HISTORY OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

The importance of water to human life justifies the supposition that some ancient man conceive the idea
of diverting the stream flow from a natural channel to an artificial one in order to convey water to some
point where it was needed for crops or humans. The old world contains numerous evidences of water
projects of considerable magnitude. The earliest large scale drainage and irrigation works are attributed
to the first Egyptian dynasty about 3200 BC. These works were followed by many various projects in
Mediterranean and near east area including dams, canals, aqueducts and sewer systems. Some 381 MI of
aqueducts were constructed water to the city of Rome. An irrigation project in Szechwan province of china
dating from about 250 BC still in use. Even on new world, projects of considerable scope antedate the
coming of Europeans. Extensive irrigation projects constructed about 1100 AD by Hohokam Indians which
is now Arizona and similar Aztecs works in Mexico indicate flourishing irrigation economics. The early
works were not designed and built by engineers in the modern sense of the word. The ancient builders
were master craftsmen and technicians (Greek archtechnician) who employed amazing intuitive
judgment in planning and executing their works, rules of thumb developed through experience guided
the leading builders but these trade secrets were not necessarily conveyed to other man. The great
thinkers of the Greek era contributed much to science, but since manual labor was considered deaming,
the application of their science knowledge in practical was retarded. May erroneous concepts and gaps in
understanding delayed the development of engineering as it is known today. The limitation of available
construction materials also influenced early engineering works, since no materials suitable for large
pressure pipes were available to the romans, their aqueducts were designed as massive structures to carry
water under atmospheric pressure at all times.

THE FUTURE OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

Modern civilization is far more dependent on water than were the civilization of the past. Modern medical
science together with modern sanitary engineering has reduced death rates and increased life expectancy.
Modern standards of personal cleanliness require vastly more water that was used century ago. The
increasing population requires expanded acreage for agriculture in terms of land drainage or irrigation.
Increasing urban population requires more attention to storm drainage, water supply and sewerage.
Industrial progress finds increasing uses of water in process industries and for electric power production.
The emphasis of water resource engineering shifts continuously. The major work in the field during the
early years of the United States was the construction of canals for transport. Other modes of
transportation have made the canal boat obsolete, but these new means of transport have introduces
new problems of drainage for highways, railroads and airports.

More accurate hydrologic methods must be employed in estimating available water. More efficient
methods and better construction materials must be utilized to reduced cost so that difficult projects may
become economically feasible. The water resource engineers of the future will find themselves deeply
involved with new technology and new concepts:

 RECLAMATION OF WASTE WATER

 WEATHER MODIFICATION
 LAND MANAGEMENT TO IMPORT WATER YIELD
 AND OTHER NEW WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES IN ALL AREAS OF WATER USE ARE TOPICS OF
INCREASING INTEREST AND RESEARCH.
 CONCERN FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WILL BE IMPORTANT IN
WATER PLANNING OF THE FUTURE
 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN PRESERVING OUR ECVOSYSTEM AND MEETING THE NEEDS OF PEOPLE
FOR WATER MANAGEMENT MUST CERTAINLY LEAD TO NEW APPROACHES IN WATER MANAGE
MENT AND QUITE POSSIBLY TO NEW DEFINITIONS OF NEED. IT WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENT TO
ATTACK WATER PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE BY SIMPLY COPYING METHODS OF THE PAST.

WATER CYCLE

1. EVAPORATION
2. CONDENSATION
3. SUBLIMATION
4. PRECIPITATION
5. TRANSPIRATION
6. RUNOFF
7. INFILTRATION
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF OUR WATER RESOURCES REQUIRES:

 CONCEPTION
 PLANNING
 EXECUTION OF DESIGN

THE THREE FACTORS ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE USE OF THE WATER OR AVOID DAMAGE FROM TOO MUCH
WATER. FOR MOST OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THIS HAS BEEN VIEWED AS THE WORK OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS. IT IS BECOMING APPRARENT THAT ENGINEERING STRUCTRES ARE NOT ALWAYS PREFERRED
SOLUTION. IN SOME CASES A NON STRUCTURAL SOLUTION IS SUPERIOR.

REQUIRED SERVICES OF OTHER DISCIPLINES

 ECONOMICS
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
 BIOLOGY
 GEOLOGY

FIELDS OF WATER

1. CONTROL OF WATER
2. UTILIZATION OF WATER

Control of water: Flood mitigation, storm drainage, sewerage, and highway culvert design.

