Electrical Enginnering Paper II

Mains Exam
Solution
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - Paper II
Q.1(a): Determine the values of slope K1, K2, K3 and the voltages L+ and L– for the amplifier and its
transfer characteristics shown in the figure given below :
+ V = +15V
Vo
D1 R2 L+
Slope = K3
Rf R3
ER
– Vo Vi
Vi R1 +
R4 Slope = K1
D2 R5 Slope = K2
L–
ST
– V = –15V
 R1 = 30 kΩ, R2 = R5 = 9 kΩ, R3 = R4 = 3 kΩ, Rf = 60 kΩ 
The diode may be assumed to be ideal. [12 marks]

MA
Sol: + V = 15V
K3 Vo
D1 R2 = 9k L+
x
Rf
R3 = 3k K1
R1
– Vo
Vi O + Vi
30k
R4 = 3k
S
y
D2 R5 = 9k
L–
IE
– V = –15V K2
Case I
Assume D1 & D2 OFF
V = 15V
60k
12k
vi – vo
a +
30k
12k
–V = 15V
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Mains Exam
Solution
Applying KCL at node O:

Vi  0 0  Vo
=
30k 60k
 Vo  2Vi
comparing with graph k 1  2
ER
15  Vo 
Vx = 15   9
 12 
15 3
Vx =  Vo
4 4
for D1 to be OFF:
Vx > 0

15 3
 Vo  0
4 4
Vo  5V
ST
 L  5V
for D2 to be OFF
Vy < 0
MA
 V  ( 15) 
15   o   9  0
 12
3Vo 15

4 4
[Vo < 5]  L  5V
Case II: D1 ON, D2 OFF [Vo < –5V]
9k 3k
+15V
S
60k
IE
30k
vi –
vo
O +
12k
–15V
KCL at Node O
Vi 15 V V 
   o  o 
30 9  3 60 
 2Vi  100  21 Vo
2 100
 Vo  Vi 
21 21
2
Comparing with graph K 2  
21
Mains Exam
Solution
Case III: D1 OFF, D2 ON

+15V
12k
60k
9k 3k
–15V
vi –
vo
ER
O +
30k  60k
3k
30k
vi –
+ vo +15V
O
12k
9k
KCL at node O
Vi 15

V V 
  o  o 
ST –15V
30 9  3 60 
 2Vi  100  21 Vo
MA
2 100
 Vo  V
21 i 21
2
Comparing with graph K 3  
21
Q.1(b): Determine the total energy and average power of the following signal :
2 3  t  3

x( t )  5  t 3t 5 [12 marks]
0 otherwise
S
2 -3  t  3

IE
Sol: x(t) = 5 – t 3t5

 0 otherwise
x(t)
t
–3 3 5
The signal x(t) is limited from –3 to 5 only, hence it is an energy signal.
Since, average power of energy signal is zero.
T /2
1 2
P  x(t)  lim  x  t  dt  0
T  T
 T /2
Energy of signal x(t) :
Mains Exam
Solution
 3 5
2 2 2
E  x(t)   x  t  dt   2 dt   5  t  dt

 3 3
 t  25  10t  dt
3 2
=  4t 3 
3
5
 t3 2
10t 
= 4 3   3      25t  
ER
3 2 3
3 3
5 3 10 2
 25  5  3    5  3 
2
= 46 
3 2
98 80
= 24   50  80   26.67 units
3 3
Q.1(c):
meet the following criteria :
(i) Maximum percent overshoot  5%
ST
Show the permissible area for the poles of a second order system which must simultaneously
(ii) Settling time for 2% criterion  500 ms [12 marks]

MA
Sol: Given : MP = peak overshoot  5%

12
 MP  e  0.05

  3
2
1 

3
or 2
1 
2 2 2
    9 1   
S
  9   9
2 2
IE
   0.69
4
Settling time for 2% tolerance = 
n
4
Given :   500 ms
n
 n  8
For characteristic equation : s2  2n s  n2  0
Poles location is given by : s  n   

1   2 n j
Locating poles on s-plane :
Mains Exam
Solution
j
n
2
n 1 


n
ER
From the plot : cos   
1
  cos   
For   0.69,   cos1  0.69 
   46.37
ST
Therefore, permissible area for the poles (shaded region).
j
46.37°
MA

46.37°
Q.1(d): A 1000 VA, 440/220 V single-phase two-winding transformer is connected as autotransformer to

supply a load at 440 V from a supply voltage of 660 V ac mains. Draw the schematic diagram
of the autotransformer with proper labelling. If the full load unity power factor (pf) efficiency of
S
the two-winding transformer is 96.2%, what will be the full-load efficiency of the autotransformer
at 0.85 pf lagging? Also find the maximum primary and secondary currents of the autotransformer.
[12 marks]
IE
Sol: 1  TW X-mer rated
STW = 1 KVA ; voltage 440 V/220V

Rated : STW = V1I1 = V2I2
3
1 10
I1 = = 2.27A
440
3
10
I2 = = 4.54A
220
Rated : 1 KVA, 440V/220V, 2.27A/4.54A
Mains Exam
Solution
2.27A 4.54A
+ +
440V 220V
– –
At full load, upf is x = 1, cos   1  TW  96.2%
ER
xS TW cos 
TW 
xSTW cos   Pi  x 2PCP
1 1 1
 0.962 
1 1 1  Pi  12  PCP
 Pi + PCP = 0.0395 KW
ST
It is reconnected as on auto-transformer to supply a load at 440V from 660V ac
I1 = 4.54A I2 = 6.81A
+ 2.27A +
+
440V V2 = 440V Load
–
MA
+ –
V1 = 660V
4.54A I2 = 4.54 + 2.27
+ = 6.81A
220V
–
4.54A
V1I1 = 660 × 4.54 = 2.996 KVA
V2I2 = 440 × 6.81 = 2.996 KVA
S
Sauto = V1I1 = V2I2  3 KVA

