CRIM SOC

INTRO TO CRIM
Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causes
of crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistic
tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by the persons
mental or emotional resistance to temptation.

Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer

and statistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and
positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical
techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into
the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his
findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well
as gender and crime.

Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness.

An expert witness in a sanity trial.

Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of just desert.

Just desert - has five guidelines; 1. treat legal

punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing harm; 3. sentence
delinquency, not the delinquent; 4. interfere parsimoniously;
5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day
utilitarianism.

Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or

something you feel has deliberately done you wrong.

Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moral

guidance to individuals.

Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.

Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behavior

after a period of absence.

Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionary

scale to more primitive times, where people were savages.

August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic

education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and
disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppression
which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few
positive results.

Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear of

being egotistical, or a dread of being alone or isolated.

Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having to

cope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, in
close proximity.

Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that uses

body characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being
used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identification
based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know
(e.g. password or PIN).

Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result of

emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peace
with himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which are
acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels against
rules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities and
experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority complex.

Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linked

by a common interest, religion, or trade.

Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought within

criminology.

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italian

school of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropological
criminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and
that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off the

scientific revolution, father of evolution.

Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict:

a statistical study.

The English convict: a statistical study - It was first

published in 1913, and set out to establish whether there
were any significant physical or mental abormalities among
the criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men,
 as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately concluded
that "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal
and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class,
and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing as
an anthropological criminal type."

Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in a

logical way; assumes people are hedonistic.

Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized

in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the
principal source of social disorganization. The high crime and
delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by
their exposure to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of
larger society.

Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability of

the group to contain behavior of its member and that of effective
containment of the individual into the value system and structure of
society will minimize crime.

Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled or

inspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media or
described in fiction.

Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning

criminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade,
in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. This type, first
defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work
"the Criminal man".

Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality lie in the way in

which people think and make decisions; 2. criminals think and act
differently from others, even at a very young age; 3. criminals are
irresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of crime result from
believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.

Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns of

irresponsible and antisocial behavior, as well as
aggressive tendencies.

Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of the

submissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to be
weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the
impulse of fear.

Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the control

of the individual; opposite of free will.

Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable and

learned in interaction with other deviant persons. Through this
association, they learn not only techniques of certain crimes, but
also specific rationale, motives and so on.

Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory was

Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology;
similar in importance to strain theory and social control
theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the
individual's social relationships.

Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency

and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learning
process either be conscious type copying or unconscious
copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes called

Social Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is
breakdown, changes, conflict of values between the new and the old,
when there is reduced influence of the social institution over behavior
and when there is declining influence of the solid moral and ethical
front.

Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain;

measures it.

Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief among

his claims is that society is a sui generis reality, or a reality
unique to itself and irreducible to its composing parts. It is
created when individual consciences interact and fuse together to
create a synthetic reality that is completely new and greater than
the sum of its parts.

E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories,

believed that biological factors affect the perception and learning
of social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled

breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race.

Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavior
or action over another.

Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because

of inability to change or achieve something.

General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on

those persons who have not suffered.

Specific Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment

on those who have suffered it.

Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mental

content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes
emotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and the
pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of the
crime delinquency of an individual.

Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains the

reason why a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in

hand, crime prone traits were inherited.

Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commit
anymore crimes.

Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th century

by Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and Rafael
Garofalo.

Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso,

His work served as the basis for Argentina’s penal code of 1921.
His research led to him postulating theories calling for crime
prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as
opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had
taken place.
 Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology.
He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.

James Q. Wilson - advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought within

criminology. He is a lawyer.

Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants are criminally minded

and committed crimes.

Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family,

descendants are good people and attained prominence in
various fields.

Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a

1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.
The work was an extended case study of Goddard's for the inheritance of
"feeble-mindedness," a general category referring to a variety of mental
disabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and
mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits were
hereditary and society should limit reproduction by people possessing
these traits.

Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard

for need or profit.

Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and

the bearing of grudges.

Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate a

wide variety of messages from the senses and control goal-oriented
response to environmental and internal stimuli.

Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized by

delusional fantasies of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflated
self-esteem.

Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is required

by statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey the

street rules of lower class life find themselves in conflict with
the dominant culture.

Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent a

reason about the world that they live in.

Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or any

of its parts; measuring different parts of the human head; there is
a meaningful relationship between certain types of physical features
and personality.

Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system should

focus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the crime; the
criminal made the rational decision.

Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses may

breakthrough and take control.

Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18th

century: from Greek amnēsia ‘forgetfulness.’

Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : a

false idea or belief that is caused by mental illness.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")

refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder
characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually
beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term
first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick (1851–1924),
a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of Charles
University in Prague.

Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behavior

impairs or gets in the way of everyday focus, Id takes
control.

Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior,

incoherent thought process, thinking is scrambled and may
have split personalities.

Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions,

and the bearing of grudges.

Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and

victim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the event.
Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps of

facial features. The study of facial features.

Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of

the skulls of different human races. Another term for
Phrenology.

Psychopatic Personality – This is the most important cause of

criminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is
characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of conscience,
deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environment
and other people.

Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character or

personality from his or her outer appearance, especially the face.
This study and science was used by Beccaria (1764) and lavater (1175)
to discover the character of a person.

Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlled

by science.

Positivism - the belief that the classical school of

thought is wrong in explaining what causes crime because
they failed to explain adequately the why portion.

Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor who

wanted to see whether criminals were physically different,
believed in atavistic anomaly.

Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional

disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out by

Sigmund Freud in the 19th century.

Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back into
the criminal system.

Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous

life, especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of
escaping present anxieties.
Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal
personality.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differing

views of human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime
and its control.

Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by a

preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the

compulsion to display one's genitals in public.

Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or

body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.

Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual

desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,

sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction or
reception of pain or humiliation.

Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual

gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation
on others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice

of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally
associated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially

sexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.

Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex,

generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia
or scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexual

activity between human and non-human animals or a fixation
on such practice.
Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitional
neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.

Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is but

one form of deviance.

ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborn

instincts and reflexes.

Ego - represents the real world of the individual's

conscious reason and common sense.

Superego - inner world of the individual's ideal

expectations and conscience; the conceptions of what the
individual considers to be morally good.

Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individual

activities; individuals become free to commit crimes when their ties
to society are broken.

Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determined

by God or demons or Satan.

Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is such thing as a

criminal personality.

Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered;

if he thought he could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.

Type of Physique

Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are

tall and thin and less social and more intellectual.

Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build.

Have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance. They
are active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more likely
to become criminals.

Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and a

high proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy builds and are
slow moving. They arte known for lethargic behavior
rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more
willing to engage in less strenuous criminal activities such
as fencing stolen property.
Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders according
to some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vital

functions: 1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and
2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order;
the greatest good for the greatest number.

William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field of

somatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body
types with behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy through his
Ivy league nude posture photos.

Temperament
Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- +
tonic. Designating a personality type characterised as
sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gestures

assertively and behaves aggressively.

Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaints

to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomia,
insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate;

more inclined to commit crimes.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Automatic Cues or Fixed Action Responses - these are responses that
are usually found or used among animals when you instruct them to do
something. For example, in an animal show, animal trainers use a
whistle to elicit a specific response from an animal.
Antisocial Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the
line and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood or
as a teen and continues into their adult lives.

Anxiety - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something

with an uncertain outcome.

Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

Avoidant Personality Disorder - experience long-standing feelings of
inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to what others think about
them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be socially
inhibited and feel socially inept. Because of these feelings of
inadequacy and inhibition, the person with avoidant personality
disorder will seek to avoid work, school and any activities that
involve socializing or interacting with others.

Borderline Personality Disorder - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions.
People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very
impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky
sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts).

Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to

do some action.

Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individual

that can cause certain behavior patterns.
1. Environment
2. Society
3. Heredity
4. Learning

Counter-Surveillance - any method either physical or technical

employed by the offender(s) to detect Law Enforcement involvement
or the use of surveillance.

Courier - the person(s) delivering the concessions(s), which, purports

to be, that being demanded by the offenders.

Criminal Behavior - is intentional behavior that violates a criminal

code; intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally or
under duress.

