PRESENTED BY,

 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
 OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT STUDY
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 METHODOLOGY
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
 TEST RESULTS
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 Soil stabilization is the process of improving
engineering properties of the soil and thus making it
more stable.
 Soil stabilization means the improvement of the
stability or bearing power of the soil by the controlled
compaction; proportioning and/or addition of suitable
admixture or stabilizers.
 Soil stabilization is the alteration of soil to enhance
their physical properties.
 Strength improvement
 Control of shrink-swell properties of a soil
 Improving the load bearing capacity of a sub
grade and foundation soil to support pavements
and structures
 Lower the compressibility of soil and therefore
reduce the settlement when structures are built
on it
 Increase in durability
 Soil waterproofing
Soil Stabilization can be done by 2 methods. They are,

Mechanical Stabilization-
It involves controlled compaction. By increasing
the amount of compaction dry density of the mix,
strength and durability increases.

 Chemical Stabilization-
It involves the addition of suitable Admixture or
Stabilizers such as lime, fly-ash, Portland cement,
lime-kiln dust, cement-kiln dust, Bitumen,..etc
 Black cotton soils are weak soils exhibiting high swell
and shrinkage characteristics when exposed to
changes in moisture content and hence have been
found to be most troublesome from engineering
considerations
 Black cotton soil is one of the major soil deposits of
India
 Therefore, it is necessary to improve the properties of
Black cotton soil to avoid damage to the structures
 Black Cotton Soils are highly clayey soils, grayish to blackish in colour
 Black Cotton soils have been formed from basalt or trap
 Black Cotton soils contain the clay mineral ‘Montmorillonite’, which is
responsible for the excessive swelling and shrinkage characteristics of
soil
 Black Cotton Soil undergoes change in volume when it comes in
contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water
and shrinks during summer season
 Typical behavior of swell and shrink of Black Cotton Soils causes
problems like cracks in foundations. Hence it is necessary to improve the
properties of such a soil to avoid damages of structure
 In India, Black Cotton Soils cover nearly 20% of the landmass and
include almost the entire Deccan plateau, Western Madhya Pradesh, parts
of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra
 Black Cotton Soil causes damages in the
form of cracking, undulation, differential
settlements, etc. in the structures constructed
over it
 The most obvious way in which black cotton
soils damage foundations is by uplift as they
swell with increase in moisture. Swelling Distorted floor slab
soils lift up and cause differential movement
of the foundation, which results in distortion
of floor slabs and also cause distress to the
framing of a structure
 In the field, expansive clay soils can be easily
recognized in the dry season by the deep
cracks, in roughly polygonal patterns, in the
ground surface
Crack patterns in Black Cotton Soil
 Sugarcane Bagasse Bagasse Ash

