) Transmission route improvement
• Correction of insulator and bushing characteristics (engine mounting insula-
tor, exhaust mounting insulator, tension rod bushing, suspension bushing)
• Correction of clutch characteristics (return rigidity, hysteresis characteristic)
• Correction of coil spring, shock absorber
• Rigidity control (flexible exhaust tube, driveshaft rigidity)
(3) Vibration reduction of vibrating parts
• Material rigidity improvement (body panel, column shaft)
• Improvement of material damping characteristics (fluid mounting, bushing,
vibration proof lever)
• Part installation rigidity improvement (steering member, instrument panel
stay)
• Dynamic damper correction (radiator damper, battery damper)
• Uncoupled support (inclined engine mount support, body mount)
(4) Example
Drive shaft rigidity decrease (idling)
Driveshaft rigidity improvement for M/T models (rattling)
Torque startup characteristics improvement (rattling) Steering wheel rigidity improvement

(idling)
Dynamic radiator damper
(idle vibration)
Instrument panel stay
(idling, high speed shaking)
Fluid mounting
(shaking)
Clutch characteristics Flexible tube
Correction of engine
correction mounting characteristics (idling)
(rattling)
(idle vibration, engine shake)
Steering member and supports

Torque startup characteristics (shaking)
improvement
(rattling)
Fluid mount Steering wheel rigidity improvement
(shaking) (shaking)
Fluid link bushing

Vibration proof lever Steering column Side member rigidity (rattling)
(shift lever vibration) rigidity improvement improvement
(shaking) (shaking)

Section 2:
3) NOISE, VIBRATION EXAMPLES

Section 2:
2-2. HOW TO CONDUCT A ROAD TEST

There are cases where causes of vibration and noise problems can be easily dis-
covered by looking for the symptoms during a careful test drive. This is because
most of the symptoms which occur during normal driving can be classified into
the following three cases. Figuring out what’s causing the problem is not difficult
when you have narrowed the case to one out of the three. Details follow.
1. VEHICLE SPEED SENSITIVE

2. ENGINE SPEED SENSITIVE
3. ACCELERATION/DECELERATION SENSITIVE
1) VEHICLE SPEED SENSITIVE

(1) Features
1. Vibration or noise level increases (changes) as vehicle speeds up.
2. Vibration or noise occurs at a certain vehicle speed.
3. Vibration or noise increases independently of engine speed and gear posi-
tion.Abnormal noise
(2) Example
Noise level (dB)
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 140 155 170

(12) (22) (31) (40) (50) (59) (68) (78) (87) (96) (106)
Vehicle speed km/h (MPH)

Section 2:
(3) Probable causes

In this case the vibration/noise source is likely to be found in the power train
system. The rotational speed of power train components is proportional to
vehicle speed. Therefore, when the problem is in the power train, the exciting
force also increases with vehicle speed.
(4) Examples of vehicle speed sensitive vibrations/noises
Source Condition Symptom

Propeller shaft Shake
Imbalance
Drive shaft Booming noise
Start-up vibration
Excessive joint angle
Joints Beat noise
Excessive joint friction
Booming noise
Shake
Bad RFV
Tires and road wheels Shimmy
Imbalance
Booming noise

Section 2:
2) ENGINE SPEED SENSITIVE

(1) Features
1. Vibration or noise level increases (changes) as engine speeds up.
2. Vibration or noise occurs at a certain engine speed.
3. Vibration or noise increases independently of vehicle speed.
(2) Example
Without mass damper
With mass damper

Noise level (dB)
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Engine speed (rpm)

Section 2:
(3) Probable causes

In this case the vibration/noise source is likely to be found in engine related
parts or the exhaust system. The exciting force from engine and exhaust
increases with engine speed and/or engine load when imbalance or other
faults exist.
(4) Examples of engine speed sensitive vibrations/noises

Crankshaft torque variation
Idle vibration
Reciprocating mass inertia
Engine Booming noise
Combustion pressure
Engine noise
Exhaust pulsation
Bending vibration
Exhaust system Booming noise
Exhaust pulsation

Section 2:
3) ACCELERATION/DECELERATION SENSITIVE
(1) Features
1. Vibration or noise level changes depending on throttle valve opening.
2. Vibration or noise level differs when accelerating and decelerating.
(2) Example
Acceleration
Noise level (dB)
Deceleration
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

(12) (19) (25) (31) (37) (43) (50) (56) (62) (68) (75) (81) (87) (93) (99)
Vehicle speed km/h (MPH)
(3) Probable causes

Vibration/noise may arise from engine or power train parts and sometimes the
suspension. As engine load conditions change, the force applied to these
components varies or contact surfaces change. This may cause change in
vibration or noise level or tone.
(4) Examples of acceleration/deceleration sensitive vibrations/noises