Criminal Psychiatry - a branch of psychiatry that deals with the

evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal behavior.

Criminal Psychology - a branch of psychology that deals with the study

of behavior and mental processes of the criminal.

Criminal Siege - is a result of a perpetration of crime that went

wrong and the criminals were trapped or cornered by law enforcers. In
many cases, hostage taking is violent and unplanned.
Criminal Sociology - a branch of sociology that studies about the
criminal and to its relation to the social structure of organization
of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior,
both criminal and non-criminal.

Crisis - Any situation that is threatening or could threaten to harm

people or property, seriously interrupt operations, damage reputation
and/or negatively impact the bottom line.

Crisis Intervention - focuses on studying an individual’s life in

order to defuse the destructive effects of the unusual stress being
experienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go back
to his or her normal condition before the crisis.

Crisis Management - is the expert handling of a situation to reduce or

eliminate danger or destruction.

Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategies

to influence a person to change his/her behavior in accordance with
goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

Crisis Negotiation Team - Composition

1. Primary Negotiator - actually communicates with the subject.
2. Secondary Negotiator - (Backup) assists the primary negotiator
by offering advice, monitoring the negotiations, keeping
notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees and
hears everything in the proper perspective.
3. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - interviews individuals
associated with the suspect to compile a criminal history
and a history of mental illness, as well as to gather other
relevant information. He is also in charge of the recordings
of all conversations.
4. Negotiation Team Leader - the most senior member of the team
act as a leader. His primary responsibility is to act as a
buffer between command personnel and the Negotiation Team.
He/She advises the Incident/On-Scene Commander on the best
negotiating strategies and co-ordinates the process with the
SWAT and the forward command resources.
5. Board Negotiator - he/she maintains a visual display of all
information relevant to the negotiations, i.e. deadlines,
demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold.

Deadlock - means no deal and no agreement—in other words, failure of

the negotiation.
Debriefing - shall be conducted after each positive police action to
evaluate and study operational lapses. Proper assessment of the
situation is an important key to a successful operation during
hostage-taking scenarios. Debriefing also assists in determining and
establishing best practice.

Delusion - is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior

evidence to the contrary.

Dependent Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

need for the person to be taken care of and a fear of being abandoned
or separated from important individuals in his or her life. This
leads the person to engage in dependent and submissive behaviors
that are designed to elicit care-giving behaviors in others. The
dependent behavior may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on”
to others, because the person fears they can’t live their lives
without the help of others.

Depressive and Suicidal - is an individual who has no contact with

reality. He/She is characterized by the following:
a. Irritable depressed mood
b. Diminished interests
c. Weight loss and fatigue
d. Insomnia or hypersomnia
e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
f. Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
g. Lack of concentration
h. Thoughts of death.

Deviant Behavior - a behavior that deviates from the norms and

standards of the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has
the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals
when it violates the provision of the criminal law.

Emphaty - is the ability to understand and share the feelings of

another. It is where the negotiator tries to perceive the emotional
state or condition of the subject and feedback a response that
demonstrates his/her understanding of the subject.

Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.

Histrionic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality.
Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center
of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they
are not. While often lively, interesting and sometimes dramatic, they
have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on them.

Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators against

his/her will.

Hostage-taker(s) - an individual or group of person who hold another

person(s) against his/her/their will as bargaining chips for purposes
of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest or that of the general
public.

Hostage Taking - is a situation that set of circumstances wherein a

suspected law violator is holding a person in captive by the use of
force or threat of violence.

Hot Debrief - short debriefing conducted by negotiating team prior to

turn over to another set of negotiating team.

Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human

react to his environment.

Illusion - is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain

normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Though
illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people.

Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.

Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of the

incident.

Inside Agent - a person who is in any advantageous position (e.g.

employed by the victim or victim’s organization) which allows them
to gather intelligence or carry out counter surveillance on behalf
of the offenders.

Intermediary - any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene

Commander to communicate with the hostage-takers either upon the
request of the latter or to facilitate smooth communication between
the designated negotiators and the hostage-takers. All actions of the
intermediary are supervised by the negotiators.

Kidnapper(s) - an individual or group of persons who kidnapped or held

another person against his/her will as bargaining chips for purposes of
demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest.

Learned - an operant behavior which involves cognitive adaptation that

enhances the human being’s ability to cope with changes in the
environment and to manipulate the environment.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or actual behavior), an
overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy
toward others. People with this disorder often believe they are of
primary importance in everybody’s life or to anyone they meet.

Negotiation - to communicate on a matter of disagreement between two

parties, with a view to first listen to the other party’s perspective
and then attempt to arrive at a resolution agreed by consensus.

Negotiator - a trained PNP personnel or any person authorized by the

Incident/On-Scene Commander to negotiate for and in behalf of the
police.

Neighborhood Check – the process of getting information from a person

who knew the victim particularly in the neighborhood with the purpose
of obtaining material information about the victim and probable suspect.

Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes

on a person's mind.

Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - (OCD) is an anxiety disorder

characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness,
apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions), repetitive behaviors aimed
at reducing the associated anxiety (compulsions), or a combination of
such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include
excessive washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding,
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts,
relationship-related obsessions, aversion to particular numbers and
nervous rituals such as opening and closing a door a certain number of
times before entering or leaving a room.

Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive,

long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.

Paranoid Personality Disorder - are generally characterized by having

a long-standing pattern of pervasive distrust and auspiciousness of
others. A person with paranoid personality disorder will nearly
always believe that other people’s motives are suspect or even malevolent.
Individuals with this disorder assume that other people will exploit,
harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this
expectation.

Pay-off – the act of exchanging an agreed amount between the family and
the kidnappers at a designated time and place for the safe release of
the victim.

Personality Disorder - is not a mental disorder. Individuals with

personality disorders can function in the world to a high level, e.g.
look after themselves, business, finance, etc. However, they fail to
function normally in terms of their relationship with other people.
They have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behavior.

Characteristics of a Person with Personality Disorder

1. No conscience – lacks guilt or remorse, inability to love,
no empathy. A Bully.
2. Selfish, no loyalty
3. Manipulative/charmer – likes power/controlling others
4. Sexually experimenting
5. Seeks immediate gratification, thrill seeker
6. Low anxiety, blames others – never their fault
7. Frustration tolerance low – may turn to his/her for stimulation
8. Low self esteem, poor achievement history
9. Poor planner – lacks follow through
10.Probable marital and employment problems
11.Chaotic family relationship
12.Excessive/exorbitant and
13.Changing demands
14.Suicide potential high
15.Seeks attention/audience
16.Wants to prove can do something
17.May like attention and not want to end incident

Phases of a Crisis
1. Pre-Incident Phase - is the period of time prior to an incident
occurring. This Phase consists of the following:
a. Prediction - determination of what incident is going to occur
and when it is going to occur, is the key to minimizing the
effects of the incident.
b. Prevention - the best way to minimize the damage done by an
incident is to prevent it from occurring. Not all incidents are
preventable like natural disasters. Some preventable incidents
may be detected too late to prevent them.
c. Preparation - 2 Forms of preparation
 1. Preparation of the response designed to prevent the incident
2. Preparation for the incident.
2. Incident Occurrence - is the instance in time at which the incident
occurs or starts to occur if it has not been prevented.
3. Post-Occurrence Phase - during this phase, the incident may get
worse. This Phase consists of the following:
a. Recognition
b. Response
1. Initial Response
2. Consolidation
3. Stand down
c. Recovery
d. Investigation
4. Post-Incident Phase - incident is likely to have a finite lifetime.
Most incidents will conclude without intervention. However, without
intervention the effects of the incident may be worse or the
incident may last longer. This Phase Consist of the following:
a. Restoration - once the incident is over, normality returns over
a period of time which can take months or years for very severe
incidents.
b. Investigation - may be performed after the incident concludes
to provide information and evidence for any hearing, inquiries
and criminal prosecution.
c. Post-Incident Discussion Activities - activities include
immediate incident debriefs and other types of incident
discussions occurring some time after the incident concludes.
The aim of the debriefs is to identify areas for improvement.

