SECTION:7- ANALYSIS

By
Er. Navneet Gupta
Principal Consultant
M/s Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd
New Delhi
SECTION 7: ANALYSIS

7.1 General provisions

• ‘Working stress’ philosophy uses well understood classical

methods of elastic analysis.

• IRC-112 requires many more types of analyses and use of

newly developed methods

• Computerised methods allow use of more realistic models

representing the behaviour of structures and materials.
However, this needs some expertise on part of the designer.
7.1.1 Response of Structure to Loads
• Idealised elements can be linear, two dimensional or three
dimensional

• Quantity of reinforcement, state of cracking etc affect member

properties

• Interdependency of various strengths of a member (bending,

axial, shear, torsion) has been established both by theory and by
experiments

• However, in most practical designs bending combined with axial

forces and shear combined with torsion are treated separately

• For elements with complex geometry and for some local zones,
design has to be based on net effect of all forces acting
together, ensuring compatibility of strains
7.1.2 Methods of Analysis

• Linear elastic analysis for both static and dynamic responses

• Strut & Tie method for achieving internal equilibrium
• Non linear analysis (material and/or geometric non linearity) for
both static and dynamic response.
• Local analysis at locations of supports/bearings, corbels,
anchorage zones , openings,junction of elements etc.
• Local and global effects shall be combined

F
7.1.3 Second Order Effects

• Additional effects caused by structural deformations, eg P- 

effects for pier

• Considered where they may affect the overall stability or

attainment of the ultimate limit state at critical sections
7.1.4 Modelling of Foundations

• Foundation can be treated as rigid or flexible depending on

their stiffness
• Soil-structure interaction may be considered.The foundation
and stratum shall be appropriately modelled.
• Settlement effects, if considered, are considered as
independent loadings

•EQUIVALENT SOIL SPRINGS TO DEFINE PILE GROUP

• SOIL SPRINGS ALONG SINGLE PILE

7.1.5 Redistribution of Moments

• Permitted subject to maximum 15% in SLS and 20% in ULS

• Not permitted for bridges with skew > 150
Redistribution means transfer
moment from one position to
• subject to maximum
another so that total height of BM
diagram remains same

7.1.6 Non-Linear Analysis

• Non linearity arising from member’s response (cracking,
creep etc) is considered in calculating deflections.
• Non linearity due to formation of plastic hinges is not
permitted for collapse condition associated with seismic
forces.
7.1.7 Plastic Analysis

• Should ensure that ductility conditions are satisfied

• Elements may be idealised as determinate trusses; concrete
denoted as compression strut and steel denoted as tension
tie
• Location and orientation of struts and ties requires
engineering judgment

Av. Design compressive

Stresses in the strut is
limited to 0.6 fcd
Introduction of Strut & Tie Model

Elements of Strut & Tie Model

Geometric Shapes of Strut

Type of STM Nodes

Application of Strut & Tie Model

Concrete Structure => B-Regions or Flexural Regions or Bernoulli regions

D-Regions or Disturbed Regions

STM are used primarily to design

D-Regions

B-Regions are more easily designed

With conventional method

From St. Venant’s Principle it is

Concluded that D-regions are assumed
To extend distance d from the load
Or change in geometry
St. Venant’s Principle
Procedure For Strut & Tie Modeling
Example of D-Regions
Typical Girders used in
bridge design are having
span length 20h to 25h

Therefore, with exception at

the ends if there are no
geometric discontinuities
within the spans ,the
presence of disturbed
regions due to loading have
Little effect on the overall
behavior of the member and
localized effects can
generally be ignored.
STM For Deep Beam Centre Line Strut C2 is assumed
concurrent to reinf

Centre Line Tie T1 is assumed

at CG of bottom reinf.

Bottom & Top Reinf.

Worked Example: Bridge Diaphragm
f (Cylinder) = 40 Mpa
Fy = 500 Mpa

Strut A = 21.7 MN
Strut B = 15.9 MN
Tie C = 13.7 MN
Tie D = 1.2 MN
Worked Example: STM For Leaf Pier

Transverse Spread
7.2 Analysis for Serviceability Limit State

• Elastic method of analysis using either only concrete

sections properties or gross section properties including
reinforcement
• Consistent approach should be used

• SLS checks of deformation, stresses and crack control

performed

• For sustained loads , effective modulus of elasticity shall be

used to account for creep of concrete

• For instaneous loads , secant modulus of elasticity shall be

used
7.3 Analysis for Ultimate Limit State

• In seismic analysis, plastic analysis may be performed

provided adequate ductility provisions are made
• For other loadings, elastic analysis may be performed
• Effect of temperature gradient may be neglected
• Strut & tie model may be used for local effects
7.4 Torsional Effects

• Torsion analysis may be performed wherever it has a major

effect or effect on stability

• If torsional stiffness is ignored, nominal reinforcement may

be provided
• Compatibility
and
Equilibrium
Torsion needs
to be
understood.
Equilibrium
torsion is
essential for
stability
7.4 Torsional Effects
Contd .
Torsion analysis shall be performed under ULS wherever static equilibrium of
structure depends on torsional resistance.