A
I1 max = I1 rated = 4.54A
I2 max = I2 rated = 6.81A
IE
For auto-X full load x = 1, pf cos = 0.85 lag
xSauto cos 
auto 
xSauto cos   Pi  x 2PCP
1 3  0.85 3  0.85
auto  =  100  98.48%
1 3  0.85  Pi  12  PCP 3  0.85  0.0395
Q.1(e): The reverse recovery time of a diode is trr = 6 µs, and the rate of fall of the diode current di/dt
= 10 A/µs. If the softness factor SF = 0.5,
(i) Find the storage charge QRR,
(ii) Find the peak reverse current IRR, and
(iii) Draw the labelled reverse recovery characteristics [12 marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol: Reverse recovery time, trr = ts + tt

where, ts = storage time and tt = transition time
tt
Softness factor : SF   0.5  t t  0.5t s
ts
 t rr  t s  0.5t s  6 s
 t s  4 s and t t  2 s
ER
di 6
Rate of fall of current during ts :  10 A / s  10  10 A / s
dt
The reverse recovery characteristic is
i
IP
trr
ST ts tt
t
di
dt
MA
IRR
During ts let i decreases linearly,

di IRR  0

dt ts
di
 IRR  t s  4  10 6  107  40A
dt
t rr 6  10 6
Charge stored, qrr = IRR   40   120 C
S
2 2
= 0.12 mC
IE
Q.2(a): Determine the value of vp, vn and vout in the circuit given below which uses an ideal operational
amplifier. Find a resistance R that, when connected in parallel with the 1 mA source, will cause
vout to drop to half its value when R is not present.
3 k vn 4 k
1 mA –
 vout
+
vp
2 k
1 k
[20 marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol:
v 3k vn 4k
1 mA –
vp vout
+
2k 1k
ER
Ideal operational amplifier, hence Vp = Vn and no current will enter in the op-amp.
V  Vn V  VP
Apply KCL  1mA = 
3k 2K
 5  6
as Vn = VP  1 mA = (V  Vn )    V  Vn  …(1)
 6k  5
Apply KCL at node Vn
V  Vn
3k
V  Vout
= n
4k
ST  V  Vn 
3
4
 Vn  Vout  …(2)
Apply KCl at not VP

V  VP V
= P  V  VP  2VP  V  3VP
MA
2k 1k
and as Vn = VP  V = 3Vn
Substitute V = 3Vn in eqn. (1)
6 6
3Vn – Vn =  Vn   0.6V  Vn  0.6V  VP
5 10
Substitute V = 3Vn and Vn = 0.6V in eqn. (2)
3
2Vn =  Vn  Vout 
4
3 3 5
S
 Vout = Vn  2Vn  Vn
4 4 4
5 5
Vout = Vn   0.6  1V
3 3
IE
 Vout  1V
Connect resistor R is parallel with current source of 1 mA.

Vout
Consider V'out as
2
1
 
Vout  0.5V
2
V 3k Vn 4k
1 mA R
Vp – Vout
+
2k 1k
Mains Exam
Solution
Apply KCL at node V.

V V  Vn V  VP
1 mA =
R

3k

2k
(i) Vn  Vp
Apply KCL at node Vn
V  Vn 
V  Vout V  Vn Vn  ( 0.5)
= n  
3k 4k 3k 4k
ER
V  Vn V  0.5
 = n …(2)
3 4
Apply KC at node Vp
V  VP VP
=  V  VP  2VP  V  3VP
2k 1k
or V  3Vn
3

4
2V
ST
Substitute V = 3Vn in eqn. (2)
3Vn  Vn Vn  0.5 1
 n   Vn 
3 4
1
8
8  3 1 12 3
Vn  =  Vn    0.3V
 12  8 5  8 10
Substitute V = 0.9V and Vn = 0.3V in eqn. (1)
MA
0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9

1mA =     1m  0.2m  0
R 3k 2k R
0.9
R=  1.8k
0.5m
Q.2(b): Check the controllability and observability of the system shown in the figure given below, u is
the input and y is the output.
s–1 1
u y
s+1 s–1
S
[20 marks]
IE
s 1 1
Sol: u s 1 s 1 y
1 1

y(s) s 1 s 1 y(s) s s 2
G(s)    2 or 
u(s)  s  1 s  1 s  1 u(s) 1
1 2
s
signal flow graph of above system can be drawn as
1
X2 X1 X1 1
u y
–1 1/s 1/s
Mains Exam
Solution
from the graph:

 = X + u
X1 2
 = X –u
X 2 1
X   0 1  X1   1 
1
   =       u
 X2   1 0   X 2   1
Also,
ER
Y = X1
 X1 
or [y] = 1 0  
 X2 
Comparing with standard state model

X(t) = A X(t)  B u(t)
We get,
ST Y(t) = C X(t)  D u(t)
0 1  1
A =  ;B   
1 0  1
C = [ 1 0];D = 0
MA
* Controllability Matrix [Qc]
 1 1
[Qc] = [B AB] =  
 1 1 
 Qc = 1–1= 0
Therefore system is not controllable.
Observability matrix Qo 
1 0
Qo  = C T T T
A C  = 0 1
S
 
Qo = 1–0= 1
IE
 Qo  0
 Given system is observable.
Q.2(c): A single-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifier is supplying a dc load of 1 kW. A 1.5 kVA
isolation transformer with a source side voltage rating of 120 V at 50 Hz is used. It has total
leakage reactance of 8% based on its rating. The source voltage of nominally 115 V is in the
range of ±10%. Assuming load current is nearly constant, find
(i) The minimum turns ratio of the transformer, if the dc load voltage is to be regulated at
constant value of 100V,
(ii) The reduction in average load voltage due to commutation, and
(iii) The value of firing angle  when the source voltage is 115 + 10% V.. [20 marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol:
io  Io  constant
Isolating X-mer
T1 T3 +
IP Is
Vo Load
+ +
ER
+
VP Vs
– – –
T4 T2
Source N1 N2
N2
Turns ratio, K = N
1
Transformer, So  1.5 KVA

ST
Rated voltage on primary side (i.e. source)
VP = 120V X = 8% = 0.08 pu
Base impedance on primary side
2 2
MA
VP 120
ZB    9.6
So 1.5  10 3
Total leakage reactance referred to primary side
X01  X1ZB  0.08  9.6  0.768
Referred to secondary side, X02  K 2 X01  0.768K 2 

Primary values referred to secondary side
VP  KVP  115 KV (rms)
Source inductance (ref to sec.) = Ls
S
2
 Xs  L s  X02  0.768K 
IE
Io
Xs  L s T1 T3 +
IP  Is Vo Load
+
VP
–
T4 T2
Peak of source voltage, Vm = VP 2  115 2 K
Average Vo = 100V
Po  VoIo  1KW
3
10
 Io   10A
100
Mains Exam
Solution
2Vm L s
Average, Vo = cos   Io
 
2
2  115 2K 0.768K
 100  cos    10
 
2
 100  103.54K cos   2.45K
ER
 K  42.26K cos   40.82  0
2
42.26 cos    42.26 cos    4  40.82
K 
2
K  21.13 cos   cos   0.091

2
K 1  21.13 cos   cos 2   0.091

ST
K 2  21.13 cos   cos 2   0.091
As K2 < K1
 0.091 
So min K = 21.13 cos  1  1  
 cos  
MA
K min for cos   1
K min  21.13 1  1  0.091  0.99  1
(ii) Reduction in average load voltage due to Ls