Phobia - is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or

situation that poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and
avoidance.

Proof of life - positive proof that the hostage is alive, obtained

from a reliable or verified source.

Psychotic – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a mental disorder which means

that individuals affected cannot function in the world adequately on
a day-to-day basis. They see the world as disorder and they are
desperately trying to make sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clusters
of behavior and fear/terror may be their underlying emotion.

Characteristics of a Psychotic Individual

1. Disorganized Thinking
a. Delusions, false beliefs – often of persecution or
grandeur despite evidence to the contrary.
 b. Thoughts spill out in no logical order, leaps from one
idea to another.
2. Disturbed Perception - Hallucinations, all 5 senses with no
known cause.
3. Inappropriate emotions/actions - Laughs at funerals, cries when
others laugh, performs compulsive or senseless acts e.g.
rocking, rubbing, twisting hair.
4. Socially withdrawn, aloof, detached
5. Disoriented/confused/paranoid
6. Argumentative, suspicious of others, over reacts
7. Acts peculiarly such as collecting rubbish and talking to
himself/herself
8. Belief that his/here body/thoughts is controlled by
external force.

Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the people

concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate.

Schizoid Personality Disorder - is a personality disorder characterized

by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a
solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.

Schizophrenic - is an individual who has no contact with reality.

He/She is usually characterized by the following:
a. He/She is a psychotic;
b. He/She has a fundamental personality disorder;
c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as hallucinations, voices, obscene
language, giggling, self absorbed smile and sudden breaks in flow
of thinking.

Stockholm Syndrome - term that refers to a situation during hostage

taking where the victim develops rapport and becomes sympathetic with
his/her captor.

Stronghold - any location or structure, fixed or mobile, where the

hostage is being held.

Suicide Intervention - the use of communication techniques and

strategies to influence a person to change behavior and reconsider
his desire to commit suicide.

Tactical Interrogation - refers to the act of questioning or eliciting

information from a suspect to produce information of tactical or
operational value.
Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.

Victim - the person/company/organization to whom the unwarranted

demand or threat is directed or intended, or is expected by the
offenders to respond.

Victim Communicator - the individual communicating directly with the

people making the threat(s), demand(s) or issuing instructions.

Victimology – the process of obtaining a detailed account of the

victim’s lifestyle and personality that can assist in determining the
nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim, and the
type of person who could have committed the crime. It also includes
complete information regarding the victim’s physical description,
normal behavioral patterns, family dynamics and known friends and
acquaintances.
Criminal sociology - investigates the social causes of criminal behavior in an effort to
ultimately end them.Criminal sociologist identify the sources outside of a person in society
that influence and even as some theorists believe,compel criminal action.

Criminology Theories

1. Strain Theory - people has aspirations like wealth and education.

There goals are blocked along the way. They resort to illegal
activities what they can not achieved through legitimate means.
People may reduce their aspirations or increase opportunities.

2. Learning Theories - follow the lead of Sutherland's theory of

differential association. Criminals learn from their peers.

3. Control Theories - focuses on the relationship of a person to

their parents, teachers, officers of the law and other agents of
socialization. Effective bonding with such authority figure help
keep people out of trouble from the law.

4. Labelling Theory - People who are branded as criminals will

eventually criminal.

5. Conflict Theory - society is based on conflict between competing

interests group.

6. Radical Theory - crime is seen as a reflection of class struggle.

7. Left Realism - people of the working class prey upon one

another.Poor people victimize other poor people of their
own race and kind.
8. Peacemaking Theory - making "war on crime" will not work.
Making peace is the solution to crime.

9. Feminism - crime can not be understood without considering

gender. Crime is shaped by the different social experiences and
power is exercise by men and women. Men may use crime to
exert control over women and to demonstrate masculinity.

10.Critical Theory - Inequality in power and material well being

create conditions that lead to street crime and corporate crime.
Capitalism and its market economy are especially criminogenic
because they create vast inequalities that impoverishes many
and provides opportunities for exploitation for the powerful.

11.Social Disorganization - disorganized communities cause crime

because informal social controls breakdown and criminal cultures
emerge. They lack collective efficacy to fight crime and disorder.

12. Classical - crime occurs when the benefits outweigh the

costs,when people pursue self interest in the absence
of effective punishments. Crime is a free willed choice.

13. Positivist - Crime is caused or determined.Placed more

emphasis on biological deficiencies, while later scholars would
emphasize psychological and sociological factors.Use science to
determine the factors associated with crime.

14. Individual Trait - criminals differ from non criminals on a number

of biological and sociological traits.These traits cause crime in
interaction with the social environment.

15. Differential Association - crime is learned through associations

with criminal definitions.These definitions might be generally
approving of criminal conduct or be neutralization that justify
crime only under certain circumstances.Interacting with anti
social peers is a major cause of crime.Criminal behavior will be
repeated and become chronic if reinforced.When criminal
subculture exist then many individuals can learn to commit crime
in one location and crime rates, including violence may become
very high.

16. Anomie - the gap between a persons goal or economic success

and the opportunity to obtain this goal creates structural
strain.Norms weakens and anomie ensues,thus creating high
crime rates.When other social institutions such as family are
weak to begin with or also weakened by a persons goal, the
economic institution is dominant.When such an institutional
imbalance exists,then crime rates are very high.
17. Rational Choice - Building on classical theory,crime is seen as a
choice that is influenced by its costs and benefits,that is, by its
rationality.Crime will be more likely to be deterred if its costs are
raised especially if the costs are certain and immediate.
Information about the costs and benefits of crime can be
obtained by direct experiences with punishment and punishment
avoidance and indirectly by observing whether others who
offend are punished or avoid punishment.

18. Routine Activities - crime occurs when their is an intersection

in time and space of a motivated offender,an attractive target,
and a lack of capable guardianship.Peoples daily routine activities
affect the likelihood they will be an attractive target who
encounters an offender in a situation where no effective
guardianship is present.Change in activities in society can affect
crime rates.

19. Developmental Life Course - crime causation is a

developmental process that starts before birth and continues
throughout the life course. Individual factors interact with social
factors to determine the onset,length, and end of criminal
careers.The key theoretical issues involve
continuity and change in crime.Some theories predict continuity
across the life course,others predict continuity for some
offenders and change for other offenders, and some predict
continuity and change for the same offender.

20. Integrated - these theories use components from other

theories,usually strain,control, and social learning to create a
new theory that explains crime.They are often are life course
theories,arguing that causes of crime occur in a sequence
across time.

Criminology - the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement.

3 Main School of Thought

1. Classical school
2. Positivist school
3. Chicago school

Classical school - based on utilitarian philosophy developed in the 18th century. This
school of thoughts argues:

1. That people have free will to choose how to act.

 2. Deterrence is based upon the notion of the human being as a hedonist who seeks
pleasure and avoid pain and a rational calculator weighing up the cost and benefits of
the consequences of each action.
3. Punishment of sufficient severity can deter people from crime as the cost (penalties)
outweigh benefits and that the severity of punishment should be proportionate to the
crime.
4. The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring
criminal behavior.

Prominent Philosophers of Classical school

1. Cesare Becarria - author of crimes and punishment.

2. Jeremy Bentham - inventor of the panopticon - type of institutional building
designed to allow an observer to observe inmates of an institution without them
being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

Positivist school - presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external
factors outside of the individuals control.

Positivism can be broken in 3 segments which include:

1. Biological
2. Psychological
3. Social - - one of the largest contributors
to biological positivism and founder of
the Italian school of criminology is Cesare
Lombroso.

Italian School

 Cesare Lombroso - an Italian doctor and sometimes regarded as the father

of criminology. Considered also as the founder of criminal anthropology. He
suggested that physiological traits such as the measurement of the check bones or
hairline or a cleft palate, considered to be throwbacks to neanderthal man, were
indicative of "atavistic criminal tendencies". This approach has been superseded by
the beliefs of Enrico Ferri.
 Enrico Ferri - a student of Lombroso, believe that social as well as biological factors
played a role and held the view that criminals should not be held responsible when
factors causing their criminality were beyond their control.
 Sociological positivism - suggest that societal factors such as poverty,
membership of subcultures or low levels of education can predispose people to
crime.

