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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN ISLAM AND BUDDHISM

Conference Paper · December 2013

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 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN ISLAM AND
BUDDHISM

BY

SHUAIBU UMAR GOKARU

Ph.D. CANDIDATE, DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC HISTORY AND
CIVILIZATION, ACADEMY OF ISLAMIC STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF
MALAYA, 50603 KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA; ASSISTANT LECTURER,
DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES, FACULTY OF ARTS AND
EDUCATION, BAUCHI STATE UNIVERSITY, GADAU BAUCHI-NIGERIA
Gmail: gokarushuaibu@gmail.com.

A PAPER RESENTED AT TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

TAWHID AND THE WORLD-SYSTEM: GOD-CONSCIOUS ORGANIZATION
AND THE CONSCIOUS SOCIAL ORDER

ON

DECEMBER, 2013

AT

INSTITUT LATIHAN ISLAM MALAYSIA (ILIM), BANGI, SELANGOR,

MALAYSIA

1
 ABSTRACT

Islam and Buddhism are two major religions in the world with many followers. This
study relies on the available historical data analyzing and comparing the similarities and
differences between the two religions on the concept of God. The findings reveal that
the conceptual similarities established on the fact that in Islam, the Oneness of Allah in
Al-Samad, who is Self-Sufficient and is sought by all else. Likewise, in Buddhist,
Dharma is alone full all other Dharmas are empty. Additionally, both the religions
believe in the Ultimate Truth (Al-Haqq) who is also Absolutely One, and who is the
Absolute Reality, and the Source of Grace and Guidance to human beings.
Nevertheless, the two religions differed, this is because Buddhists introduced the
concept of God in the later doctrines, while Muslims believe in a God known as Allah,
and Buddhists believe that the actions of a person are dependent on his salvations, while
Islam does not believe in salvation. This study, therefore, hoped to establish a good
mutual understanding between the followers of two religions.

Keywords: Concept of God, Islam, Buddhism

2
 INTRODUCTION

Islam is the ultimate religion that provides man with all the guidance in his endeavors.
Muslims believed that it is a religion, which does not agree on associating a partner with
the Creator. In Islam, seeking assistance from any other than Allah is totally forbidden
and unacceptable. Thus, for a person to be a pious believer must maintain that and act
upon whatever Allah and His Messenger Muhammad (PBUH) commanded and
forbidden. On the other hand, in Buddhism, nobody can deny that the Buddha’s doctrine
is non-theistic: there is no Personal divinity playing the role of Creator, Revealer, and
Judge in Buddhism1. This research, therefore, outlines what the two major religions
shared and differed in a detailed manner. Moreover, the discussion is categorically on
the following headings:

1. The Concept of God in Islam

2. The Concept of God in Buddhism

3. Similarities between Islam and Buddhism

4. Differences between Islam and Buddhism

Therefore, we will take one after the other and explain in details with clear examples.

The Concept of God in Islam

In the Islamic belief system, the concept of God is peculiarly clear and
uncompromising. The Holy Name of God in Arabic is Allah which has no plural or
opposite gender as in the English word of God which can become gods or goddess.
Allah is unique in His essence and attributes with which nothing can be associated. He
is beyond time and space as He is the Creator of everything including time and space.
He is Omnipotent, Omniscient and is present everywhere through His knowledge. He is
eternal and was present from all eternity without any partner and is changeless. He is the
Absolute Being and is not dependent on anything. Everything is destructible without
His essence2.
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was asked by his contemporaries about the attributes of
God and these verses were revealed by Allah Almighty:
1
Reza Shah-Kazemi, Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism (Jordan: The Royal Aal-Bayt
Institute for Islamic Thought, 2010), 31
2
Abid Mushtaq Wani, ‘’Concept of god in Islam’’, International Journal of Scientific and Research
publications, Vol. 3, issue no. 2, (February, 2013)
3
 “In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the compassionate, Say , He is God,
the One God, the Everlasting Refuge, who has not begotten, nor has been
begotten, and there is no one equal to Him.”3

Salafi scholars within Islam have classified Tawhid or Islamic monotheism into three
parts which are inferred from the clear and simple verses of the Qur’an. Classifying
Tawhid into three categories is based on induction after scholars studied the relevant
texts in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Let us discuss the classification below.