The Code permits to neglect such torsional effects provided they are also
neglected in the analysis and provided adequate measures are taken to avoid
torsional cracking. The code however cautions that sound engineering
judgment needs to be exercised in deciding whether torsion plays only a
minor role in the behavior of the structure, otherwise torsional stiffness
should be used in the analysis (e,g. for skewed slab bridges & Curved
bridges, it is not advisable to neglect torsional stiffness in the analysis).
7.5 Combined Global and Local Effects

• Analysis of the structure may be accomplished either by one

overall analysis or by separate analyses for global and local
effects

• In the latter case, forces from global and local effects must
be combined

Examples :
a) Prestressing Anchorage Zone, Blister Blocks
b) Articulation or Half-Joint
c) Location adjacent to concentreated zones
d) Deep Beams & Brackets
e) Areas of Discontinuity – like opening on a
member
7.6 Structures and Structural Frames

7.6.1 : Beams
Effective Span and Effective Width of flanged beams for Analysis

1. For a continuous beam, the effective span is

defined as the distance between centres of
support. IRC:21 defined effective span as the
clear distance between faces of support.

2. In case of beams framing into wide columns

,the effect of column width should be included
in the analysis.
7.6 Structures and Structural Frames

7.6.1 : Beams
Effective Span and Effective Width of flanged beams for Analysis

In reality:
Participating width is varuing
and not independent of load
and load position.
Continuous span situation
more complex.
FEM elastic analysis
Simplyfies the calculations
and yield satisfactory design
7.6 Structures and Structural Frames

7.6.2.1 & 7.6.2.2 Slabs

• For special types of slabs, such as skew slab, curved slab,
voided slab and composite slab, member forces may be
determined as per rational and established method of analysis.
7.6.3 Column

• Compression member whose largest lateral dimension < 4 x

lesser lateral dimension
• Limit of buckling are given in Section 11
• Bases and other connected members shall be designed for
slenderness moments from the associated column
7.6.4 Reinforced Concrete Wall

• If ultimate axial load < 0.1 fcd Ac; It may be designed as bending
member neglecting axial load

• Considered as short when leff/t < 12, otherwise slender

• Minimum moment at right angles to a wall = 0.05 nwh, where

nw= ultimate axial load per unit length of wall
7.7.2 Continuity of Spans in Composite Construction

• Secondary effects of differential shrinkage, creep and

temperature due to change of structural system from isostatic
to hyperstatic should be accounted for in the design
• Differential shrinkage moment at continuous support:
Mcs= (diff) (Ecf) Acf ( cent) 
• Additional moment due to creep redistribution
Mcr = (Minst – Mas-built) x 
 = 1 - e-
7.7 Composite Concrete Construction

• Differential shrinkage and creep should be considered in SLS

only, not in ULS
• Design of the component parts and the composite section
should take into account the effect of stresses and deflections
arising out of the method/sequence of construction
• If difference of concrete strengths of the two component
members is < 10 MPa, no allowance needs to be taken for the
same in the analysis
 

 7.7.2 Continuity of Spans in Composite Construction
7.7.2.1 Effect of Differential shrinkage

Differential shrinkage moment at continuous support (Hogging )

Mcs= (diff) (Ecf) Acf ( cent)  Eq 7.2
Problem can be tackled in 2 steps

Step:1
First Apply restrained Force to prevent
Shrinkage of Cast in Situ slab
Fr = (diff) (Ecf) Acf  Reduction Factor to account for creep as
shrinkage strain occurs slowly
Step:2
Release the Restrain Force , Apply – Fr on composite section.
Moment = Fr ( cent)

In two steps problem can be

solved for
Simply supported beam
Step:3
If the bridge is statically indeterminate , However, the
release of restraint moment component generate
secondary moment.

 Hogging


Released BM
Sagging
Step:3
Apply the BM at end of continuous beam
and find out the BM at other locations.

The BM diagram shown below is addaed

to fuly restrained BM




Released BM Sagging
7.7.2 Continuity of Spans in Composite Construction
7.7.2.2 Effect of Creep Redistribution

Example: Precast PSC I –Girder Placed over

pier and made Integral with pier after
construction of cast in situ diaphragm
=> Statical sytem is changed during construction
7.7.2 Continuity of Spans in Composite Construction
7.7.2.2 Effect of Creep Redistribution
Additional BM due to
Creep re-distribution

Minst
Integral Portal is Mcr = (Minst – Mas-built) x 
Subjected to DL &
Prestress

Mas-built : Is the actual BM set up in

the structure as constructed

(Minst – Mas-built)  = 1 - e-

This depends upon the time Gap
When composite is established
7.8 Structural Effects of Time-Dependent Properties of
Concrete

• Time dependent variations of creep and shrinkage strains

cause significant long term deformation stresses
• Shrinkage and Creep act in a complex interdependent manner
• Use reduced value E = Ecm/ (1+Φ)
• For calculating thermal stresses due to overall temperature
variations
E = Ecm x 0.5
7.9 Prestressed Members and Structures