1. Adolphe Quetelet - made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into
relationship between crime and sociological factors. He found that age, gender,
poverty, education and alcohol consumption were important factors related to crime.
 2. Rawson W. Rawson - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population
density and crime rates with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for
crime.
3. Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde - also presented papers to the statistical society
of London on their studies of crime and its distribution.
4. Henry Mayhew - used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address
social questions and poverty.
5. Emile Durkheim - viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven
distribution of wealth and other differences among people.

Chicago school - arose in the early 20th century, through the work of Robert Park, Ernest
Burgess and other urban sociologist at the university of Chicago. Park and Burgess identified
five concentric zones that often exist as cities grow, including the zone in transition which
was identified as most volatile and subject to disorder.

 Edwin Sutherland - suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more
experienced criminals that they may associate with. (differential association).

2 Main difference between the classical and positivist schools of criminology

Classical school Positivist school
1.Free will 1. Determinism
2. Philosophy 2. Scientific methods

De minimis - is an addition to a general harm principle.The general harm principle fails to

consider the possibility of other sanctions to prevent harm, and the effectiveness of
criminalization as a chosen option.

Thanatos - a death wish.

Tagging - like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies
of justice.

Criminology Consists of 3 Principal Divisions

1. Sociology of Law - which is an attempt at scientific
analysis of the conditions under which criminal law
influences society.
2. Criminal Etiology - which is an attempt at scientific
analysis of the study of causes or reasons for
crime.
3. Penology - concerned with control crime by
repressing criminal activities through the fear of
punishment.

Crime - is a wrong doing classified by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

Felony - is a serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison.

Misdemeanor - is a crime for which the punishment is usually a fine and/or up to one year
in jail.

*Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by

the common law.

Etiology - study of causes and reasons for crime.

Atavism - the view that crime is due to a genetic throwback to a more primitive and
aggressive form of human being.

Elements Necessary For A Crime To Occur

1. Desire or motivation on the part of the criminal.
2. The skills and tools needed to commit the crime.
3. Opportunity.

Spree killer - is someone who embarks on a murderous assault on 2 or more victims in a

short time in multiple locations.

Spree killing - killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between
murders.

Spree murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders without a

cooling off period.

Serial murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders with a cooling

off period.

Mass murderer - are defined by one incident with no distinctive time period between the
murders.

Thrill killing - a premeditated murder committed by a person who is not necessarily

suffering from mental instability and does not derive sexual satisfaction from killing victims
or have anything against them and sometimes do not know them but instead motivated by
the sheer excitement of the act.

Victimology -studies the nature and cause of victimization.

Psychology - the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.

Psychiatry - the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental
disorders.

Ecology - the environment as it relates to living organisms.

Demography - the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human

populations.

Epidemiology - the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of
disease.

Anthropology - the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of
humans.
Impulse - a sudden strong urge or desire to act.

Kleptomania - is an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of economic motive.

Prototype - is a standard or typical example.

Pathological - is caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition.

Human Behavior and Crisis Management

Definition of Terms
2 Basic Instinct/Impulse

1. Eros – life instinct – preservation of life

2. Thanatos – Death instinct

3 Possible Causes Of Crime And Delinquency

1. Conscience so over bearing – strong

2. Weak Conscience
3. Desire for immediate gratification of needs

3 Components Of The Human Personality

1. ID
2. Ego
3. Super Ego

3 Dimension Of Personality Related To Criminal Behavior –

Eysencks Theory

1. Psychotism
2. Extroversion
3. Neurotism

46 Chromosomes – normal person.

Female – XX on 23rd chromosomes

Male - XY on 23rd chromosomes

Anal – Anus is the source of gratification.

Basic concept Of The Crisis Theory

1. Equilibrium
2. Time
3. Change

Behavior -

1. Overt – directly seen

2. Covert – motives, emotions

Catatonic – wax – motor disorder, will stay in one position for a long period without moving, harmless.

Change – the result of crisis on individual.

Coprolalia – obtaining of sexual pleasure by using or hearing certain dirty words

Criminal Psychology – Human conduct against criminal laws.

Crisis – A state provoked when a process faces obstacle, hazard to important life goals that is for a time
insurmountable through the utilization of customary method of problem solving.

Delusion – erroneos belief

1. Delusion of persecution
2. Delusion of grandeur – you feel as a powerful person

Dyspareunia – painful intercourse

Ego – In charge with reality.

Electra Complex – For female, female child develop hatred to the mother but sexual attraction to the father.

Equilibrium – state of balance or adjustment between opposite or divergent influences.

Exhibitionism – exposure of genitals in pjublic.

Extroversion – sensation seeking, anventurous, dominant, assertive.

Faotreurism – rubbing genitals to other person.

Fetishism/Fatalism – sex objects are not human.

Frigidity – inability to have sexual arousal and enjoy coitus.

Genetic Basis Of Criminology – bad seed theory.

Genital – With other person.

Gonorrhea – infection of genitals acquired through sexual contacts.

Symptoms
1. Inflammation
2. Discharge of white, yellow or yellowish green fluid
from the urethra
3.Burning sensation when urinating

Treatment – injection of penicillin

Halucination – perceive something without realistic basis.

Hebephrenic – harmless, excessive withdrawal from human contact, characterized by silliness and child like
mannerism.

Herpes – infection of the genetals acquired after 2-20 days of sexual contact with the carrier.

Symptoms

1. Sores, ruptures, and blisters

2. It is recurrent

Treatment – no sure cure yet

Histrionic – characterized bhy over reactivity. OA

Homosexuality – sexual attraction and relationship with the person of the same sex.

ID – Based on pleasure principle. Animal instinct.

Incest – sex with close relative

Insanity – Symptoms

1. Halucination
2. Delusion
Klismaphilia – erotic activity involving the anal region

Masochism – he is the one being hurt.

Mental disorder – is insanity. Is known as severe psychosis, also called schizophrenia.

Narcisism – love of one's self

Narcisistic Personality – inflated ego, “mataas ang pagtingin sa sarili”

Necrophilia – sex with a corpse

Neurotism – low self esteem, mood swings, excessive anxiety.

Oedipus Complex – For male, male child develop hatred to the father but sexual attraction to the mother.

Oral – Mouth is source of gratification. From birth up to 3 years.

Paranoid – characterized by extreme suspiciousness, most dangerous.

Paranoid Personality – characterized by suspiciousness but absence of delusion and halucination. Neurotic.

Paraphilias – abnormal ways of sexual gratification.

Personality Disorder – not insane

1. Psychopath/Sociopath/Anti-social personality
2. Narcisistic Personality
3. Paranoid Personality
4. Histrionic
5. Schizoid Personality

Phallic – Source of pleasure is the sex organ. About 5 years old.

Phedophilia – having sex with children, usually below 13 years old.

Psychology – Study of behavior.

Psychopath – no sense of shame, no morality, do not learn from their experience.

Psychosexual development

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
 4. Genital

Psychotism – aggressive, egocentric, impulsive.

Sadism – a person who achieve sexual satisfaction by seeing the partner suffer.

Sado-Masochism – both sadism and masochism

Schizoid Personality – extreme social withdrawal.

Sexual Disorders -

1. Sexual Dysfunctions
2. Paraphilias
3. Gender identity Disorder

Sexual Dysfunction – sexual disorder. Arousal disorder.

1. Failure to achieve orgasm

2. Premature orgasm

Sigmund Freud – psycho analytic theory.

Super Ego – In charge with morality – conscience.

Syphilis – STD disease acquired 3-4 weeks after sexual contact with an infected person.

Symptom – Sore or chancre in the penis or scrotum for male, cervix or vaginal

walls for woman, can be diagnosed by blood test.

Treatment – antibiotics

Time – involves the period of disorganization, period of upset, and the period of adaptation.

Transvestism – cross-dressing, sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.