Defining the three terms:

1. Tawhid aL-Rububiyyah: It is the belief that Allah is the only Cherisher and Sovereign
of the whole Universe or Existence. It is evident by the following verse of the Holy
Qur’an; “All the praise is due to Allah, the Lord of all that exists4’’ Allah is the Rabb of
all the worlds i.e, the only Owner and Controller of the Universe.
2. Tawhid al-Asmaa wa al- Sifaat: (Allah is) the Bestower of Mercy, the All-Merciful,
the Owner of the Day of Judgement5’’. In this verse, Allah gives Himself names and
attributes as Ar-Rahmaan, Ar-Raheem, and Al-Malik.
3. Tawhid al-Uloohiyyah: “(O Allah) you alone we worship and only from You we seek
help6” This verse demonstrates that Allah is the only God and He alone is worthy of
worship and we should only seek His help in all affairs.

Moreover, Tawhid or Islamic monotheism is not an innovation of Prophet Muhammad

but a primal and basic concept common to all the prophets and messengers sent by God
for the guidance of humanity. This view is clearly expressed in the following verse of
the Qur’an, which Allah says “And we never sent a messenger before thee save that We
revealed to him, saying, ‘There is no god but I, so worship Me.”7

The word for God in Islam is Allah, which is not among the pantheon of pagan gods
like Zeus or Vishnu, but the name of the one true God and Absolute worshiped by
Jews and Christians and realized by the seers of the Upanishads as Brahman.
According to basic Islamic tenets, it is not for people to decide what the attributes of
God are but God Himself sends prophets to describe Him. Hence the essence and
3
Suaha al-Ikhlas, 112: 1-4
4
Surah al-Fatihah, 01:01
5
Surah al-Fatihah, 01: 2-3
6
Surah al-Fatihah, 01: 4
7
Surah al-Anbiya’ 21:25
4
attributes of God are not a matter of speculations for philosophers, but a subject of
Truth revealed to prophets by God Himself. To nullify the right of mental introspection
by men who are not guided by revelation Qur’an categorically proclaims “Have you
seen him who has taken his own caprice to be his God”8 In another verse, Almighty
Allah says “Who is more misguided than he who follows his own caprice without the
guidance from God.”9

Therefore, Allah is the only Absolute Being who does not depend on anything or
anybody for His existence. All except God are contingent beings dependent on Him for
their existence. The first sentence of the Islamic Shahadah is; there is no god but God. It
means that there is only a single truth and worthy object of worship, God. All other
objects of worship, adoration, and servitude are false. To worship anything else other
than the one true God is considered the sin of the highest order which is Shirk or
polytheism.

Polytheism or Shirk in the Islamic context means to associate something or someone

with God in worship or Divine servitude. It also means to share, to be a partner, to make
someone share in and to give someone a partner. Hence, in pure Islamic theological
sense, it means to give God partners and, by implication, to worship them along with
God or exclusion of God. Some Qur’anic verses nullifying polytheism or shirk in
different places. For example, Allah says: are as follows “Worship God, and do not
associate any others with Him.”10 He also said, “Do not associate others with God; to
associate others is a mighty wrong.”11 In another place He said “Say [O Muhammad!]:
Surely God is one god. Surely I am free of the others you associate.”12

Lastly, Allah says “Say: I have only been commanded to worship God, and not
to associate anything with Him.”13 The grave falsity of shirk is clearly depicted
in Qur’an as it is the only unpardonable sin. Allah says “God forgives not that
any others should be associated with Him, but less than that, He forgives to

8
Surah al-Furqan, 25:43
9
Surah al-Qasas, 28:50
10
Surah al-Nisa’a, 4:36
11
Surah Luqman, 31:13
12
Surah al-An’am, 6:19
13
Surah ar-Ra’ad, 13:36
5
whomsoever He will.”14 Allah says in another place “If someone associates any
others with God, God will prohibit paradise to him.”15
In Islamic theology, the sense of Tawhid is considered innate in human nature and the
signs of God are clearly visible and perceivable throughout the cosmos which further
gets a strong impetus by the guidance of prophets and messengers sent by God
Almighty. One has to be fully aware consciously about the importance of the oneness of
God and the nature of associating partners with Him in order to be guilty of shirk.
Moreover, caprice and reliance on self instead of the precepts of God is also considered
a kind of worship of other than God as seen in the verse stated earlier16.