Engine noise
Engine Air intake noise
Booming noise
Bad tooth surface
Gears Gear noises
Excessive backlash
Suspension

Section 2:
ON THE ROAD
During the test drive on the road, driving under
various conditions will greatly help you to
understand the exact symptoms.
a. Vehicle stationary.
• Engine racing
• Clutch pedal ON/OFF
• Headlamp switch ON/OFF
• Air conditioning switch ON/OFF
• Power steering operation
b. Vehicle running.
• Half clutch
• Acceleration, Deceleration, Start-up, Braking (Avoid violent operation)
• Cruising at low, medium or high speed
• Gear shifting
• Clutch pedal ON-OFF
• Coasting with the clutch disengaged
• Headlamp switch ON/OFF
• Air conditioning switch ON/OFF
Using a data sheet like that shown on the following page will also assist you in mak-
ing the symptoms clear.

Section 2:

Section 2:
2-3. VIBRATION AT ENGINE IDLE

4) PHENOMENA
A. Entire body or steering wheel vibrates while idling.
B. Continuous vibration while idling.
(Vibration with irregular engine speed change is rough idling.)
C. Varied vibrations according to engine speed and load.
(Due to air conditioner ON/OFF, or N → D position on A/T models. Vibration
disappears with increased engine speed.)
D. Accompanies booming noise when idling.
5) MECHANISM
• Engine or exhaust system vibration produces resonance in each component.

Section 2:
6) SERVICE TIPS
A. Engine malfunction is the major cause. (Rough idling differs from idle vibra-
tion.)
B. Check buffer rod adjustment and engine mounting installation (FF models).
7) PRELIMINARY INSPECTION
8) USEFUL INFORMATION

Section 2:
2-4. ENGINE NOISE DIAGNOSIS TABLE

Condition under which noise occurs Operating condition of engine Coolant temperature Duration of noise Areas where
noise occurs
Remarks
When When When When Before After Several Front of Cylinder
Symptom of engine noise/noise sources Always
starting idling racing driving warm-up warm-up seconds engine head
[1] Tappet noise (When Noise occurs for several seconds after starting
starting) A B – – A – – A – B engine.
[2] Tappet noise (Due to Noise continuously occurs during low-speed

Rattle or click faulty hydraulic valve C A – – – A A – – B
Valve operation when oil temperature is high.
mechanism lifter)
[3] Tappet noise (Due to Noise usually occurs during high-speed operation
air mingling at high B B C B – A B C – B when oil temperature is high. It sometimes occurs
engine speed) at low-speed after high-speed operation.
Tapping noise
Chirping or
chirring [4] Valve stem noise – A – – – A A – – B Noise occurs continuously after warm-up.
Noise occurs during start-up or when operating

[5] Main bearing noise B B B A – B B B – C engine at approximately 2,000 rpm with light load
after warm-up.
Rattle, knock
or rap Noise is the same as that generated in the crank-
[6] Connecting rod shaft main bearing; however, it is reduced when
bearing noise B B B A – B B B – C spark plug is removed from the noisy cylinder.
Engine body Louder noise after warm-up.
[7] Piston slap noise A (Cold Noise is most noticeable at approximately 2,000
B A B A A – – – C rpm before warming up.
engine)
Slap or rap
[8] Piston pin noise B A B – – A A – A – Noise is often emitted from areas near the crank
pulley when engine temperature is high.
Whine or [9] Timing belt noise Noise often occurs during acceleration under
hissing – A A – C A A – A C 2,000 rpm when engine temperature is high.
(too tight)
[10] Timing belt noise Noise often occurs at a certain low speed under
Clatter – C A – A B A – A C 2,000 rpm.
(too loose)
Squeak or [11] Other drive belts B B B B A B B C A – Noise often occurs at a particular low speed.
fizzing (sticking or slipping)
Other noise
Belts
[12] Other drive belts Noise mostly occurs when starting a cold engine
Creaking (slipping) B B A B A B B – A – with loads (headlights and heater switch on).
Turbocharger Hissing [13] Turbocharger – – – A A B A – – – Noise often occurs during acceleration.
Foreign Crunch or [14] Foreign particles

particles jingle C C C C C C C C C C
Key to symbols: A : Closely related B : Related C : Sometimes related – : Not related

Section 2:
Hydraulic
valve lifter Rocker shaft
Rocker arm BELTS
[4] Valve Lifter guide
stem Pulley
noise
Timing belt
Camshaft
Exhaust Intake valve

valve Rides up when
engaging
Cylinder head Loose side [9] Timing
belt
[1], [2], [3] Tappet noise [10] Timing belt noise noise
Relief spring Check ball (too loose) Tension side (too tight)
VA ECH
M
Body Plunger
LV AN
Leaks Plunger Vibration caused by

E
head belt engagement

IS
M
Retainer Stopper
High pressure chamber [12] Drive belt noise
Return spring (slippage)
TU
RB
[11] Drive belt noise