Types Of Psychosis

1. Disorganized or hebephrenic
2. Catatonic
3. Paranoid
4. Undifferentiated
 Undeffirentiated – simple schizophrenia, do not care about their hygiene anymore, harmless, taong grasa.

Venereal Diseases – sexually transmitted diseases

1. Gonorrhea
2. Syphilis
3. Herpes
4. Aids

Voyeurism – peeping tom

XYY – appearance of extra chromosomes, violent people. Aggressive, usually tall.

Zoophilia/Bestiality – having sex with animal

Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice System - is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding soc
control, deterring and mitigating crime or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and
rehabilitation efforts.

Goals of Criminal Justice

1. to protect individuals and society

2. to reduce crime by bringing offenders to justice
3. to increase the security of the people

Criminal Justice System consists of three main parts

1. legislative - create laws

2. courts - adjudication
3. corrections - jail, prison, probation, parole

Participants of Criminal Justice System

1. police - first contact of offender since they investigate wrongdoing and makes arrest.
2. prosecution - proves the guilt or innocence of wrongdoers.
3. court - venue where disputes are settled and justice is administered.
4. correction - after accused is found guilty, he is put to jail or prison to be reformed.
 5. community - where the convict after service of sentence comes back to be integrated to be a productive
member of society.

Community Policing - the system of allocating officers to particular areas so that they become familiar with t
local inhabitants.

Early History of Punishment

1. Early Greece and Rome
a. most common state administered punishment
was banishment and exile.
b. economic punishment such as fins for such crime
as assault on slave, arson, or house breaking.
2. Middle 5th to 15th century
a. blood feuds were the norm.
b. law and government not responsible for conflict.
3. Post 11th century feudal periods
a. fine system, punishment often consisted of
payment to feudal lord.
b. goals, public order and pacifying the injured.
c. corporal punishment for poor who can not pay.
4. 1500's
a. urbanization and industrialization, use of torture
and mutilation showed and punishment began to
be more monetary based.
b. use of gallery slaves - ship-rowers.
c. shipped inmates to american colonies
5. 1700's - early 1800's
a. increase in prison population
b. gap between rich and poor widens
c. physicality of punishment increases

Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence - the state tries to convince
potential criminals that the punishment they face is
certain, swift, and severe so that they will be afraid
to commit an offense.
2. Specific Deterrence - convincing offenders that the
pains of punishment is greater than the benefits of
crime so they will not repeat their criminal offending
3. Incapacitation - if dangerous criminals are kept
behind bars, they will not be able to repeat their
illegal activities.
4. Retribution/Just Desert - punishment should be no
more or less than the offenders actions deserve, it
must be based on how blameworthy the person is.
5. Equity/Restitution - convicted criminals must pay
back their victims for their loss, the justice system
for the costs of processing their case and society
for any disruption they may have caused.
6. Rehabilitation - if the proper treatment is applied,
an offender will present no further threat to society
7. Diversion - criminals are diverted into a community
correctional program for treatment to avoid stigma
of incarceration.The convicted offender might be
asked to make payments to the crime victim or
participate in a community based program that
features counseling.
8. Restorative Justice - repairs injuries suffered by
the victim and the community while insuring
reintegration of the offender.Turn the justice
system into a healing process rather than a
distributor of retribution and revenge.

3 Broad Categories of Crime

1. Sensational crime
2. Street Crime
3. Corporate Crime, White Collar Crime, and
Organized Crime.

Sensational Crime - certain offenses are selected for their sensational nature and made into national issues.Mu
of what we know about crime comes from the media.

Street Crime - includes a wide variety of acts both in public and private spaces including interpersonal violen
and property crime.
Justice - the quality of being just, fair and reasonable.

Rule of law - is a legal maxim whereby governmental decisions be made by applying known legal principles.

Judge - a public officer who presides over court proceedings and hear and decide cases in a court of law either
alone or as part of a panel of judges.

Prosecutor - the person responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of
breaking the law.

Law - is a system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs,
maintain the stability of political and social authority and deliver justice.

Plaintiff - the person who brings a case against another in court of law.

Respondent - the defendant in a lawsuit.

Appellee - the respondent in a case appealed to a higher court.

Appellant - the party who appeals the decision of the lower court. A person who applies to a higher court for a
reversal of the decision of a lower court.

Stare Decisis - the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent. Latin for "to stand
that which is decided", general practice of adhering to previous decisions when it makes new one.

Miranda Doctrine - criminal suspect has the right to remain silent which means they have the right to refuse t
answer questions from the police.They have the right to an attorney and if they can not afford an attorney, one
be provided for them at no charge.

Pro Bono - legal work done for free.

Writ - a form of written command in the name of the court or other legal authority to act or abstain from actin
some way.

Subpoena - is a writ issued by a court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding.

Summon - a legal document issued by a court or administrative agency of government authoritatively or urgen
call on someone to be present.

Discretion - the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice
system.

What is twelve table? early Roman laws written around 450 BC which regulated family.religious, and econom
life.

What is the medical model of punishment?

- a view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their environment or sick people who w
suffering from some social malady that prevented them into valuable members of society.

What is the difference between Indeterminate sentence and Determinate sentence?

1. Indeterminate sentence
a. a term of incarceration with a stated minimum
and maximum length. ex. 3-10years
b. prisoner is eligible for parole after the minimum
sentenced has been served.
c. based on belief that sentences fit the criminal,
indeterminate sentences allow individualized
sentences and provide for sentencing flexibility.
d. judges can set a high minimum to override the
purpose of the indeterminate sentence.
2. Determinate sentence
a. a fixed term of incarceration ex. 3 years
b. these sentences are felt by many to be
 restrictive for rehabilitative purposes.
c. offenders know exactly how much time they
have to serve.

Various Factors Shaping Length of Prison Terms

1. Legal Factors
a. the severity of the offense
b. the offenders prior criminal record
c. whether the offender used violence
d. whether the offender used weapons
e. whether the crime was committed for money
2. Extra Legal Factors
a. social class
b. gender
c. age
d. victim characteristics

What are the institutions of socialization?

1. Family
2. Religion
3. Schools
4. Media

Family - is the primary institution of socialization in society.

Juvenile Delinquency
PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.

RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

Youthful offender - over 9 years old but under 18 years old at the time of the commission of the offense.

Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency

1. Rational Choice - causes of crime lie within the
individual offender rather than in their external
environment.
2. Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of
communal institutions and communal relationships
that traditionally encouraged cooperative
relationships among people.

Communal Institutions
1. Family
2. School
 3. Church
4. Social Groups

3. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of

those in poverty in achieving socially valued goals
by legitimate means.
4. Differential Association - young people are
motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers
and learn criminal skills from them.
5. Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal
they are more likely to offend. Once labeled as
deviant, a person may accept that role and more
likely to associate with others who have been
similarly labeled.
6. Social Control Theory - proposes that exploiting
the process of socialization and social learning
builds self control and can reduce the inclination
to indulge in behavior recognized as anti social.

Four Types of Control That Can Help Prevent Juvenile Delinquency

1. Direct - punishment is threatened or applied for
wrongful behavior and compliance is rewarded by
parents, family and authority figures.
2. Internal - youth refrains from delinquency through
the conscience or super ego.
3. Indirect - by identification with those who
influence behavior because his/her delinquent act
might cause pain and disappointment to parents
and others with whom he/she has close
relationships.
4. Control - through needs satisfaction, if all
individuals needs are met, there is no point in
criminal activity.

Breed vs. Jones - A US court decision where it held that juveniles can not be tried when acquitted in juvenile
then tried again in adult criminal court.Double jeopardy applies to juveniles as well as adults.
Juvenile Delinquency - is the participation in illegal behavior by minors who fall under a statutory limit.

Juvenile Delinquent - is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise wou
have been charged as a crime if they were an adult.

Crimes Commonly Committed by Juvenile Delinquents

1. Status offenses - is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people and most often applied
offenses only committed by minors. example, under age smoking.
 2. Property crimes - is a category of crime that includes theft,robbery,motor vehicle theft,arson,shop liftin
and vandalism.
3. Violent Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim.