Islamic monotheism is a way to free human beings from every kind of slavery except
the submission to the one true God. It is in the remembrance of God only that hearts feel
bliss and tranquility. “Surely hearts feel tranquil whenever God is mentioned17. It is the
oneness of God which brings order in creation. Like the concept of singularity in
theoretical physics, the metaphysical singularity of the oneness of God is the Ground of
existence in Islam18.

From the aforementioned discussion, one can understand that between the two religions
diverged radically, but this could not allude that there are any other aspects that they
have the common similarities. As we have seen that on the concept of God Islam is
based on monotheism which there is no any pantheism in it, and pantheism in reality
distinguished as a major sin. On the other hand Buddhism is based on non-theistic even
though there are different views on that, despite the fact that it is nontheistic this would
not negate that there are any any similarities, because Buddha do not absolutely deny
the existence of God as we can see when we come to the explanation of the similarities
between the two Religion.

The Concept of God in Buddhism

Buddha was silent about the existence or non-existence of God. It may be that since
India was drowned in idol worship and anthropomorphism that a sudden step to
monotheism would have been drastic and hence Buddha may have chosen to remain

14
Surah al-Nisa’I, 4:48
15
Surah al-Ma’idah, 5:72
16
Abid Mushtaq Wani, ‘’Concept of god in Islam’’, International Journal of Scientific and Research
publications, Vol. 3, issue no. 2, (February, 2013)
17
Surah ar-Ra’ad, 13:28
18
Ibid, Abid Mushtaq.
6
silent on the issue of God. He did not deny the existence of God. Buddha was once
asked by a disciple whether God exists? He refused to reply. When pressed, he said that
if you are suffering from a stomach ache would you concentrate on relieving the pain or
studying the prescription of the physician. "It is not my business or yours to find out
whether there is God – our business is to remove the sufferings of the world19".

Buddhism provided Dharma or the ‘impersonal law’ in place of God. However, this
could not satisfy the craving of human beings and the religion of self-help had to be
converted into a religion of promise and hope. The Hinayana sect could not hold out
any promise of external help to the people. The Mahayana sect taught that Buddha’s
watchful and compassionate eyes are all miserable beings, thus making a God out of
Buddha. Many scholars consider the evolution of God within Buddhism as an effect of
Hinduism20.

In order to understand the concept of God in Buddhism, it is important to know that,

quite contradictory views have been expressed in Western literature on the attitude of
Buddhism toward the concept of God and gods. From a study of the discourses of the
Buddha preserved in the Pali canon, it will be seen that the idea of a personal deity, a
creator god conceived to be eternal and omnipotent, is incompatible with the Buddha's
teachings. On the other hand, conceptions of an impersonal godhead of any description,
such as world-soul, etc., are excluded by the Buddha's teachings on Anatta, non-self or
insubstantiality21.

In Buddhist literature, the belief in a creator god (issara-nimmana-vada) is frequently

mentioned and rejected, along with other causes wrongly adduced to explain the origin
of the world; as, for instance, world-soul, time, nature, etc. God-belief, however, is
placed in the same category as those morally destructive wrong views which deny the
karmic results of action, assume a fortuitous origin of man and nature, or teach absolute
determinism. These views are said to be altogether pernicious, having definite bad
results due to their effect on ethical conduct.

Theism, however, is regarded as a kind of karma-teaching in so far as it upholds the

moral efficacy of actions. Hence a theist who leads a moral life may, like anyone else

19
Zamir Naik, Concept of God http://www.irf.net accessed on May 28, 2013
20
Zakir Naik, See the same website
21
Nyanaponika Thera, Buddhism and the God-Idea, Retrieved from @2004,BuddhaNet.edition@1996-
2013
7
doing so, expect a favorable rebirth. He may possibly even be reborn in a heavenly
world that resembles his own conception of it, though it will not be of eternal duration
as he may have expected. If, however, fanaticism induces him to persecute those who
do not share his beliefs, this will have grave consequences for his future destiny. For
fanatical attitudes, intolerance, and violence against others create unwholesome karma
leading to moral degeneration and to an unhappy rebirth22.

As a result of all the aforementioned discussion, we can come to the concoction that, the
concept of God or gods in Buddhism can be hard to understand due to the different
divergent opinion of the religious scholars as well as the philosophers. It is understood
that Buddhism is based on a philosophical system and set of practices, rather than a
belief in God. But Buddha himself is considered to be an enlightened human rather than
a divine being.