 Sugarcane bagasse ash is a byproduct of sugar factories found

after burning sugarcane bagasse which itself is found after the
extraction of all economical sugar from sugarcane
 Bagasse is used as a fuel in the same sugar industry for generation
of steam and electricity. While, Bagasse Ash is used in agriculture
as an organic fertilizer for crop production as it is a good source of
micronutrients like Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu
 Sugar factories have an excess of Bagasse during their regular production
season
 The locally generated Bagasse and those from sugar factories present a
problem of handling, due to the bulk of the material and the large storage area
required to dump the waste are major concerns
 The disposal of Bagasse Ash creates a potential negative impact on the
environment causing air pollution and water pollution affecting the local
ecosystems
 When left open it ferments and decays, thus necessitating safe disposal of the
pollutant
 Also, when the pollutant is inhaled in large doses it can cause a respiratory
disease known as bagassiosis. The treatment of soil with bagasse ash could be
a safe way of reducing the menace
 In this regard an attempt has been made to check the feasibility of an agro-
industrial waste product of sugar mills – Bagasse Ash as a stabilizer in
stabilizing Black cotton soil
To explore the effectiveness of Bagasse Ash as a stabilizer for black
cotton soil, the following objectives are planned:
 To determine geotechnical properties of black cotton soil
 To determine the change in geotechnical properties (if any), upon
addition of different percentages of Bagasse Ash
 To bring out the effect of Bagasse Ash on compaction
characteristics and strength of treated soil
 To study the behavior of strength gain in Black cotton soil using
Bagasse Ash stabilization
 To arrive at the optimum dosage of Bagasse Ash
 To evaluate the suitable blend that can be used in the stabilization
of Black cotton soil
 TESTS
MATERIALS CARRIED REMARKS PAPER
OUT
SUGARCANE Compaction This paper was based on the study of "Bagasse Ash Leonardo
BAGASSE California Stabilization of Lateritic Soil". Electronic
ASH Bearing Ratio The study showed changes in moisture – density Journal of
+ (C.B.R.) relationships resulting in lower maximum dry Practices and
LATERITIC Unconfined densities (MDD), higher optimum moisture contents Technologies
SOIL Compressive (OMC), reduction in fine fractions with higher , (2007).
Strength bagasse ash content in the soil – stabilizer mixtures.
(U.C.S.) A 2% bagasse ash treatment of lateritic soil yielded
Particle size peak 7 days UCS and CBR values of 836 kN/m2 and
analysis 16%, respectively. Since these values are below 1,700
Durability kN/m2 and 180% for UCS and CBR, respectively, the
paper recommended for adequate cement
stabilization. It implies that bagasse ash cannot be
used as a ‘stand alone’ stabilizer but should be
employed in admixture stabilization.
 TESTS
MATERIALS CARRIED REMARKS PAPER
OUT
BAGASSE Compaction This paper was based on the potentiality of International
ASH Unconfined bagasse ash as an admixture in cement stabilized Journal of
+ Compressive lateritic soil. Using 4% and 6% cement with Science and
CEMENT Strength variations of bagasse ash ranging from 0%, 2%, Engineering
STABILIZED (U.C.S.) 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by weight of the dry soil. Investigations
LATERITE California There was an increase in OMC for both 4% and , (2012).
SOIL Bearing Ratio 6% cement content with increase in bagasse ash
(C.B.R.) content of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by
weight of the soil on the constant cement contents
of 4% and 6%.
There was also a tremendous improvement in
the CBR with bagasse ash compared to the
natural soil
Thus, Bagasse ash was proved to be a good
additive in soil stabilization and modification.
 TESTS
MATERIAL
CARRIED REMARKS PAPER
S
OUT
BLACK Atterberg’s This paper was based on study of behavior of black International
COTTON limit cotton soil using bagasse ash and additives as Journal of
SOIL Compaction stabilizing agent. Under this study laboratory Engineering
+ California experiments are carried out for different percentages
Research &
BAGASSE Bearing Ratio (4%, 8% and 12%) of bagasse ash and additive mix
ASH (C.B.R.) proportions. Technology
+ Unconfined It was observed that by the addition of bagasse ash (IJERT),
ADDITIVES Compressive for black cotton soil, the density has no significant (2013).
Strength changes. But the CBR and UCS values have been
(U.C.S.) increased with the addition of 8% bagasse ash.
 Addition of bagasse ash gave probable increase in
strength values but with the blend with cement and
lime gave more increased strength values. Hence 8%
of bagasse ash can be used with soil to increase the
strength.
 Procurement of materials

Preparation of Representative sample

Gravel
Tests on Black cotton soil
Sand
Sieve Analysis
Silt
Liquid Limit Specific Gravity test Clay
Plastic Limit Atterberg Limits
MDD
Shrinkage Limit Compaction test
OMC
Unconfined Compression test

California Bearing Ratio test

Analysis

Results and Conclusions

1. Procurement of materials
 Black cotton soil
Black Cotton Soil procured nearby Gundlupet
town is used as a representative soil sample in
the present study. This soil is collected from
an open excavation, at a depth of 1 to 1.5m Black Cotton Soil
below the natural ground surface
 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash procured from
Mandya Sugar factory is used in the present
study as a stabilizer. On visual inspection the
Bagasse Ash appeares dark black in colour
and comes in fibrous form Bagasse Ash
2. Preparation of representative soil sample
Black Cotton Soil procured was spread and hand sorted. It was beaten to
remove lumps. Then the soil was sieved through 4.75 mm IS sieve. The
sieved sample was stored in tin container, ready to use.
3. Conduction of tests to determine the basic properties of
Black cotton soil
Grain size analysis, Specific gravity, Atterberg’s limit test,
Compaction test, Unconfined Compression Test, California Bearing Ratio
test.
4. Treatment of Black cotton soil with Bagasse Ash
 Bagasse Ash dosage
Representative soil is treated with 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20%
 Tests to be conducted
Atterberg’s limit test, Compaction test, Unconfined Compression Test,
California Bearing Ratio test.
Sl. Relevant IS
Laboratory Test Result
No. Codes
Gravel - 3.27 %