Age of Majority - is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualized,recognized or declared by law.The vast

majority of country including the Philippines set majority age at 18.

Young Adult - a person between the ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a person between the ages of 13
19.

Types/Categories of Juvenile Delinquency

1. Delinquency - crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts and justice syst
2. Criminal behavior - crimes dealt with by the criminal justice system.
3. status offenses - offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy whi
also dealt with by juvenile court.

Truancy - is any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling.

Vandalism - Ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable.The term includes criminal
damage such as graffiti and defacement directed towards a property without the permission of the owner.

Graffiti - is writing or drawings scribbled,scratched or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public p

Defacement - refers to marking or removing the part of an object designed to hold the viewers attention.

Types of Offenders That Emerge in Adolescence

1. Repeat Offender - (life-course-persistent offender) - begins offending or showing anti-social/aggressive

behavior in adolescence or even childhood and continuous in adulthood.
2. Age Specific Offender (adolescence-limited offender) - juvenile offending or delinquency begins and e
during their period of adolescence.

Victimless Crimes - refers to offenses where there is no

private offended party.

2. Youth Rehabilitation Center - refers to a 24-hour residential care

facility managed by the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), LGUs, licensed and/or accredited NGO's
monitored by the DSWD, which provides care, treatment and
rehabilitation services for children in conflict with the law.

3. Youth Detention Home - refers to a 24-hour child-caring

institution managed by accredited local government units (LGU's)
 and licensed and/or accredited non-government organizations
(NGO's) providing short-term residential care for children in
conflict with the law who are awaiting court disposition of their
cases or transfer to other agencies or jurisdiction.

4. Status Offenses - refers to offenses which discriminate only

against a child, while an adult does not suffer any penalty for
committing similar acts. These shall include curfew violations,
truancy, parental disobedience and the like.

5. Restorative Justice - refers to a principle which requires a

process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of
the victim, the offender and the community.

6. Recognizance - refers to an undertaking in lieu of a bond

assumed by a parent or custodian who shall be responsible for
the appearance in court of the child in accordance with the law,
when required.

7. Offense - refers to any act or omission whether punishable

under special laws or the Revised Penal Code, as amended.

8. Law Enforcement Officer - refers to the person in authority or

his/her agent as defined in Article 152 of the Revised Penal
Code, including a barangay tanod.

9. Juvenile Justice and Welfare System - refers to a system

dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law,
which provides child-appropriate proceedings, including programs
and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration
and aftercare to ensure their normal growth and development.

10. Intervention - refers to a series of activities which are designed

to address issues that caused the child to commit an offense.
It may take the form of an individualized treatment program
which may include counseling, skills training, education, and
other activities that will enhance his/her psychological,
emotional and psycho-social well-being.

11. Initial Contact With the Child - refers to the apprehension or

taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law by law
enforcement officers or private citizens.

12. Diversion Program - refers to the program that the child in

conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she is
found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal
court proceedings.

13. Diversion - refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of

 determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict
with the law on the basis of higher social, cultural, economic,
psychological or educational background without resorting to
formal court proceedings.

14. Deprivation of Liberty - refers to any form of detention or

imprisonment, or to the placement of a child in conflict with the
law in a public or private custodial setting, from which the child
in conflict with the law is not permitted to leave at will by order
of any judicial or administrative authority.

15. Court - refers to a family court or, in places where there are no
family courts, any regional trial court.

16. Community-based Programs - refers to the programs provided

in a community setting developed for purposes of intervention
and diversion, as well as rehabilitation of the child in conflict with
the law, for reintegration into his/her family and/or community.

17. Child in Conflict with the Law - refers to a child who is alleged
as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense
under Philippine laws.

18. Child at Risk - refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the

risk of committing criminal offenses because of personal, family
and social circumstances.

19. Child - refers to a person under the age of eighteen (18) years.

20. Best Interest of the Child - refers to the totality of the

circumstances and conditions which are most congenial to
the survival, protection and feelings of security of the child and
most encouraging to the child's physical, psychological and
emotional development. It also means the least detrimental
available alternative for safeguarding the growth and
development of the child.

21. Bail - refers to the security given for the release of the person
in custody of the law, furnished by him/her or a bondsman, to
guarantee his/her appearance before any court. Bail may be
given in the form of corporate security, property bond, cash
deposit, or recognizance.

22. R.A. No. 9344 - The Act creating the Juvenile Justice and
Welfare Act of 2006.

23. Article 40 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the

Child - the State recognizes the right of every child alleged as,
accused of, adjudged, or recognized as, having infringed the
 penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the
promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, taking into
account the child's age and desirability of promoting his/her
reintegration.

24. R.A. No. 9344 should be construed liberally in favor of the child
in conflict with the law.

Juvenile Delinquency Definition of Terms

1. Adjudicated delinquent: A youth who has been found by a judge

in juvenile court to have committed a violation of the criminal law,
that is, a delinquent act.The judge can formally adjudicate the
youth as an initial step before imposing a disposition
(a sentence or punishment), or the judge can decide not to
adjudicate the youth and instead impose conditions that, if met,
will result in dismissal of the charges.

2. Adjudicatory hearing: The fact finding (trial) phase of a juvenile

case in which a judge receives and weighs evidence before
deciding whether a delinquency or status offense has been
proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

3. Aggravating factors: Factors to be considered that may increase

the seriousness of the offense, such as prior offenses, weapon
use, heinous nature of crime, and threats to victims or witnesses.

4. Arrest: A law enforcement officer charges an offender with a

criminal act or violation of law and takes the offender into
custody based on probable cause.

5. Conflict resolution: Use of communication skills and creative

thinking to develop voluntary solutions that are acceptable to
disputants.

6. Continuum of care: A broad array of juvenile justice programs

and services ranging from prevention programs for young
children and youth at risk of delinquency to intervention programs
serving high-risk youth in secure residential settings.

7. Curfew: A local ordinance that requires, under specific conditions

and exceptions, a specific group of persons (usually juveniles
under a certain age) to refrain from unsupervised activities after a
designated hour within the confines of a selected area, city,
or county.

8. Custody; Taken into custody: Being in the care of a criminal or

juvenile justice agency or official or being taken into custody by
a law enforcement officer pursuant to the laws of arrest if the
 juvenile were an adult and the offense is criminal in nature.

9. Delinquency prevention programs: Programs and services

designed to keep at-risk youth from entering the juvenile justice
system.

10. Delinquent act: Any act committed by a youth that would be a

criminal violation if committed by an adult.

11. Delinquent juvenile: A youth who has been found responsible for
having committed a delinquent act--the equivalent of being
found guilty of a criminal offense.

12. Detention: In custody (secure, non-secure, or home

confinement) while awaiting an adjudication hearing, disposition,
or commitment placement.

13. Detention hearing: A judicial hearing generally required to be

held within 72 hours of a youth being taken into custody, at
which point the court determines whether (1) there is probable
cause to believe that the youth has committed a delinquent act
or a court order exists that requires the continued detention of
the youth, and (2) continued detention is required pending an
adjudicatory hearing.

14. Disposition hearing: The hearing in a juvenile case (like a

sentencing hearing in criminal court) at which the court receives
a predisposition report containing information and
recommendations to help determine the appropriate sanction.
These sanctions can include probation, commitment to the
custody of the state's department of juvenile justice, or
community-based sanctions.

15. Diversion: A process by which a youth is channeled from the

juvenile justice system. Examples are Informal Adjustment,
Truancy Court, etc.

16. Intake: The process used for every youth referred to juvenile
court. Intake involves screening each youth to determine the
appropriateness for release or referral to a diversionary program
or agency for nonofficial or nonjudicial handling. This screening
also identifies the presence of medical, psychiatric,
psychological, substance abuse, and educational problems or
other conditions that may have caused the youth to come to
the attention of law enforcement or intake. Intake includes initial
screening of a status offender to determine the recommended
action to be taken in the best interests of the youth, the family,
and the community.
17. Juvenile delinquency program: Any program or activity related
to juvenile delinquency prevention, control, diversion,
intervention,treatment, rehabilitation, planning, education,
training, and research.