OC
(Stick/slippage)
HA
[8] Piston pin noise

RG
SM
ER
NI
HA
EC
M
ON
TI
Compressor housing Turbine housing

TA
(Intake side) (Exhaust side)

RO
Exhaust outlet
[6] Connecting rod
bearing noise
[7] Piston
slap noise
Bent rotor’s primary Front tube

vibration is transmitted
to the housing.
Inside the vehicle

[13] Turbocharger noise due to resonance
of the front tube
[5] Main bearing noise (whishing noise)

Section 2:

1. Check the engine noise at each step below.
2. Understand the symptoms properly using the following flow chart first, then
proceed to the repair work beginning from the next page.
3. Talk about the problem with the customer. This is the fastest way to find the
complaint.
2-17
Section 2:
9) VALVE MECHANISM [1] [2] [3] [4]

(1) Noise mechanism
• Noise from tappets (on engines w/hydraulic valve lifters)
(Refer to items [1], [2] and [3] in the Engine Noise Diagnostic Table)
Tapping noise • Noise from valve stems
(Refer to item [4] in the Engine Noise Diagnostic Table)
Rocker shaft
Hydraulic valve lifter
Rocker arm
Valve lifter guide
Valve stem noise

(chirp)
Camshaft
Exhaust valve Intake valve
Cylinder head
Tappet noise
(rattle or clang) Body
Check ball
Plunger
Relief spring
High-pressure chamber
Return spring
Caused by air being sucked into high-pressure chamber when

When starting the engine
hydraulic valve lifter extends.
Tappet Occurs when hydraulic valve lifter is abruptly compressed while it is
Faulty hydraulic valve lifter
noise being lifted. The noise occurs when valve closes.
Caused by air flowing into Occurs when air flows into high-pressure chamber due to insufficient
high-pressure chamber lubrication of hydraulic valve lifter during high-speed operation.
Sometimes occurs between valve stem-to-guide. The noise is caused
Valve stem noise
by excessive clearance between the stem and guide.

Section 2:
10)ROTATING PARTS [5] [6] [7]

(1) Noise mechanism
Combustion
Crankshaft main bearing noise [5], connecting

rod bearing noise [6] and piston slap noise [7]
[7]
[6]
[5]
: Tapping noise
1. Tapping noise occurs at clearances marked “” in the figure above. The

greater the clearance, the greater the noise.
2. Tapping noise also occurs at these clearances when their frictional surfaces
are seized so that they bind or slip.

Section 2:
11)PISTON PIN NOISE [8]

(1) Noise mechanism
Combustion
: Tapping noise
1. Tapping noise occurs between the piston pin hole and the piston pin during
combustion or when inertial force is produced by the piston, as shown in the
figure above. The greater the clearance between the piston pin and the
hole, the greater the tapping noise.
2. The piston is made of aluminum. It has a greater thermal expansion rate
than a steel piston pin. Therefore, the noise becomes greater when the
coolant and oil temperature is high as the clearance is greater than in the
cold condition.
3. Piston pin noise is transmitted to the crankshaft by way of the connecting
rod. From the crankshaft, it is conveyed to the crank pulley located at the
front of the engine and thus is heard as radiated noise.

Section 2:
12)BELT NOISE [9] [10] [11] [12]

(1) Noise mechanism
Timing belt
Pulley
Timing belt
Slack side
Tension side
(Whining or
Belt cogs ride growing noise)
over pulley.
(Flappping noise)
Deflection input
(by engagement of belt and pulley)
Timing belt is too tight.

Noise is caused by vibration of the belt when it starts to rotate along with
(Whining or growling
pulleys.
noise)
Timing belt is too loose. Noise is emitted from the “loose” side of the belt.It occurs first when belt
(Flapping noise) cogs ride over the pulley and next when they gear into the pulley.
Other drive belts

Water pump pulley Power steering pump pulley
“Stick-slip” (Squeaking noise)
Alternator pulley
Air conditioner compressor pulley
Crank pulley
Idler pulley
“Stick-slip” (intemittent slippage)
Other belts Noise is caused by “stick-slip” between the belt and pulley due to the
(Squeaking noise) engine speed changes during low-speed.
Other belts are too loose. Noise is generated between the belt and pulley when the belt slips due to
(Shrieking noise) insufficient tension.

Section 2:
13)TURBOCHARGER NOISE [13]

(1) Nosie mechanism
Compressor housing Turbine housing

(Inlet side) (Outlet side)
Exhaust outlet
Front tube
Primary bending vibration
is transmitted from the
rotor to the housing.
Front tube resonates to

emit whistling noise.
1. Hissing noise results from resonation of the torsional vibration of the rotor
with the front tube during acceleration. This occurs when the engine oper-
ates in an approximate range from 2,000 to 4,000 rpm and when boost
pressure is negative. It is transmitted to the passenger compartment
through the turbine housing.
2. Resonant whistling noise is proportional to the number of rotor blades. It
occurs when the engine operates from approximately 1,500 to 3,000 rpm
and boost pressure is about 0 kPa (0 mbar, 0 mmHg, 0 inHg).