1 Grain Size Distribution Sand - 24.03% IS 2720 Part 4

Silt and Clay-72.7 %

2 Specific Gravity (G) 2.7 IS 2720 Part 3

3 Water Content (Natural) (w) 8.668% IS 2720 Part 2

4 Liquid Limit (WL) 71% IS 2720 Part 5

5 Plastic Limit (WP) 35.98% IS 2720 Part 5

6 Plasticity Index (IP or P.I) 35.02% IS 2720 Part 5

Sl. Relevant IS
Laboratory Test Result
No. Codes
7 Shrinkage Limit (WS) 82% IS 2720 Part 6

Optimum Moisture Content

8 24.45% IS 2720 Part 8
(O.M.C.)

9 Maximum Dry Density (M.D.D.) 13.49 KN/m3 IS 2720 Part 8

California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R.)

10 2.55% IS 2720 Part 16
at OMC

Unconfined Compressive Strength

11 98.02 KN/m2 IS 2720 Part 10
(U.C.S.) at OMC
 Chemical Composition
Sl. No.
Constituents Composition (%)

1 Silica (SiO2) 62.43

2 Ferrous (Fe2O3) 6.98 Physical Properties

3 Alumina (Al2O3) 4.38 Specific Gravity 2.15

4 Loss On Ignition 4.73 Solubility in Insoluble in

water water
5 K2O 3.53

6 Cao 2.51 Specific surface 3457cm2/gm

7 SO3 1.48 Odour Odourless

8 Mn 0.5

9 Zn 0.3

10 Cu 0.1
 1. GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
% of Gravel= 3.27% % of sand= 24.03% % of silt & clay=72.7%
 2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 Density bottle method was

Sl. No. Soil type Value of G
adopted
1 Sand 2.64-2.67
 Specific gravity of Black
2 Slit 2.68-2.70
Cotton Soil= 2.7
3 Clay 2.70-2.80

 Hence the soil is Silty Clay

 Specific gravity of Bagasse
ash= 2.15
Soil containing mica
4 2.85-2.90
or iron
5 Organic soils 1.26-2.20

Typical values of specific gravity

1. Liquid limit
 Casagrande method
 Wl=71%

2. Plastic limit
 Wp=35.98%

 Plasticity Index
 Ip= 35.02

 In plasticity chart, the soil is positioned in MH & OH

Hence, the soil is classified as inorganic silts with high compressibility

or organic silts and clays with high compressibility.
VARIATION IN ATTERBERG LIMITS
% of Bagasse ash Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index
0 71 35.98 35.02
4 70 35.29 34.71
8 69 33.64 35.36
12 64 31.38 32.62
16 66 40.94 25.06
20 72 51.57 20.43
 4. STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

 BC soil was treated with varying percentages of bagasse ash (4%, 8%,
12%, 16%, 20%) and Standard Proctor Test was conducted as per
IS 2720 (Part 7) to study the effect of treatment of BC soil with Bagasse
Ash on compaction Characteristics.
 I.S. specifications of Standard Proctor test

• No. of Layers- 3

• No. of blows per layer – 25

• Height of the fall – 30cm

• Weight of the rammer – 2.6kg

• Compactive energy - 60450kgf/m/m3 Standard Proctor Mould

and Rammer
VARIATION IN COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS

VARIATION IN OMC
& MDD

% of OMC MDD
Bagasse
ash (%) (KN/m3)

0 24.45 13.49
4 30.01 13.01
8 28.64 13.04
12 32.37 13.16
16 35.13 12.85
20 33.07 12.56
VARIATION IN COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS

1. Maximum Dry Density 2. Optimum Moisture Content

5. UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
 BC soil was treated with varying percentages of bagasse ash (4%, 8%,
12%, 16%, 20%). The samples were cured for 10days and UCC test was
conducted, as per IS 2720 (Part 10).