18. Mediation: A process by which a neutral third person, or

mediator, encourages and facilitates the resolution of a dispute
between two or more parties. It is an informal process designed
to help the disputants reach a mutually acceptable and voluntary
agreement. Decision making authority rests with the parties.
The role of the mediator includes, but is not limited to, helping
the parties identify issues, fostering joint problem solving, and
exploring settlement alternatives.

19. Mentoring: Generally involves providing support and guidance to

and spending time on a regular basis with a youth. Mentoring
activities can include participating in sports, playing games,
shopping, taking hikes, helping with homework, and
doing chores.

20. Protective factors: Factors that help to reduce the impact of

risk factors in a young person's life.

21. Risk factors: Certain problem behaviors present risk factors in

a young person's life that may contribute to later delinquency.
A few examples include the availability of drugs and firearms in
the community, family conflict, and friends who engage in
problem behaviors.

22. Status offenses: Non-criminal offenses only applicable to

children--for example, being truant, running away from home,
possessing alcohol or cigarettes, or violating curfew.

23. Truant: A young person who is absent from school without

permission or authorization.

24. Victimization: The result of a planned or accidental act that

causes physical or psychological harm.

25. Violent crime: Crimes of violence include rape, robbery,

assault, or murder.

4 Major Theories That Explain Existence Of Delinquency

1. Demonological/Pre-Classical – Possessed by spirits – before.

2. Classical
3. Positivist
4. Gotical
Abandoned Child – Is one who has no proper parental care or guardianship or whose
parents or guardians have deserted him for a period of at least 6 continuous months.

Age Of Enlightenment – 18th century.

Borstals – Youth Custody Centers and detention center.

Cesare Lombroso – Father of Criminology.

Common Detected Young Persons Crime

1. Shoplifting
2. Crimes Of Violence

Crime Rate – Population X 100%

--------------
Crime Volume

Critical Theory – explains that delinquency is the by product of social arrangement.

Defendant Child – Is one who is without a parent, guardian or other custodian or one whose
parents, guardian or other custodian for good cause desires to be relieved of his care and
custody.

Delinquency – Acts against norms, mores of society.

Deviancy – Is a stage of human existence where one has ceased to believe in love whereby
the child ends up bitter, empty, lonely, resentful and in most cases emotionally infantile.

Edwin Schur – Radical Non Intervention – if a child commits an offense, he should be left
alone.

Emancipation – Liberty from parental authority.

Emotionally Disturbed Children – Are those who although not afflicted with insanity or
mental defect are unable to maintain normal social relations with others and the community
in general due to emotional problems and complexes.

Epideology –Transmission.

Etiology – Delinquency

Family Home – Constituted jointly by the husband and the wife or by unmarried head of a
family, is the dwelling house where they and their family reside and the land on which it is
situated.

Hedonism – Pleasure, highest goal of man's life.

Hedonistic Calculus – Process of weighing pleasure and pain.

Idea Of Determination – Any act committed awaits an explanation to the natural world.
Jeremy Bentham – Introduced punishment of imprisonment.

JJS – Juvenile Justice System

Juvenile – person/Minors/Youth whose mental and emotional faculty has not been fully
developed.

Juvenile Delinquent – Person commits any act of delinquency.

Juvenile Diversion – Offender is removed from JJS and diverted to other government
programs.

Labelling Theory -

1. Internationalist Perspective – any youth who commits a crime should be left

alone
2. Social Perspective

Neglected Child – is one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or
inadequately attended.

Neo-Classical Theory – Modified the classical theory, excepted the child and lunatics from
punishment.

Parental Authority/Partia Potestos – Rights and obligations which parents have in relation to
the persons and property of their children until their emancipation and even after this under
certain circumstances.

PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code – Approval – Dec.10,1974

Effectivity – June 10,1975

Police – Prime mover of JJS

- Backbone of CJS

Poverty – Means the condition of that group whose income is low, therefore, the standard of
living is not enough to maintain normal health and efficiency.

Some Causes of Poverty Which Could Be One Of The Causes Of Crime

1. Physical Environment
2. Unfavorable Economic Condition
3. Social Environment
4. Defects in Government
5. Defects in Education

Proponent of Classical Theory

1. Jeremy Bentham
 2. Cesare Beccaria

Proponents Of Positivist/Italian Theory

1. Cesare Lombroso
2. Enrico ferri
3. Rafael Garofalo

RA 6809 – 18 years old - age of majority.

RA 8669 – Law which created the family court.

Truancy – Frequent Absences

Types Of Delinquents

1. Occasional Delinquent
2. The Gang Delinquent
3. Mal Adjusted delinquent

Welfare Model – Is the positivistic approach which holds that young offenders should be
helped rather than punished.

William Bonger – Social Conflict Theory – society is composed of the ruling class and the
ruled class.

Young Offenders Fall Into Two Categories

1. Juveniles
2. Young Adults – at least 17

Youthful Offender – below 18 years old.

- Is one who is over 9 years but under 18 years of age at the time of
the commission of the offense.

Zones Of Peace – Children trapped in an armed conflict based on RA 7610.

Human Behavior and Crises Management

Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the
organization or the general public.

Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group,
community or society.

Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats.

Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have occurred.Crises Management is occasionally referred as incid
management.

Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to communicate with people who are threatening violence inclu
barricaded subject, hostage taker, stalkers, threats, workplace violence or person threatening suicide.

Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime.

Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law enforcement agencies, diplomatic or other governmental
representatives for the release of a person held hostage against their will by criminal, terrorist or other elements.

Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a business or organization.

3 Elements of Crises Management

1. threat to the organization or public
2. element of surprise
3. short decision time

Types of Crises
1. Natural Disaster
2. Technological Crises
3. Confrontation
4. Malevolence
5. Organizational Misdeeds
6. Work place violence
7. Rumors
8. Terrorist attacks/Man made disasters

Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flood
landslides, storms, tsunamis and droughts that threaten life, property and the environment itself.

Technological Crises - are caused by human application of science and technology.

Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals and/or groups, fight business, government and various inte
groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.

Common Type of Confrontation Crises

1. Boycott
2. Picketing
3. Sit-ins
4. blockade
5. Occupation of buildings
6. Resisting/Disobeying police
7. Ultimatums to those in authority
Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the purpo
expressing hostility or anger toward a company or country with aim of destabilizing or destroying it. ex. product tampe
kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.

Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management takes actions it knows will harm stakeholders without adeq
precaution.

3 Types of Organizational Misdeeds

1. Crises of skewed management values
2. Crises of Deception
3. Crises of Management Misconduct

Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes
emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics.

Factors Affecting Human Behavior

1. Genetics
2. Attitude
3. Social Norms
4. Perceive behavioral control
5. Core faith
6. Survival instinct

Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Delirium
3. Delusional Disorder
4. Dementia
5. Impulse Control Disorder
6. Intoxication or withdrawal from medication or drugs
7. Malingering
8. Mood disorders such as major depression, anxiety disorders and
bipolar disorders
9. Personality disorders, especially anti social personality disorder
10.Pervasive developmental disorder (autism)
11.Psychotic disorder
12.Schizophrenia
13.Schizo-afflective disorder
14.Schizophreniform disorder
15.Substance dependence and abuse
16.Traumatic brain injury

Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - a health conditions that changes a persons thinking, feelings or behavior and that cau
the person distress and difficulty in functioning.
 Schizophrenia - a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion
behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings,withdrawal from reality and personal
relationships into fantasy and delusion and a sense of mental fragmentation.

Autism - a mental condition present from early childhood characterized by great difficulty in communicating and formi
relationship with other people and in using language and abstract concepts.

Hypnosis - the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently losses the power of voluntary action
is highly responsive to suggestions or directions.

Stalking - is a term used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person.

Contemporary Police Problem may be Classified into the following:

1. Police Misconduct - is a broad category.The term refers to a wide range of

procedural,criminal and civil violations.
2. Police Corruption - is the abuse of authority for personal gain.

Misconduct - is procedural when it refers to police who violate police department rules and
regulation.

Criminal - when it refers to police who violate the penal laws.