2
L s 0.786K
= Io   10  2.5 V
 
(iii) For VP = 115 + 10% = 115 + 11.5 = 126.5 rms
VP  KVP  1 126.5  126.5 V(rms)

S
Peak Vm = 2VP  2  126.5  179 V
2Vm L s
As Vo 
IE
cos   Io
 
2  179
 100  cos   2.5

 cos   0.9    25.9
Q.3(a): A salient-pole synchronous motor (with negligible armature resistance and X d = 23.2 Ω and
X q = 14.5 Ω / phase ) can support a maximum load of 563 kW without field excitation.
This motor is now excited with nominal field current and the motor is loaded with a load torque
of 3.82 kN-m. If the motor draws armature current at 0.8 power factor (leading), determine
excitation emf and corresponding power angle (  ) . [20 marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol: Xd  23.2 ; Xq  14.5
Load power i.e. power output (for lossless machine)

EV V2  1 1 
P sin    sin2
Xd 2  X q X d 
For no field excitation i.e. E = 0
only reluctance power
ER
V2  1 1 
P  X  X  sin 2
2  q d 
VL2  1 1 
 Pmax  3   
2  X q Xd 

2
3 VL  1 1 
 563  10  
 VL  6.598 KV  6.6 KV
VL
 
2  14.5 23.2 ST
per phase V =  3.81KV
3
4f
syn. speed, Ws 
MA
P
For P = 2, W s = 2f  2  50 = 314 rad/sec
Load torque, TL = 3.82 KNm
Load power, PL = TL × W = 3.82 × 314 = 1199.48 KW
At pf cos   0.8 Load
For lossless Pm  PL  1199.48 KW  Pin  3   3  VLIL cos 

3 3
 1199.48  10  3  6.6  10  Ia  0.8
 Ia  131.16 A
S
For salient pole syn. motor at lead pf cos 
per phase V  E  j I d X d  j Iq X q
IE
q
j Iq X q
E
j Id X d
Ia

 Iq  Ia cos 

d
Id  Ia sin 
Mains Exam
Solution
Internal pf = cos  lead i.e. Ia leads E by 
Motor : E lags V by 
  
V sin   Iq Xq
pf cos   0.8    36.9, Ia  131.6A  0.1316 kA, V  3.81KV
ER
As V sin   Iq Xq  Ia Xq cos 
 V sin   Ia Xq cos     
 3.81sin   0.1316  14.5cos     

 cos       2sin 
 cos  cos   sin  sin   2 sin 
 0.8 cos   0.6 sin   2 sin 
 2.6 sin   0.8 cos 
ST
0.8
 tan      17.1
2.6
      36.9  17.1  54
MA
E  V cos   Id X d
= V cos   Ia X d sin 
= 3.81cos17.1° + 0.1316 × 23.2sin54°
= 6.11 KV
EL  3E  10.6 KV
per phase E  E    6.11  17.1 KV
Q.3(b): (i) Fourier transform of a periodic signal is given as :

S
   
X(j  ) = j   –  + 2    - 
 3  7
Determine the fundamental angular frequency and the Fourier series coefficients. Then
IE
determine the corresponding time signal.

(ii) Determine the Laplace transform and the ROC for the signal
x(t) = eatu(t – k)
[20 marks]
Sol: (i) Any periodic signal x(t) can be written as


jno t
x(t)  C e
n
n
Fourier transform of this signal is


X  j    2C     n
n
n o 
Mains Exam
Solution
   
Given : X  j  j      2    
 3  7

Comparing 2Cn1  j n1o 
3

2Cn2  2 n2 o 
7
n1 7
ER
 
n2 3
 n1 and n2 are integers
 n2  3 and n1  7
 j 
Cn1  2  C7 
and 

1
Cn2   C3 




ST
 n1o 
3
 
 o   rad / sec
MA
3  7 21

Therefore, fundamental frequency, o  rad / sec
21
1
C3 

Fourier series coefficients are
j
C7 
2
 
j3o t j7o t 1 j t j j3 t
 x(t)  C3 e  C7 e  e7  e
 2
S
(ii) Given signal x(t) = eatu(t – k)

Condition for existance of laplace transform :

IE
t
 f(t)e

dt  
Here, for given signal


at t
e ut  k   e dt  


 a   t
 e
K
dt  
 a  0
 a
Hence,   a is the ROC of signal x(t).
Mains Exam
Solution
Signal f(t) Transform F(s)

1
u(t) 



s
1
 eat u(t) 



sa
a(t  k) 1 sk
 e u(t  k) 


 e
sa
ER
 ak at 1 sk
 e 

 e u(t  k) 
 e
sa
at 1  sk ak
 e u(t  k) 


 e e
sa
 1  k  a s 
or  e
sa
k(a  s)
e
Q.3(c):
ST
Therefore, Laplace transform of given signal is X(s) 
sa
A Buck-Boost converter is operating at 20 kHz with Inductor L = 50 μH . The output capacitor C

is sufficiently large and source voltage Vd = 15V. The output is to be regulated at 10 V and the
converter is supplying a load of 10 W. Find
MA
(i) The duty ratio D, and
(ii) Maximum value of Inductor current [20 marks]
Sol: For Buck-Boost converter
f = 20 kHz, L = 50 µH, C    VC  0
Source voltage, Vs = Vd = 15V

Output : VD = 10V ; Load power, Po = 10W
Po 10
As Po  VoIo  Io    1A
S
Vo 10

(i) Vo   VS
1 
IE
As Vo < Vs i.e. step down

Vo = –10

 10    15
1 
 10 2
  
1   15 3
 3  2  2    0.4  40%
(ii) Peak-to-peak ripple current

Vs V V
I  TON  s  T  s
L L fL
0.4  15
=  6A
20  10 3  50  10 6
Mains Exam
Solution
Let initial inductor current, IC = 0
I  I2  I1
 Max I2  I  6A
Q.4(a): The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given by
K
ER
G(s) H(s) =
(s + 20)(s 2 - 2s + 1)
Use Nyquist stability criteria to find the range of K for closed loop stability.
[20 marks]
K
Sol: Given : G(s)H(s) 
 s  20   s 2  2s  1
=
K
 s  20  s  12
K
ST
GH( j) 
 j  20  j  12
K
 GH( j) 
MA
 
  400  2  1
2
K
For   0 GH( j) 
20
 GH( j)  0
    
and GH( j)   tan1     tan 1    180   2
 20    1  
1    1
  tan    2 tan   
 20 
For   0 ; GH(j)  0
S
  10 ; GH(j)  142
  20 ; GH(j)  129
 ; GH(j)  90
IE
Therefore, Nyquist plot

Img
 
Re
–1 
Stability from Nyquist plot is given by the equation
Mains Exam
Solution
Z= P–N
where Z = closed loop poles on RHS of s-plane
P = open loop poles on RHS of s-plane
N = anti-clock encirclements of (–1 + 0j)
Here, P = 2, N = 0 (  K is always positive)
For stability : Z = P – N = 2 – 0 = 2
ER
From Nyquist plot : N = 0
z0
Hence, the system is always unstable irrespective of values of K.
Q.4(b): Draw and elaborate (with appropriate mathematical justification) the graphical locus of induction
motor (voltage, current and power) for a complete range of slip from approximate equivalent
ST
circuit model. Justify its circular nature for naming it as circle diagram of induction motor.
Also, state and explain with the help of the circle diagram, how to obtain rotor/stator copper
losses, torque and slip at any arbitrary point on circle diagram.
Sol: Circle diagram for an induction motor:

(i) Circle diagram is the locus of current of diameter V/X in an induction motor, used to determine
MA
the operating characteristic of the machine.