Finally, Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of Lord Buddha (563 BCE
483 BCE), who was born as Siddhartha Gautama, a Shakya prince in Lumbini, Nepal.
The teachings preached by Lord Buddha subsequently turned into a religion, known as
Buddhism. The core of Buddhism lies in the purification of mind and soul by realizing
the truth and getting rid of the worldly desires. Basically, it was the principles of Karma
in the doctrine of Buddhism that made the religion one of the major ones in the world23

Similarities between Islam and Buddhism

Here, we will discuss the common similarities between Islam and Buddhism. As
explained in the previous discussion, there are some similarities between the two
religions. Therefore, we will discuss such similarities based on the following:

Al-Samad and Dharma

The Islamic distinction between the oneness of God’s Essence and the multiplicity of
creation evokes the Buddhist distinction between the oneness of the uncompounded and
the multiplicity of the compounded. This conceptual similarity is further reinforced by
the meaning of the term Samad: in addition to being positively described as that which
is eternally self-sufficient and that which is sought by all else, it is also pathetically
referred to as ‘that which is not empty or hollow’ (ajwaf). This immediately brings to

22
Nyanaponika Thera, Buddhism and the God-Idea,. Retrieved from @2004, BuddhaNet, edition@1996-
2013
23
http://www.buddha-tours.com/basic-information-about-buddha.html
8
mind the fundamental Buddhist belief that the Dharma, as such, is alone ‘full’, all other
dharmas are ‘empty’, empty that is, of ‘self-being’ (svabhāva). Indeed, one of the most
fundamental propositions common to all schools of Mahayana Buddhism is the
‘emptiness’ of all specific ‘dharmas’: ‘selfless are all dharmas, they have not the
character of living beings, they are without a soul, without a personality24.
The following synonyms for the Dharma, given by D.T. Suzuki in his comparison of
terms used to designate God or ultimate Reality in different religious traditions, might
be of use in our reflections: Prajna (‘pure consciousness’), Tathatā (‘suchness’), Bodhi
(‘enlightenment’), Buddha (‘enlightened one’)25. Similarly, in relation to Dharma-kāya,
Ananda Coomaraswamy gives these synonyms: Ādi-Buddha (‘primordial’ or
‘Absolute’ Buddha), also identified with Vairocana; Svabhāvakāya (‘own-nature
body’); Tattva (‘essentiality’); Shūnya (‘the Void’); Nirvāna (‘extinction bliss’);
Samādhikāya (‘rapture-body’); Bodhi (‘wisdom’); Prajnā (‘pure consciousness’)26.

According to the above explanation, it is understood that there are similarities between
Buddhism and Islam on the basis of Oneness of God Essence. Therefore, the similarities
are not only on this, there are many similarities; in order to summarize the discussion,
we can only mention the very important similarities between the two religions based on
the following:
(1) The belief in the Ultimate Truth (Al-Haqq) who is also Absolutely One, and who is
Absolute Reality, and the Source of Grace and Guidance to human beings.
(2) The belief that each soul is accountable to a principle of justice in the Hereafter, and
that this principle is rooted in the very nature of Absolute Reality.
(3) The belief in the categorical moral imperative of exercising compassion and mercy
to all, if not in the central cosmogonic and eschatological functions of mercy (by this we
mean the idea that the world was created through Mercy, and that through Mercy we are
saved and delivered).
(4) The belief that human beings are capable of supra-rational knowledge, the source
both of salvation in the Hereafter and enlightenment in the here-below.
(5) The belief in the possibility of a sanctified state for human beings, and the
conviction that all should aspire to this state of sanctity.

24
Diamond Sutra, cited in E.Conze, Buddhist Wisdom Books (London: George
Allen & Unwin, 1958), p. 59.
25
D.T. Suzuki, ‘The Buddhist Conception of Reality’, in Frederick Franck, ed., The Buddhist Eye
(Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2004), p. 85.
26
Ananda Coomaraswamy, Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism (New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1988) p.
239.
9
(6) The belief in the efficacy and necessity of spiritual practice: whether this takes the
form of fervent prayer, contemplative meditation, or methodic invocation.
(7) The belief in the necessity of detachment from the world, from the ego and its
passion, desires27.

The above-mentioned similarities between Buddhism and Islam comprised most of the
important similarities between the two religions, but there are many similarities as said
earlier, but the above were the main important.

