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The dwarf (Subject) gave the dog (Indirect Object) the stone (Direct Object) [Ex. Mod.E]
The dwarf gave the stone (Indirect Object) the dog (Direct Object) [Ex. Old.E]
In old english the case indicate the grammatical function, and even if you change the
order of the sentence it still means the same thing. If you wanted change the meaning of
the individual sentences, you will have to change the cases of the individual noun phrases.
Se Dweoh slæpte (The dwarf slept) — Both Se and Dweorh are in the Nominative case. The
Nominative is used for direct address like , Ēalā, dweorh! ( Alas, dwarf!). The nominative case is also
used to mark the subject predicative/complement: Hē (Subject) is se dweorh (Subject Complement).
Indirect Object:
Se dweorh ġeaf þone stān þām hunde
(The dwarf gave the dog the stone)
Object of preposition:
tō þām tūne (to the town)
Indicators of gender:
Iċ seah þone stān. Hē is hefiġ. - þone in this sentence is masculine.
(I saw the stone. He is heavy) - We should accurately translate this as It is heavy.