(ii) Data for the construction of this diagram are obtained from no load and short circuit tests.
From no load test, line voltage, line current I0 and total power input are measured and no load
p.f. is determined. From S.C. test Isc corresponding to normal applied voltage to stator, short circuit
cos 0 is determined.
(iii) The circle diagram is as shown in figure. The voltage phasor V is taken along y axis i.e. OY.
Phasor OO' is drawn from OV representing no load line current I0 with an angle of 0 from OV..
(iv) Phasor OA drawn at an angle s from OV of Isc magnitude and sc angle from OV..
S
(v) Line O'G is drawn parallel to horizontal axis from no load current. Points O'A joinged and BC is
the perpendicular to line O'A bisecting the line at B and intersecting line O'G at C. Now C is the
center of the circle diagram of dia O'C.
IE
(vi) From point A perpendicular on to line OG i.e. AE. Now AE depicts the total less occured in the
machine. When stator cu less and rotor cu less in the machine are same then line AE's mid point
is D. A line from O' to D is drawn. This line is the torque line or rotor input line.
(vii) Line O'A represents the output or mechanical power developed line.
(viii) It a line drawn parallel to torque line tangential to semi circle then the intersecting points distance
from torque line gives the maximum torque that can be develeped in the system.
For any operating point i.e. I1 load current, a point ‘H’ on the circle diagram. From that point per
pendicular drawn on to the horizontal axis cuts the power line, torque line and line ------------.
output 3V  KH KH
New efficiency of the machine = = =
input 3V  NH NH
Rotor cu loss 3V  LK LK
Slip, S = Rotor input
= =
3V  LH LH
NH
and power factor, cos =
OH
Mains Exam
Solution
maximum
torque
copper
Rotor
loss
H e Total
I1 t lin loss
utpu
o e D
ue lin
Torq
Copper
Stator
loss
K
ER
L E
s I0 O C
M
0
O N F
Q.4(c): Draw the wiring diagram showing currents for power and relaying circuit used for protecting a
transformer of the rating 25 MVA, 220 Y / 13.8 Δ kV , X = 10%. The transformer has a short-term
ST
overload capacity of 30 MVA. You are required to use CT’s with common turns ratios such as
50/5A, 100/5A, 150/5A,......, 1000/5A, 1200/5A. If needed, auxiliary CT of adequate turns ratio may
be used.
[20 marks]
Sol: S3   25 MVA
MA
Line voltage : 220 KV/ 13.8 KV

Y 
Leakage reactance : X = 10% = 0.1 pu

Rated currents I1 rated and I2 rated
S 3   3VL1I1  3VL2I2
25  10 6
 I1   65.6 A jX = j0.1pu
3  220  103
25  10 6 + I
f
S
and I2   1.05 KA E  10 pu

3  13.8  10 3
E 10
If     j10  10  90 pu
jX j0.1
IE
If = 10 pu
Fault current in HV side I1f  10  65.6  656 A
Fault current in LV side If2  10  1.05  10.5 KA
220
Per phase voltages, V1Y  KV
3
V2   13.8 KV
N2 V2  13.8
Turns ratio, a     0.11
N1 V1Y 220 / 3
I1 N2 I
  a  I2  1
I2 N1 a
Mains Exam
Solution
 I1  aI2
For  -side , line currents are 3 times of phase currents with a phase shift of 30° i.e. I2 330 .
To neutralise the transformer ratio ‘a’, the CTs on the two sides are selected of different ratios aK and K.
To neutralise the 30° phase shift on  -side , the CTs on Y-side are connected on  -side and the CTs
s
on  -side are connected on Y-side
ER
In such an arrangement the current on both sides are equal and hence the difference is zero. So, CTs
are connected in this manner.
As given secondary CT current is 5A, if primary current is rated.
CTs on Y-side
K
I1 = aI2
KI1 = 5A
ST KI1 = aKI2
5
K i.e. CT ratio is 65.6A/5A
65.6
0.11 5 5
MA
CT on  -side = ak   i.e. CT of 596.4A/5A
65.6 596.4
3I2  30
K I1  aI2 aK
600A/5A
66A/5A
KI1 = aKI2
600A/5A
66A/5A
S
600A/5A
66A/5A
1:a
IE
aKI2 330 aKI2 330
Mains Exam
Solution
10
Q.5(a): The transfer function of a linear system is given by G(s) = . The sinusoidal steady
(s + 1(s + 2)
state response of the system to an input is given by 1 + sin(t – 60°) + 5 sin (2t – 45°). Determine
the input.
[12 marks]
ER
Sol: r G(s) c
10
given: G(s) = 
s  1 s  2 
Css(t) = 1+ sin (t – 60°) + 5 sin (2t – 45°)
10
G(s) (s j ) =
 2  2 
for   0
10
 1
5
ST
 4
G  j 0 =
(1)(2)
for   1
MA
10
G(j) 1 = ( 2)( 5)  10
for   2
10 5
G(j) 2 = 
( 5 )( 8) 2
1 1   
G(j) =  tan ()  tan  
2
G  j  1 = tan–1(1) – tan–1 (½) = –71.56°
S
G  j 2 = – tan–1(2) – tan–1(1) = – 108.43°
We know
IE
Css (t) = G  j n r  t   

o
Css (t)
 r(t) =   where   G(jno )
G(jno )
1 sin  t  60  71.56  5 sin  2t  45  108.43 

 r(t) =  
5 10 5
2
1 1
=  sin  t  11.56  10 sin  2t  63.43 
5 10
Q.5(b): Draw phasor diagram of an over-excited salient-pole synchronous motor having armature
resistance Ra, d-axis and q-axis reactances Xd and Xq respectively. Also prove, for lagging power
factor
Mains Exam
Solution
Vt sin - Ιa X q
tan(  –  ) =
Vt cos - Ιa Ra
where Vt is the terminal voltage applied to motor,  being the power factor angle,  is power
angle and Ia is armature current. [12 marks]
Sol: Over-excited salient-pole synchronous motor :
ER
Armature resistance = Ra
d-axis reactance = Xd
q-axis reactance = Xq
Terminal voltage = Vt
Power factor angle = 
Power angle = 
Armature current = Ia
ST Vt
Ia IaRa
Id jIqXq
jIdXd
MA