Differences between Islam and Buddhism

As we have seen the common similarities between Islam and Buddhism in the previous
discussion. Here, we are going to see the major the differences between the two
religion, that is to say on what they have differences. Therefore, the following
discussion will elaborate us clearly.

Buddhism only introduced the concept of God in the later doctrines, while Muslims
believe in a God known as Allah. Buddhists also believe that the actions of a person are
dependent on his salvation ‘“while Islam does not believe in salvation28.

Buddhism does not focus too much on good and evil ‘“while Islam considers Allah to
be the creator of the universe, as well as being the source of all that is good and evil.
Finally, karma is something that Buddhists believe in when you talk about eternal life
“while Islam’s view on it is that eternal life depends on the works of a person in his or
her present life while following the Islamic path29

Buddhism on the basis of views afterlife: Is Cycle rebirth and death, different levels of
hell for sinners; different abodes of celestial beings, etc. However, attainment of
ultimate Nirvana is the essence of Buddhism. Islam on the other hand, eternal life is in
Paradise and Hell30.

27
Reza Shah-Kazemi, Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism (Jordan: The Royal Aal-Bayt
Institute for Islamic Thought, 2010), 3
28
See Islam vs Buddhism. Retrieved from, www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-
betweenIslam and Buddhism, accessed on May 28, 2013
29
See Islam vs Buddhism
30
See Buddhism vs Islam Comparison chart. Accessed on May 27, 2013
10
Buddhism, the eightfold path is viewed as the principle or practice more than as law. It
leads to Nirvana. While Islam, Shari ’a law given by the Creator (Allah) and the
commands of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)31

On the basis of their principles, Buddhism: This life is suffering, and the only way to
escape from this suffering is to dispel one’s cravings and ignorance by practicing the
Eightfold Path. While in Islam is based on the saying of God: Say, ‘’He is Allah, (who
is) One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him
any equivalent’’ Surah al-Ikhlas

Islam is centered on Quran, which is regarded as the holy book. Literally, Islam means
submission to Allah. In effect, a Muslim is an individual who fully submits to Allah.
Based on Islamic teachings, there are 5 main duties that Muslims required to practice in
their communities. Buddhism is centered on the utterances that Buddha uttered to his
people. It is simply more than a religion, as it is regarded as a philosophy that
encompasses several traditions, beliefs, and practices. While Muslims follow the 5
Islam pillars, Buddhists only believe in two Buddhism branches, which are Mahayana
and Theravada32.

CONCLUSION
The aforementioned discussions played an important role in providing us a detail
explanation on the positions of great two religions of the world, that is to say, Islam and
Buddhism. It is understood that the two religions have strictly differed on the concept of
God because Islam is all based on Monotheism while Buddhism is non-theistic, but
Buddha does not deny the idea of the Essence of God. It is also understood that both
religions have common Similarities and Differences.

Similarly, it is understood that on the basis of the oneness of God the two religions
share common similarities. For example, In Islam the idea of Al-Samad who is eternally
Self-sufficient, He needs not any assistance from any of his creatures, therefore, on this
point one can understand that Buddhism, believed that Dharma is full alone and other
Dharma’s are empty meaning that Dharma is only alone full and the other are
emptiness. Also, this is one of the most fundamental propositions common to all school

31
See www.diffen,com/difference/Category:Buddhism accessed on may 28, 2013
32
www.djfferenceSBetween.com. Accessed on May 28, 2013
11
of Mahayana Buddhism that emptiness of all specific Dharmas: Selfless are all
Dharmas.

Moreover, no doubt that Buddhism and Islam have differences on many aspects as we
have mentioned. For example, Buddhism belief that afterlife is cycled rebirth and death,
the different level for sinners; different abodes of celestial beings. Islam belief eternal
life is in Paradise and Hell. So also, on the basis of Law or principles, Buddhism viewed
eightfold as principle while Islam belief in the Shari’a given by Allah and His
Messenger (S.A.W). As the Buddhist belief that this life is all about suffering, so the
only way to escape from this suffering is by practicing the eightfold. While in Islam the
God is the Eternal refuge. He neither begets nor is born.

However, in Buddhism, in order to know the idea of something or being something one
needs to follow the following five factors.
1. Matter 2. Consciousness
3. Succession 4. Perception
4. Mental Formation

The aforementioned are the five factors that one needs to follow in order to reach the
highest knowledge of something or being something.

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