Section 2:
14)ENTRY OF FOREIGN PARTICLES [14]

(1) Type of noise
Description
In the piston top land and/or the combustion chamber are scratched, a
Foreign particles in com- clanging or crunching noise will occur in the intake or exhaust manifold
bustion chamber due to stay foreign paticles.
Foreign particles sometimes are conveyed from one cylinder to another.
Foreign particles in rocker
cover In most cases, the noise and foreign particles are detected in the
Foreign particles in belt assembly line or off line. This type of noise may damage the engine.
cover
Foreign particles in oil Foreign particles in oil passages cause bearings to wear or stick, result-
passage ing in abnormal noise.
From the above, it is thought that most of the noise claims from the field are caused by foreign parti-
cles which enter the combustion chamber.
(2) Noise due to foreign particles in combustion chamber

Noise emitting conditions
1. This type of noise cannot be easily reproduced because it is intermittent.
It is not affected by oil and coolant temperatures or engine speed.
2. Noise reproduction may damage the engine.
Type of foreign particles

Nuts, washers, screws, bolts, aluminum chips, iron burrs, etc.
Repair Procedure
If foreign particles are found in the combustion chamber, disassemble the
engine and check the combustion chambers, intake and exhaust manifolds, air
passages, connections, etc.
Remove foreign particles Replace parts damaged by foreign particles.
Check that noise is no longer produced according to the noise inspection pro-
cedures.

2.engine Vibration

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2. NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.

2. Engine Vibration/Noise and Causes

2-2. HOW TO CONDUCT A ROAD TEST .........................................2-5

2-3. VIBRATION AT ENGINE IDLE .................................................2-12

2-4. ENGINE NOISE DIAGNOSIS TABLE.......................................2-14

2-1. AUTOMOBILE VIBRATION

Satisfactory results can be obtained through the improvement of these excitation

Objects vibrate from vibration force. Vibrating parts.

Issued:June, 1999 2-1 Automotive Advanced Guide

Issued:June, 1999 2-2 Automotive Advanced Guide

2) VIBRATION PROOFING, DAMPING DEVICE

Torque startup characteristics improvement (rattling) Steering wheel rigidity improvement

Steering member and supports

Fluid link bushing

Issued:June, 1999 2-3 Automotive Advanced Guide

3) NOISE, VIBRATION EXAMPLES

Issued:June, 1999 2-4 Automotive Advanced Guide

2-2. HOW TO CONDUCT A ROAD TEST

1. VEHICLE SPEED SENSITIVE

1) VEHICLE SPEED SENSITIVE

20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 140 155 170

Vehicle speed km/h (MPH)

Issued:June, 1999 2-5 Automotive Advanced Guide

(3) Probable causes

(4) Examples of vehicle speed sensitive vibrations/noises

Source Condition Symptom

Issued:June, 1999 2-6 Automotive Advanced Guide

2) ENGINE SPEED SENSITIVE

Without mass damper

With mass damper

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Engine speed (rpm)

Issued:June, 1999 2-7 Automotive Advanced Guide

(3) Probable causes

(4) Examples of engine speed sensitive vibrations/noises

Source Condition Symptom

Issued:June, 1999 2-8 Automotive Advanced Guide

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Vehicle speed km/h (MPH)

(3) Probable causes

(4) Examples of acceleration/deceleration sensitive vibrations/noises

Source Condition Symptom

Issued:June, 1999 2-9 Automotive Advanced Guide

Issued:June, 1999 2-10 Automotive Advanced Guide

Issued:June, 1999 2-11 Automotive Advanced Guide

2-3. VIBRATION AT ENGINE IDLE

Issued:June, 1999 2-12 Automotive Advanced Guide

Issued:June, 1999 2-13 Automotive Advanced Guide

2-4. ENGINE NOISE DIAGNOSIS TABLE

[2] Tappet noise (Due to Noise continuously occurs during low-speed

Noise occurs during start-up or when operating

Turbocharger Hissing [13] Turbocharger – – – A A B A – – – Noise often occurs during acceleration.

Foreign Crunch or [14] Foreign particles

Key to symbols: A : Closely related B : Related C : Sometimes related – : Not related

Issued:June, 1999 2-14 Automotive Advanced Guide

Exhaust Intake valve

Leaks Plunger Vibration caused by

head belt engagement

[11] Drive belt noise

[8] Piston pin noise

Compressor housing Turbine housing

(Intake side) (Exhaust side)

Bent rotor’s primary Front tube