• Prestressing force is considered as an action, which varies

with time
• Maximum initial prestressing
= 90% of 0.1% proof stress
• Maximum prestress at seating
= 0.75 x pk

POST TENSIONING

PRE TENSIONING
7.9.3 Loss of Prestress

Immediate Losses

• In pretensioned structures

i) Slip loss during pretensioning

ii) Relaxation loss during the period
from stressing to transfer
iii) Elastic shortening of concrete

• In post tensioned structure

i) Elastic shortening of concrete

ii) Friction and wobble
iii) Slip loss
7.9.3 Loss of Presress (Contd)

Long Term Losses (time dependent)

Both for Pretensioned & Post-tensioned

i) Creep of concrete
ii) Shrinkage of Concrete
iii) Relaxation of steel

• During construction immediate losses should be verified by

site test by using an active jack and a passive jack and
measuring forces at the two ends.
7.9.4 Consideration of Prestress in Analysis

• Both primary and secondary effects (hyperstatic effects of

primary prestressing and its losses) to be accounted for

• Before grouting, tendons to be assumed as unbonded and

after grouting bonded
 7.9.4 Consideration of Prestress in Analysis
Primary & Secondary Effects of Prestress

For statically determinate member the prestress

moment is Pe , Primary Moment

Secondary or Hyperstatic moment may be

introduced due to prestressing of statically
indeterminate structure

This is due to restraint of deflection caused by

support

These secondary moments are often very significant

Therefore, In three span continuous construction

at mid central span (Integration cables ) only
approximately 50% of the prestress is effected
7.9.4 Consideration of Prestress in Analysis
External Tendons

Main Diff, Between external &

internal post-tensioning .

• Second order effect due to lack of

contact between tendon &
member.Must be considered in
design.
• This effect is considerably
reduced by provision of
deviators.

Inside View Of Box Showing

Arrangement
Of External Tendons
7.9.5 Partial Factors for Prestressing Force

• In general, a factor p = 1 shall be used for ULS design

(both for bonded and unbonded tendons)
• Where unbonded tendons are used for achieving stability
where both increase and decrease of force can be critical,
partial factors of 0.8 and 1.25 to be used. These are over and
above the overall safety factors
• In SLS
- For pretensioning sup = 1.05; inf = 0.95
- For Post tensioning sup = 1.10; inf = 0.90
Top tendons

Bottom tendons
7.10 Design and Detailing for curved Tendons in Thin
Sections

• Radial pressure from curved tendons causes compression

on the inner side
• In thin sections it causes local out-of-plane punching shear
• Check shear as per the imperical equations given in fig 7.2 of
the code.
• Radial reinforcement may be necessary
7.11 Special Load Transferring Devices

• In case of the use of bearings, guide stoppers, STU for load

transfer, properties of the same should be used in the analysis
• These include their load/ deformations, restraint/ release of
movement etc.
• Contact surfaces at top and bottom of bearings should be
horizontal. In case they are not, for some reason, allowance
for longitudinal and transverse components of vertical loads
should be made

Slope is obtained by varying the

thickness of plate between bearing and
Beam
 SHOCK TRANSMISSION UNIT (STU)

• IS A DEVICE TEMPORARY CAPABLE OF CREATING FIXED

CONNECTION WHEN DESIRABLE AND DURING NORMAL
OPERATION REMAIN AS MOVABLE.

• THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF STU ARE

➢ ALLOW SLOW MOVEMENT BETWEEN STRUCTURES WITHOUT NEGLISIBLE

FRICTION SUCH AS CREEP, TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE.

➢ FOR SHORT DURATION LOAD OR IMPACT IT ACTS AS RIGID LINK SUCH AS

SEISMIC FORCES.

THE ABOVE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF STU MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SHARE THE

SEIMIC LONGITUDINAL FORCES AMONG THE ADJOINIG PIER THUS MAKING
IT POSSIBLE TO DESIGN LONG CONTINUOUS BRIDGE.
 FREE FREE RESTRAINED FREE FREE FREE
FREE
ESB5 ESB4 ESB2 ESB4 ESB5 ESB6 ESB6
ESB6 GPB2(L) GPB3(L) GPB(T) GPB3(L) GPB2(L)
GPB1(L) ESB3 ESB3
ESB3 ESB1 ESB1 ESB3 GPB1(L)
STU1 STU3 GPB1(L)

STU2 STU4 FPB1 FPB1

FPB1 ESB3 ESB1 ESB1 ESB3
ESB3 ESB3
ESB6 FPB2 FPB3 PPB FPB3 FPB2
ESB5 ESB4 ESB2 ESB4 ESB5 ESB6 ESB6

BEARING LAYOUT PLAN

LEGEND:-

•POT-PTFE BEARINGS ARE PROVIDED TO RESIST VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL FORCES

•CONCRETE STOPPERS WITH ELASTOMERIC PAD ARE PROVIDED TO PREVENT DISLODGEMENT OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE IN SEISMIC EVENTS
THANK YOU
Er. Navneet Gupta
Principal Consultant
M/s Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd
New Delhi