Ef
Iq
For lagging power factor :

jIdXd a IqRa
IaRb IdRa
jIqXq Vt
b
Iq
S

O
  Ef
Id
Ia IaRa
IE
a
x
 E f  Vt cos   IqR a  Id Xd
Iq Xq  Vt sin   IdRa
ab aa  ab
tan   
oa ox  ax
Vt sin   Ia X q
 tan      
Vt cos   Iara
Hence proved.
Mains Exam
Solution
Q.5(c): A flyback converter has the following circuit parameters:

Vs = 24 V
N1/N2 = 3
Lm = 500 μH
R = 5Ω
ER
C = 200 μF
f = 25 kHz
Vo = 10 V
Find
(i) The average magnetizing current, and
(ii) The critical value of magnetizing inductor. [12 marks]
Sol: Flyback converter :

Vs = 24 V
ST
N1/N2 = 3
Lm = 500 µH
MA
R = 5
C = 200 µF
f = 25 kHz
Vo = 10 V
is ii N1 N2 iD
– iC +
+ iR
+ + VD
Vs +
– Lm iim V1 V2 C R Vo
– –
S
–
(a) Equivalent circuit of flyback converter
IE
    N2 
(i) Output voltage, Vo = Vs   
 1     N1 
   1 
 10  24   
 1    3 
1
  0.555
 24  1 
    1
 10  3 
Average magnetizing current,
2 2
Vo 10 
Iim  
Vs  R 24  0.555  5
ILm  1.501 Amp.
Mains Exam
Solution
(ii) Critical value of magnetizing inductor
1   2  N1 2
Lc = (Lm)min = R
2f  N2 
1  0.55  2  3 2
 Lc    5
2  25  103  1 
L c  0.178 mH
ER
Q.5(d): A 220 kV three-phase transmission line is 90 km long. The resistance is 0.1 Ω / km and the
inductance is 1.0 mH/km. Use the short transmission line model to find
(i) Voltage at the sending end, and
(ii) Voltage regulation at the sending end. [12 marks]
Sol:
ST
In the given problem, the MVA rating of the transmission line is not given. Also the load characteristic
is not mentioned. Therefore, it is not possible to find the line current value with the available information.
Q.5(e): A 12-bit dual-slop ADC utilizes a 1 MHz clock and has Vref = 10 V. Its analog input voltage is in
the range of 0 to – 10V. Find out the time required to convert an input signal equal to the full-
scale value. Also find the integrator time constant if the peak voltage reached at the output of
MA
the integrator is 10V.

[12 marks]
Sol: Given f CLK = 1 MHz N = 12 bit

Vref = 10 V
Vo : 0 to – 10 V
time taken to convert full scale value
= 2N+1. tCLK
S
12 1 1
= 2 
fCLK
13 1
IE
= 2 
106
= 8.192 ms
Time taken to reach peak value of integral
= 2N tCLK
Output of integrator = 10V = –k
10 10
 k =  12
T 2 t CLK
10
=  10 6
212
= –2441.40 V/sec
Mains Exam
Solution
Q.6(a): A 50 Hz, 4-pole turbogenerator rated 500 MVA, 22 kV has an inertia constant of 7.5 MJ/MVA. Find
(i) Rotor acceleration, if the input to the generator is suddenly raised to 400 MW for an
electrical load of 350 MW,
(ii) The speed of rotor in rpm, if the rotor acceleration calculated in part (i) is constant for a
period of 10 cycles, and
(iii) The change in torque angle  in elect. degrees.
[20 marks]
ER
Sol: Given data
50 Hz, 4-pole turbogenerator, 500 MVA, 22kV
G = 500 MVA
H= 7.5 MJ/MVA
 d2 
(i) Rotor acceleration  2 
From swing equation

 dt 
ST
2
GH d 
= Pa (acceleration power)
f dt 2
MA
 Pa = 400 – 350 = 50 MW
2 6
d  Pa 50  10  3.14  50
 = 
dt 2 GH 500  10 6  7.5
f
2
d 
 = 2.09 rad/sec2 (electrical acceleration)
dt 2
2  2
 Rotor acceleration   1.045 rad/ sec
P dt 2
S
(ii) Speed of the rotor,

2  2 
d  Pa GH d 
= M  and 2 is constant for 10 cycles
dt 2 M  f dt 
IE
2
2d d  d
 dt = 2  2.09   dt
dt dt 2 dt
Integrating both sides
2
 d 
  = 4.18  A
 dt 
where, A is integration constant, at,
d
t = 0, 0
dt
 A= 0
d
 = 4.18   2.04 
dt
Mains Exam
Solution
1 d t1
o 
= 2.04 
0
dt
1
2
 2  2.04t
1
2  1.02t
 
2
   1.04t
ER
10
Now, t =  0.2 sec
50
 = 1.04 × (0.2)2 = 0.0416 rad
= 2.38° (electrical)
Change in  = 2.38°
 ST d
dt
= 2.04   2.04  0.0416  = 0.417 rad/sec
=
0.417
4
 60 rpm = 1.99 rpm
Hence, rotor speed at the end of 10th cycle = 1501.99 rpm

(iii) Change in the torque angle = 2.38° (electrical)
MA
Q.6(b): The full bridge inverter is used to produce a 50 Hz voltage across a series RL load using Bi-polar
PWM. The dc input to the bridge is 200 V, the frequency modulation mf is 21 and amplitude
modulation ma is 0.8. The load has resistance of R = 10 Ω and inductance L = 20 mH. Find
(i) The amplitude of fundamental voltage and current, and

(ii) Total harmonic distortion in load current.
Assume harmonics (> 25th order) are insignificant and normalized voltage is
ma = 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

S
n=1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
n = mf 0.6 0.71 0.82 0.92 1.01 1.15