 I.S. specifications for UCC test

• Dial gauge accuracy-0.01mm

• Proving ring accuracy-0.01kg

• No. of Layers - 3

• No. of blows per layer - 25

• Height of the fall - 30cm

• Weight of the rammer - 2.5kg Unconfined Compression

Test apparatus
• Sample height- 75mm
VARIATION OF UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
VARIATION OF UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

VARIATION IN UCS

% of Bagasse UCS in
ash KN/m2

0 98.02

4 321.11

8 373.77

12 383.42

16 346.51

20 351.53
6. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

 BC soil was treated with varying percentages of bagasse ash (4%,

8%, 12%, 16%, 20%). It was cured for 7days followed by
soaking for 3days. Finally CBR test will be conducted, as per
IS 2720 (Part 16).

 I.S. specifications of CBR test

• No. of Layers- 5

• No. of blows per layer – 56

• Height of the fall – 45 cm

• Weight of the rammer - 4.89 kg

CBR apparatus
VARIATION IN CBR
VARIATION IN CBR

% of
Bagasse CBR
ash
0 2.55
4 2.92
8 3.16
12 8.52
16 11.92
20 8.76
 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Sl. Soil+4% Soil+8% Soil+12% Soil+16% Soil+20%
Particulars BC Soil
No. SCBA SCBA SCBA SCBA SCBA

Liquid Limit,
1 71 70 69 64 66 72
WL (%)

Plastic Limit,
2 35.98 35.29 33.64 31.38 40.94 51.57
Wp (%)

Plasticity Index,
3 35.02 34.71 35.36 32.62 25.06 20.43
Ip (%)
4 O.M.C. (%) 24.48 30.01 28.64 32.37 35.13 33.07
5 MDD (KN/m3) 13.49 13.01 13.04 13.16 12.85 12.56
6 CBR (%) 2.55 2.92 3.16 8.52 11.92 8.76
7 UCS (KN/m2) 98.02 321.11 373.77 383.42 346.51 351.53
 CONCLUSIONS
 Soil stabilization method by using waste product bagasse ash
successfully improves the existing poor and expansive black
cotton soil.
 Bagasse ash being free of cost and available locally, proves to
be economical.
 Bagasse ash effectively dries wet soils and provides an initial
rapid strength gain, which is useful during construction in wet,
unstable ground conditions.
 Bagasse ash also decreases swell potential of Black Cotton
Soils by replacing some of the volume previously held by
expansive clay minerals and by cementing the soil particles
together.
 On treatment with bagasse ash, plastic nature of soil decreases
and contributes to gain in strength.
 CONCLUSIONS

 Bagasse ash has effectively stabilized black cotton soil and has
led to tremendous increase in compressive strength of the soil.
 For the Subgrade and foundation as per IRC-37(2001) a minimum
CBR value of 10% is required. The treatment of black cotton soil
with bagasse ash at 16% by dry weight of soil has given a CBR
value as high as 11.92%, which is ideal for a material to be used
as a foundation material for structures and pavement.
 The optimum dosage of bagasse ash in stabilizing black cotton
soil is 16% by dry weight of the soil.
 Bagasse Ash is found to influence the index and engineering
properties of black cotton soil making it suitable for construction
as a foundation material for structures built over it.
1. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, (K. S. Gandhi) -
"Bagasse Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil" (2007).
2. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2, Issue
7, ISSN: 2278-0181, (Kiran R. G, and Kiran. L) - "Analysis Of Strength
Characteristics Of Black Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash And Additives as
Stabilizers" (2013).
3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, vol.1, issue 2,
(Ken C. Onyelowe)- "Cement Stabilized Akwuete Lateritic Soil and the Use of
Bagasse Ash as Admixture” (2012) .
4. Soil Mechanics and foundations by B.C.Punmia.
5. IS 2720 PART(1,2,3,4,5,8.10,11,16).
THANK YOU