Chapter 1 - Vector Analysis

Scalars and Vectors

Scalar Fields (temperature)

Vector Fields (gravitational, magnetic)

Vector Algebra
The Cartesian Coordinate System
Vector Components and Unit Vectors

rP rQ
The Vector Field
0.4(& − 2))
x= -4
F= 0
Example +,,
y=
z=
3
5
- ./+.0+
+

a) F = 5.946

æ 0.74 ö
=ç 0 ÷
F x= -4 4.4 0.73999327
b)
F ç ÷ y= 3 0 0
è -0.673 ø z= 5 4 0.67272116

The Dot product

A·B = |A||B| cos qAB

(B·a) a

B in the direction of A
You need to normalize a
before the dot product.
Consider the vector field G = y ax −2.5x ay +3 az and the point Q(4, 5, 2)

a) find G at Q;
b) Find the scalar component of G at Q in the direction of aN = 1/3 (2 ax + ay − 2 az );
c) the vector component of G at Q in the direction of aN ;
d) the angle θGa between G(rQ) and aN .
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,−1, 2), B(−2, 3,−4), and C(−3, 1, 5).
Find:
(a) RAB;
(b) RAC;
(c) the angle θBAC at vertex A;
(d) The (vector) projection of RAB on RAC.

Ans.
a) −8ax + 4ay − 6az ;
b) −9ax + 2ay + 3az;
c) 53.6◦;
d) −5.94ax + 1.319ay + 1.979az
The Cross Product

A x B = aN|A||B| sin qAB

æ ax ay az ö
A ´ B ç Ax Ay Az ÷
ç ÷
è Bx By Bz ø

Example

æ2 ö æ -4 ö
A := ç -3 ÷ B := ç -2 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è1 ø è5 ø

æ -13 ö
A ´ B = ç -14 ÷
ç ÷
è -16 ø
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,−1, 2), B(−2, 3,−4), and C(−3, 1, 5).
Find:
(a) RAB X RAC;
(b) The area of the triangle
(c) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is located.

Ans.
a) 24 ax + 78 ay + 20 az ;
b) 42.0;
c) 0.286 ax + 0.928 ay + 0.238 az
 Circular Cylindrical Coordinate System
z z

1 - Unit Vector
vary with
r × dr × df
The coordinate f
Since direction changes
r × dz
2 – Dot Product
r × df× dz
r × dr × df× dzz
 Circular Cylindrical Coordinate System

x r × cos ( f) 2 2
r x +y r ³ 00
z
y r × sin ( f)
atan æç
yö
f ÷
è xø
z z
z z
Dot Product
A Ax× ax + Ay × ay + Az× az

A Ar × ar + Af× af + Az× az

Ar A × ar Af A × af Az Az

Ar ( Ax× ax + Ay × ay + Az× az) × ar Ax× ax× ar + Ay × ay × ar

Af ( Ax× ax + Ay × ay + Az× az) × af Ax× ax× af + Ay × ay × af

ax× ar cos ( f) ay × ar sin ( f) az× az 1
Az ( Ax× ax + Ay × ay + Az× az) × az Az× az× az Az

ax× af -sin ( f) ay × af cos ( f)

az× ar az× f 0
The Spherical Coordinate System

x r× sin ( q ) × cos ( f)

y r× sin ( q)× sin ( f) )

z r× cos ( q )

2 2 2
r x +y +z r³0

acos æ ö z
q 0 £ q £ 180
ç 2 2 2÷
è x +y +z ø

atan æç
yö
f ÷
è xø
The Spherical Coordinate System
x r× sin ( q ) × cos ( f)

y r× sin ( q × sin ( f) )

z r× cos ( q )

r× dr× dq
r× sin ( q ) × dr× df

r × sin ( q ) × dq× dff

2

r × sin( q ) × dr× dq× df

2
f
 Homework Chapter 1
2× p 2× p 2× p 2× p
27. r1 := 2 r2 := 4 q1 := 30 × q2 := 50 × f1 := 20 × f2 := 60 ×
360 360 360 360

For the volume enclosed within these spherical coordinates, find a) the enclosed volume b) the
Para elsurface
volumen
area c)definido dentro
the total length of the de lasedges
twelve coordenadas esféricas
of the surface d) the length ofencuentre:
the longest straight
a) Volumen definido,
line that lies within the b) Área de la superficie, c) longitud de los bordes de la superficie
volume.

r2 f2 q2
ó ó ó
r × sin ( q ) dq df dr
2
a) Volume := ô ô ô Volume = 2.909
õ õ õ
r1 f1 q1
b) Again, the surface area consists of six sides: 2 different surfaces where q is constant, 2
identical surfaces where f is constant, and 2 different surfaces where r is constant.

f2 q2 f2 q2
ó ó ó ó
r1 × sin ( q ) dq df r2 × sin ( q ) dq df
2 2
r1_surface := ô ô r2_surface := ô ô
õ õ õ õ
f1 q1 f1 q1
r1_surface = 0.623
r2_surface = 2.494
r2 q2
ó ó f2 r2
f_surface := ô ô r dq dr ó ó
õ õ q1_surface := ô ô r × sin ( q1) dr df
r1 q1 õ õ
f1 r1
f2 r2
f_surface = 2.094 ó ó
q2_surface := ô ô r × sin ( q2) dr df
õ õ
f1 r1
Surface_Area := r1_surface + r2_surface + q1_surface + q2_surface + 2f_surface

Surface_Area = 12.609