IE
n = mf ± 2 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09
[20 marks]
Sol: 1  full bridge inverter :
Mains Exam
Solution
T1 D1 T3 D3
+
Vs Load
– A + – B
Vo
ER
T4 D4 T2 D2
N
In bipolar PWM T1T2 and T3T4 are alternatively fixed on comparison of reference sine wave and
triangular carrier wave VC.
Amplitude modulation :
ma 
Vr
Vo
 0.8  1
ST
(i) Given frequency modulation = mf = 21
Amplitude modulation = ma = 0.8
The amplitude of fundamental voltage
MA
V1 = maVdc = 0.8 × 200
V1  160V
Vn
The current amplitude = z  In
n
V1 160 160
I1      32.14
z1 2
R1   L 
2 3  2
2 
10  2  50  20  10
I1  13.548   32.14 A
S
(ii) With mf = 21
The first harmonics are at n = 21, 19 and 23
IE
f19  19  50  950 Hz V19  0.22  200  44V

f21  21 50  1050 Hz V21  0.82  200  164V
f23  23  50  1150 Hz V23  0.22  200  44V
zn  R  jXn  10  j2  fn  Lm
n f Vn  max  zn () In (max)

1 50 160 11.8132.14 13.55  32.14
19 950 44 119.7985.2 0.3673  85.2
21 1050 164 132.3285.66 1.239  85.66
23 1150 44 144.8686.04 0.304  86.04
2
I r
n2
n m
 0.307  2  1.239  2   0.304  2
THD    0.0983
I1rm 13.55
Mains Exam
Solution
THD  9.83%
Q.6(c): Design a circuit that takes as input two 2-bit numbers, N1 and N2 for comparison and generates
three outputs:
N1 = N2, N1 < N2 and N1 > N2. These three binary outputs are represented by Feq, Flt and Fgt
respectively. Realize the outputs in Sum of Products (SoP) form.
[20 marks]
ER
Sol: Consider two 2 bit numbers N1 and N2 as input
Output Feq will be logic 1 when N1 = N2
Output Flt will be logic 1 (high) when N1 < N2
Output Fgt will be logic 1 (high) when N1 > N2
ST
Draw truth table for the required circuit
N1 N2
Outputs
Feq Flt Fgt
N11 N10 N21 N20
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
MA
0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
S
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1
IE
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Where N10 is LSB and N11 is MSB of number N1

N20 is LSB and N21 is MSB of number N2
Solve for Feq using Karnaugh Map :
Mains Exam
Solution
N21N20
N11N10 00 01 11 10
00 1
01 1
11 1
ER
10 1
Feq  N11N10N21N20  N11N10N21N20  N11N10N21N20  N11N10N21N20

 N11N21  N10N20  N10N20   N11N21 N10N20  N10N20 
  N10N20  N10N20  N11N21  N11N21 
Feq  N10  N20  N11  N21 
ST
Solve for Flt using Karnaugh map :
N11N10
N21N20
00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
01 1 1
MA
11
10 1
Flt  N11N21  N11N10N20  N10N21N20

Solve for Fgt using Karnaugh map :
N21N20
N11N10 00 01 11 10
S
00
01 1
11 1 1 1
IE
10 1 1
Fgt  N11N21  N11N10N20  N10N21N20
Realise the circuit :
Mains Exam
Solution
N11 N10 N21 N20
Feq
ER
Flt
ST
Fgt
MA
Q.7(a): For a causal system specified by the transfer function

z
H(z) =
z – 0.5
S
determine the zero state response to the input

r(k) = (0.8)ku(k) + (2)k+1 u(–(k + 1)}.
[20 marks]
IE
Sol: Given : r(k)   k u(k)  (2)k 1u   k  1 

0.8  
rl (k ) r2 (k )
z-transform of output r(k)

1
R1(z) = for z  0.8
1  0.8z 1
2
R2(z) = for z 2
1  2z 1
 R(z) = R1(z) + R2(z) with ROC 0.8 < |z| < 2
z 2z
=  0.8  z  2
z  0.8 z  2
z
Given H(z) =
z  0.5
Mains Exam
Solution
 C(z) = R(z) · H(z)

 z 2z   z 
=  
 z  0.8 z  2   z  0.5 
c(z) z 2z
=  
z 
z  0.8 z  0.5   
z  2  z  0.5 
c(z) 8 5 8 2
= 3  3  3  3
ER
z z  0.8 z  0.5 z  2 z  0.5
1  8z 8z 7z 
c(z) =  
3  z  0.5 z  2 z  0.5 
taking inverse z-tranform in ROC 0.8 < | z | < 2
1 n n n
C(n) = (8)  (0.8) u(n)  8.2 u( n  1)  7(0.5) u(n) 
3
ST 8
3
n 7 n
=   0.8    0.5   u  n  
3 
2
n 3
3
u  n  1
Q.7(b): An unbalanced 2 –  , 1000 V, 50 Hz induction motor has unequal winding impedances

Za = 3 + j2.7 and Zb = 7 + j3 Ω . This motor is supplied by Scott-connected transformer combination
MA
from a 3-phase 11 kV system. Calculate phase currents Ia and Ib of the motor and line currents
on 3-phase supply side.
[20 marks]
Sol:
A IA Ia
– + N2
+
N1 3 Vx za
Vab
2
–
S
Vca B IB N/2 N/2

– IL
+
IE
Vbc N2
–
zb Vy +
Ib
–
C
+ IC
3 supply 11 KV i.e. line vol. V2 = 11 KV
Vab  VL 0, Vbc  VL   120, Vca  VL   120
 Vx  KVL   30 V, Vy  KVL   120 V
2 , 1KV, 50 Hz
1
KVL  1  K 
11
Vx  1  30 KV ; Vy  1  120 KV
Mains Exam
Solution
Vx 1  30  10 3
Ia    247.8  72 A
za 3  j2.7
Vy 3
1  120  10
Ib    131.3  143.2 A
zb 7  j3
IA N2 2
  K
Ia N1 3 / 2 3
ER
2 1 2
 IA   Ia   247.8  72  26  72 A
3 11 11 3
IA
N1/2 N1/2
+ – I + – IC
ST B
N2 +
Ib
N1 N
IB  1 IC  N2Ib
2 2
MA
2N2
 IB  IC  Ib
N1
2 2
 IB  IC  Ib   131.3  143.2
11 11
IB  IC  23.87  143.2 A ... (1)
KCL at node I A  IB  IC  0
 IB  IC   I A  26  72
 IB  IC  26108 ... (2)

S
Using (1) and (2)

23.87  143.2  26108
Ib   14.54160 A
IE
2
(2) – (1)
26108  23.87  143.2
IC   20.2874.1 A
2
Q.7(c): (c) A 25 MVA, 13.8 kV generator with X d = 15% is connected through a 25 MVA, 13.8/6.9 kV
transformer with leakage reactance of 10% to a bus which supplies four identical motors as
shown in the figure. The sub-transient reactance X d of each motor is 20% on base of 5 MVA.
6.9 kV. Find
(i) The sub-transient current in the fault, and
(ii) The sub-transient current in breaker A.
Mains Exam
Solution
Generator Transformer
Motors
ER
A
Fault
Sol: Given data,