Civil - when it refers to police who violate a citizens civil right.

Common forms of Misconduct

1. Excessive use of physical or deadly force

2. Discriminatory arrest
3. Physical or verbal harassment
4. Selective Enforcement of the law
5. False arrest and imprisonment
6. Perjured testimony about illegal searches

Common Forms of Police Corruption

1. Bribery
2. Extortion
3. Receiving of Fencing Stolen goods
4. Selling drugs,theft of drugs and money from drug dealer
5. malicious prosecution
6. Making false report and committing perjury
7. Protecting illegal gambling
8. Theft of seized property
9. Receiving discounts on purchases
 10. Selling information about police operation

What are the safeguards against police misconduct

1. Establish Code of conduct

2. Train new recruit ethically and properly
3. Investigate and Discipline violators
4. Establish independent body ex. Pleb

 Despite legal safeguards and well intentioned reforms, Police problems have
continued to produce headlines.
 What can society do against the age-old problem of police misconduct and
corruption? ans. Monitor and Correct.

Trends in the forms of Police Corruption

1. Drugs - became the major driver of corruption replacing
gambling, prostitution and alcohol.
2. Corruption is systemic in police departments.

Systemic - affecting the entire system, group, body or society as a whole.

Standard strategies for reducing Police Corruption

1. Create permanent external oversight over the police with
particular emphasis on monitoring police officer behavior.
2. Holding supervisors responsible for the integrity of their
subordinate.
3. Reforming merit promotion and assignment.
4. Changing police culture.
5. Creating training programs in integrity for recruits and in-service
personnel particularly first line supervisors.
6. Creating an effective internal integrity monitoring unit.
7. Annually evaluating the integrity of all officers.
8. Making the Chief responsible for enforcing all disciplines.
9. Proactively investigate misbehavior.
10. Improving standards for recruitment and training.

Information about Police corruption comes from several sources

1. Appointed commission/Body of investigation
2. Civil and Criminal investigations of police behavior
3. Investigations undertaken by the police themselves
4. Accounts by public media
5. Observations by outside witnesses
6. Surveys of police officers and the public
7. Accounts by people involved in corrupt activity

Being on the Pad - this phrase is associated with bribery and extortion, a category of
police corruption.

Police Brutality - actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or
coercion unnecessarily, prodding with night sticks and stopping and searching people to
harass.

Most Common Types of Corruption in the PNP

1. Case Fixing - subjective imposition of penalties or downright
sabotage of the investigation process in exchange
for money or other things for personal gain.
2. Bribery - receipt of cash or a gift in exchange for past of future
assistance in avoidance of prosecution.
3. Extortion - common practice of holding "street court" where
incidents such as minor traffic tickets can be avoided
with a cash payment to the officer and no receipt given.
4. Protection - taking of money or other rewards from vice operators
or from legitimate companies operating illegally
in return for protecting them from law enforcement activity.
5. Recycling - use or sale of confiscated items and evidence, usually
drugs or narcotics.
6. Selective Enforcement - occurs when police officer exploit their
officer discretion e. areglo, balato.
7. Internal Pay-Offs - sale of work assignments, day offs, holidays,
vacation period and even promotion.

Police Ethics and Community Relations

PNP Philosophy
1. Service
2. Honor
3. Justice

PNP Core Values

1. Makadios (God-Fearing)
2. Makabayan (Nationalistic)
3. Makatao (Humane)

Ethical Acts to be Observed by PNP members

1. Morality
2. Judicious use of authority
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Humility
6. Orderliness
7. Perseverance

Definition of Terms
  Customs - established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of l
 Traditions - bodies of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation
the effect of an unwritten law.
 Courtesy - a manifestation of expression of consideration and respect for others.
 Ceremony - a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special
occasion.
 Social Decorum - a set of norms and standard practiced by the members during social activities and ot
functions.

Police Community Relation - generally refers to the sum total of attitudes and behavior between police and th
communities they serve.

Public Relations - a collection of communication techniques used by individuals or organizations to convince

audience about the merits of an idea, organization, program, practice or policy.

Community Service - refers to the activities whereby police engage in pro-social activities to enhance the wel
being of the community beyond law enforcement and other maintenance.

Community Participation - involves members of the community taking an active role in trying to genuinely h
the police.
Police Traditions
1. Spiritual beliefs
2. Valor
3. Patriotism
4. Discipline
5. Gentlemanliness
6. Word of Honor
7. Duty
8. Loyalty
9. Camaraderie

Spiritual Beliefs - can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an inner path enabling a person to
discover the essence of his/her being or the deepest values and meanings by which people live.

Valor - great courage in the face of danger. Strength of mind or spirit that enables a person to encounter dange
with firmness.

Patriotism - love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.

Discipline - the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior using punishment to correct
disobedience.

Gentlemanliness - characteristic of or having the character of a gentleman. A man whose conduct conforms to
high standard of propriety or correct behavior.
 Word of Honor - a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do or not to do something in the
future.

Duty - a task or action that someone is required to perform.

Loyalty - a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Is faithfulness or a devotion to a person, country, group or
cause.

Camaraderie - mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together. Goodwill and
lighthearted rapport between or among friends.
Familiarize Yourself With The Following Terms:

1. Corruption – is the misuse of authority by a police officer in a

manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or others;
an impairment of integrity, virtue or moral principle; inducement
(as an official) by means of improper considerations (as bribery)
to commit a violation of duty.

2. DHRDD – refers to the Directorate for Human Resource and

Doctrine Development; the primary training and education
directorate in the PNP.

3. Ethics - is the capacity to determine right conduct and the

knowledge of what is right from wrong; specific moral choices to
be made by the individual in his relationship with others; the
moral quality of a course of action, fitness and propriety.

4. Ethics and Values Counseling Center – A facility for spiritual and

behavioral intervention established in every Police Regional Office
to provide adequate counseling and assistance to police officers

5. Ethics and Values Formation Program - This program contains

policies,principles, guidelines and sanctions, all geared towards
the internalization of moral values and service dedication through
the implementation of a systematic values-integration and
intervention program.

6. Moral Recovery Program - The Moral Recovery Program is a

movement which aims to mobilize all Filipinos for nation-building
through the practical exercise of human values in our daily lives
as citizens. It is empowered through Executive Order 319 signed
by President Fidel V Ramos on April 03, 1996, which
institutionalizes the MRP in all government departments, offices,
agencies, and government-owned and controlled corporations

7. Morale – refers to a person’s state of mind and emotions,

affecting the personnel/employee and the police force to perform
assigned tasks willingly and enthusiastically with confidence,
 cheerfulness and discipline to work, which in turn affects the
individual performance and organizational goals and objectives.

8. Morality – quality of human acts that leads man to observe

“moral behavior”, to be obedient to a system of moral rules,
“rules of right conduct”.

9. Police Discretion – the inherent ability and privilege of a police

officer to test and use the limits of his power in making a choice
among possible courses of action or inaction (i.e. to arrest or not
to arrest).

10. PRO - Police Regional Office which constitute seventeen (17)

Regional Offices of the PNP to include ARMM, CAR and NCRPO

11. Police Officer – a public servant who represents the disciplinary

and discretionary power of the state to enforce laws

12. Values – are beliefs, principles and philosophies that are

important,cherished, prized, upheld and defended:

13. Virtue – the quality of moral excellence, righteousness, probity,

responsibility and goodness; conformity to standard morality or
mores (as by abstention from vices, rectitude); specific type of
moral excellence or other exemplary quality considered
meritorious, a worthy practice or ideal

14. Customs - Established usage or social practices carried on by

tradition that have obtained the force of law.

15. Traditions - Bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages

handed down from generation to generation with the effect of
an unwritten law.

16. Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of consideration and

respect for others.

17. Ceremony - A formal act or set of formal acts established by

customs or authority as proper to special occasion.

18. Social Decorum - A set of norms and standards practiced by

members during social and other functions.

19. Salute - Salute is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed

members upon meeting and recognizing person entitled to
a salute.

20. Habits - Provide the basis for judgments about what is

important for the organization to succeed in its core business.