Generator : 25 MVA, 13.8 kV, X''d = 15%
Transformer : 25 MVA, 13.8/6.9 kV, Xd  10%

ST
Motor : 5 MVA, 6.9 kV, Xd  20%
MA
Motors
Fault
Take a system (MVA)base = 25 MVA and voltage base at generator side
= 13.8 kV
Motor side = 6.9 kV
S
For each motor,

25
Xd = 0.2  1
IE
5
(i) Drawing the reactance diagram,
j1 10°
+
10° j0.15 j0.1
+ 10°
j1
+
j1 10°
+
j1 10°
+
Mains Exam
Solution
j0.25
j0.25 j0.25 0 10° j1

f +
+ 10°
1L j1
Isc 
j1
ER
F j1
Substitutent current in the fault,
ST Isc = 4 
= –j8 pu
1

1
j1 j0.25
Now, base current in the 6.9 kV side,

25  1000
Ib =  2091.85 A
3  6.9
MA
then, Isc = 8 × 2091.85

= 16.734 kA
(ii) Subtransient current in breaker A,
1 1
Isc (A) = 3  
j1 j0.25
= –j7 pu
or Isc (A) = 14.642 kA
S
Y(s) X 5 (s)
Q.8(a): Find the transfer function using Mason’s Gain formula. Also find .
U(s) U(s)
IE
1 x1 G1 x2 G2 x3 G3 x4
u
G4 H1 H2 H3
G5 x6 G6
x5 y
H4 H5
Y(s)
Sol: (i) Redrawing the graph for
U(s)
Mains Exam
Solution
x1 G4 x5 G5 x6 G6
u y
1
G1 H1
H4 H5
G2 H2
G3 H3
ER
Forward path : P1 = G4G5G6
Loops : L1 = G1H1, L2 = G2H2, L3 = G3H3, L4 = G5H4, L5 = G6H5
 = 1 – [L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5] + [L1L3 + L1L4 + L1L5 + L2L4 + L2L5 + L3L4 + L3L5] – [L1L3L4 + L1L3L5]
= 1 – [L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5] + [L1L3 + [L4 + L5][L1 + L3 + L2]] – L1L3[L4 + L5]
= 1 – [L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5] + L1L3 + [L4 + L5][L1 + L3 + L2 – L1L3]

1  1  L 2  L 3 
Y(s) P11
U(s)


ST
Putting values in the above formula,
Y(s)

G 4G5 G6 1  G2H2  G3H3 
MA
U(s) 1  G1H1  G2H2  G3H3  G6H5  G5H4   G1G3H1H3 
 
   G5H4  G6H5 G1H1  G 2H2  G3H3  G1G3H1H3  
X 5 (s)
Redrawing graph for
U(s)
1 x1 G4 x5 1
u x5
G1 H1 G5 H4
G2 H2 G6 H5
S
G3 H3
IE
Forward path, P1 = G4
Loops : L1 = G1H1, L2 = G2H2, L3 = G3H3, L4 = G5H4, L5 = G6H5
 = 1 – [L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5] + [L1L3 + L1L4 + L1L5 + L2L4 + L2L5 + L3L4 + L3L5] – [L1L3L4 + L1L3L5]
Same as before
1 = 1 – [L2 + L3 + L5] + [L2L5 + L3L5]
x 5 (s) 1 P1
 
U(s) 
Putting values, we get
x 5 (s) G 4 1   G2H2  G3H3  G 6H5   G 2G6H2H5  G3 G6H3H5  


U(s) 1  G1H1  G2H2  G3H3  G5H4  G6H5   G1G3H1H3
  G5H4  G6H5  G1H1  G2H2  G3H3  G1G3H1H3 
Mains Exam
Solution
Q.8(b): 440 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, Y-connected induction motor has following parameters per phase referred
to the stator :
RS = Rr = 0.3 Ω, X S = X r = 1.0 Ω, and X m = 40 Ω

The nominal full load slip is 0.05
The motor is to be braked by plugging from its initial full load condition.
Determine initial braking torque without braking resistor (RB).
ER
Also find the value of RB so that braking current is limited to 1.5 times the full load current. What
will be the corresponding braking torque as a ratio of full load torque?
Note : Assume braking resistor RB is connected to rotor circuit.
440
Sol: Per phase V =  254V
3
R1  R2  0.3 ST
X  X1  X2  1  1  2, Xm  40
Full load slip, s = 0.05

f = 50 Hz, P = 6
4f 4  50
MA
s    104.72 rad / s
P 6
3 V 2 R2 / s
Torque, T =  2
s  R2  2
 R1   X
 s 
 254  2  0.3
3 0.05  253.8 Nm
At full load, Tfl = 2
104.72  0.3  2
 0.3   2
 0.05 
S
During plugging i.e. by reversing the phase sequence (using interchanging any two supply terminals),
the direction of rotation of stator field is reversed and hence the torque developed is reversed i.e.
braking.
IE
Ns   Nr  Ns  Nr 2Ns  Ns  Nr 

Slip during braking, Sb =  
Ns Ns Ns
 Ns  Nr 
= 2   2  s  2  0.05 = 1.95
 Ns 
Initial braking torque (without Rb)
R2
 254 2  0.3
2
V
3 Sb 3 1.95
Tb = 2
 2
 67.6 Nm
s  R2  2
104.72  0.3  2
 R1  S   X  0.3   2
 b   1.95 
Mains Exam
Solution
V 254
Full load current, I2 fl    38.43 A
2 2
 R2  2  0.3  2
 R1   X  0.3   2
 S   0.05 
Using external braking resistor Rb in rotor
R21  R2  Rb  0.3  Rb
ER
V
Initial braking current, I2b 
2
 R21  2
 R1  S   X
 b 
I2b  1.5I2 fl  1.5  38.43  57.64 A
254
 57.64 
 R21  7.1

 0.3 

R21 
2
 2
1.95 
ST
2
 Rb  7.1  0.3  6.8
R21
MA
 254 2   7.1 
2
V
3 Sb 3  1.95   344.54 Nm
Initial braking torque, Tb =  2
  2
s  R21  2
104.72  7.1  2
 R1    X  0.3   2
 Sb   1.95 
TB 344.54
  1.36
Tfl 253.8
Q.8(c): A generator is connected by a double line to an infinite bus, the voltage of which is V = 1 pu
as shown in the figure. Per unit values of reactances and voltages are indicated in the figure.
A three-phase short circuit occurs at the point P. The circuit breakers A and B open simultaneously
S
and remain open. The mechanical power supplied to the generator before the fault is Pm = 1 pu.
(i) Determine the electrical powers Pe1, Pe2 and Pe3 before, during and post the fault.
(ii) Draw on the same graph, power angle curves for Pe1, Pe2 and Pe3.
IE
(iii) Calculate the angles  0 ,  1 and  max where  0 is the initial power angle,  1 is the post
fault power angle and  max is the maximum power angle.
j0.15 j0.15
j0.3
E g = 1.3 j0.1
X = j0.3
V=1
j0.3
A P B
j0.15 j0.15
Sol: Given data : Voltage of infinite bus = 1 pu
Mains Exam
Solution
Mechanical input before the fault, Pin = 1 pu

j0.15 j0.15
j0.3
E g = 1.3 j0.1
X = j0.3
V = 1 pu
j0.3
ER
j0.15 j0.15
(i) Before the fault :
j0.15  j0.3  j0.15
Xeq  j0.3   j0.1  j0.7
2
Eg V
Hence, Pe1 
Pe1 
1.3  1
0.7
X eq
sin 
ST
sin   1.857 sin 
Pe1  1.857 sin  ... (1)

During the fault : The system will go into a transient period. As the fault is on the mid-point of the second
MA
line between breakers A and B, the effective reactance between the generator and the infinite bus can
be found by applying appropriate star-delta transformations.
j0.6
j0.3 j0.15 j0.3 j0.15

j0.1
V = 1pu
P
S
j0.15 j0.15 j0.15 j0.15
j0.3 Fault j0.3

IE
j0.3 j0.15 j0.15 j0.1
Or, Eg = 1.3 pu V = 1pu

j0.075
Mains Exam
Solution
j2.2
Or, E g = 1.3 pu
V = 1pu
ER
Eg V 1.3  1
Hence, Pe2  sin   sin   0.59 sin 
X eq 2.2
 Pe2  0.59 sin  ... (2)
After the fault :
Hence, Pe3 
Eg V
X eq
ST
Xeq = j0.3 + j0.15 + j0.3 + j0.15 + j0.1 = j1
sin  
1.3  1
1
sin   1.3 sin 
 Pe3  1.3 sin  ... (3)

(ii) Power angle curves :
MA
(a) Before the fault : Pe1  1.857 sin 
(b) During the fault : Pe2  0.59 sin 

(c) Pe3  1.3 sin 
P
A1
A2
S
Pe1 = 1.857sin
Pm = 1 pu
IE
Pe3 = 1.3sin
Pe2 = 0.59sin

o  1 max
In the figure, o is the initial power angle, 1 is the post fault power angle and max is the maximum
power angle. A1 is accelerating area and A2 is the decelerating area.
(iii) For 0 :
 Pe1  1.857 sin 
At    o , Pe1  1
Mains Exam
Solution
 1  1.857 sin  o
 1 
  o  sin 1    0.5683 rad or 32.58
 1.857 
For max :
 Pe3  1.3 sin 
ER
At   max , Pe3  1
 1  1.3 sin 
1  1 
max  sin    0.8771 rad or 50.28
 1.3 
As max is more than 90°
ST
Hence, max  180  50.28  129.72 or 2.2628 rad
For 1 :
Applying equal area criterion,
Accelerating area = Decelerating area
A1 = A2
MA
1 max
1  0.59 sin   d  1.3 sin   1 d

o

1
 
  1   o   0.59 cos  1o  1.3 cos  max    max  1 
1
  1  0.5683   0.59 cos 1  0.59cos o = 1.3cos  max  1.3 cos 1  2.2628  1
 0.71cos 1  0.3665
 1  58.92 or 1.02 rad

S
IE

Electrical Enginnering Paper II

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Electrical Enginnering Paper II

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Mains Exam

 R1 = 30 kΩ, R2 = R5 = 9 kΩ, R3 = R4 = 3 kΩ, Rf = 60 kΩ 

The diode may be assumed to be ideal. [12 marks]

Applying KCL at node O:

comparing with graph k 1  2

Case III: D1 OFF, D2 ON

Sol: x(t) = 5 – t 3t5

Energy of signal x(t) :

(ii) Settling time for 2% criterion  500 ms [12 marks]

For characteristic equation : s2  2n s  n2  0

Poles location is given by : s  n   

For   0.69,   cos1  0.69 

Q.1(d): A 1000 VA, 440/220 V single-phase two-winding transformer is connected as autotransformer to

Sol: 1  TW X-mer rated

STW = 1 KVA ; voltage 440 V/220V

At full load, upf is x = 1, cos   1  TW  96.2%

Sauto = V1I1 = V2I2  3 KVA

For auto-X full load x = 1, pf cos = 0.85 lag

Sol: Reverse recovery time, trr = ts + tt

During ts let i decreases linearly,

Apply KCl at not VP

Connect resistor R is parallel with current source of 1 mA.

Apply KCL at node V.

0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9

from the graph:

Observability matrix Qo 

Transformer, So  1.5 KVA

X01  X1ZB  0.08  9.6  0.768

Referred to secondary side, X02  K 2 X01  0.768K 2 

Peak of source voltage, Vm = VP 2  115 2 K

K  21.13 cos   cos   0.091

K 1  21.13 cos   cos 2   0.091

K min for cos   1

K min  21.13 1  1  0.091  0.99  1

(ii) Reduction in average load voltage due to Ls

VP  KVP  1 126.5  126.5 V(rms)

Peak Vm = 2VP  2  126.5  179 V

 cos   0.9    25.9

Sol: Xd  23.2 ; Xq  14.5

Load power i.e. power output (for lossless machine)

For lossless Pm  PL  1199.48 KW  Pin  3   3  VLIL cos 

For salient pole syn. motor at lead pf cos 

Internal pf = cos  lead i.e. Ia leads E by 

pf cos   0.8    36.9, Ia  131.6A  0.1316 kA, V  3.81KV

 3.81sin   0.1316  14.5cos     

per phase E  E    6.11  17.1 KV

Q.3(b): (i) Fourier transform of a periodic signal is given as :

determine the corresponding time signal.

Sol: (i) Any periodic signal x(t) can be written as

Fourier transform of this signal is

 n1 and n2 are integers

(ii) Given signal x(t) = eatu(t – k)

Here, for given signal

Signal f(t) Transform F(s)

A Buck-Boost converter is operating at 20 kHz with Inductor L = 50 μH . The output capacitor C

Sol: For Buck-Boost converter

f = 20 kHz, L = 50 µH, C    VC  0

Source voltage, Vs = Vd = 15V

As Vo < Vs i.e. step down

(ii) Peak-to-peak ripple current

Let initial inductor current, IC = 0

Therefore, Nyquist plot

Stability from Nyquist plot is given by the equation

Hence, the system is always unstable irrespective of values of K.