Utilization of water: Municipal water supply, hydroelectric power development, irrigation and navigation
improvement.

[WATER RESOURCES]

PHILIPPINES

LAND AREA = 200,000 SQ KM

ANNUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL = 2400 mm

 12 WATER RESOURCES REGIONS

 421 PRINCIPAL RIVER BASINS
 20 MAJOR RIVER BASINS
 72 LAKES
 COASTAL BAYS AND COASTAL WATERS = 266,000 SQ KM

12 WATER RESOURCES REGIONS

I. ILOCOS
II. CAGAYAN VALLEY
III. CENTRAL LUZON
IV. SOUTHERN TAGALOG
V. BICOL
VI. WESTERN VISAYAS
VII. CENTRAL VISAYAS
VIII. EASTERN VISAYAS
IX. SOUTHWESTERN MINDANAO
X. NORTHERN MINDANAO
XI. SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO
XII. SOUTHERN MINDANAO

18 MAJOR RIVER BASINS

1. CAGAYAN RB
2. MINDANAO RB
3. AGUSAN RB
4. PAMPANGA RB
5. AGNO RB
6. ABRA
7. PASIG-LAGUNA LAKE RB
 8. BICOL RB
9. ABULUG RB
10. TAGUM-LIBUGANON RB
11. ILOG-HILABANGAN RB
12. PANAY RB
13. TAGOLOAN RB
14. AGUS RB
15. DAVAO RB
16. CAGAYAN DE ORO RB
17. JALUAR RB
18. BUAYAN-MALUNGAN RB

6 LARGEST RIVER BASINS (MORE THAN 5000 SQ KM)

1. CAGAYAN RIVER BASIN IN NORTHERN LUZON (27,753 SQ KM)

2. MINDANAO RIVER BASIN IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MINDANAO (21,503 SQ KM)
3. AGUSAN RIVER BASIN IN NORTHERN MINDANAO (10,921 SQ KM)
4. PAMPANGA RIVER BASIN IN CENTRAL LUZON (9,759 SQ KM)
5. AGNO RIVER BASIN IN CENTRAL LUZON (5,952 SQ KM)
6. ABRA RIVER BASIN IN NORTHERN LUZON (5,125 SQ KM)

[WATER QUALITY]

WATER QUALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES (2008-2015)

WATER QUALITY REFERS TO THE BACTERIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND

RADIOLOGICAL CHARATERISTICS WHICH INDICATE THE CONDITION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER
RELATIVE TO ITS PROPOSED OR PRESENT USE.

[WATER USE]

CATEGORIES OF WATER USE

1. COMMERICAL USE
2. DOMESTIC USE
3. INDUSTRIAL USE
4. IRRIGATION USE
5. LIVESTOCK
6. MINING
7. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
8. THERMOELECTRIC POWER

[ECONOMICS IN WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING]

SOME MAJOR INSIGHTS INTO WATER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ARISE FROM APPLYING
ECONOMIC IDEAS IN SEVERAL AREAS, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING:

 WATER DEMANDS AND FORECASTS

 PROJECT FINANCE
 DESIGN EVALUATION
 ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT TOOLS
 CONSTRCT AND AGREEMENT NEGOTIATION AND ENFORCEMENT, AND
 RESOLVING SCALE ISSUES IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

[SOCIAL ASPECT OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING]

WATER REOURCE ENGINEERING IS A SPECIFIC KIND OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT INVOLVES THE DESIGN
OF NEW SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT THAT HELP MANAGE HUMAN WATER RESOURCES. SOME OF THE
AREAS WATER RESOURCES TOUCH ON ARE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES, UNDERGOUND WELLS, AND
NATURAL SPRINGS.

[PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS]

 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES INVOLVE CONCEPTION, PLANNING, DESIGN,

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION FACILITIES TO CONTROL AND UTILIZE WATER.
 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES A FUNCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
LEVELS OF PLANNING

1. LOCAL LEVEL
2. REGIONAL LEVEL
3. STATE LEVEL
4. NATIONAL LEVEL
5. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS

WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS FUNCTIONS

 IRRIGATION
 WATER SUPPLY
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER
 FLOOD CONTROL
 NAVIGATION
 RECREATION
 FISH AND WILDLIFE

WATER REOURCES PLANNING

 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
 COLLECTION OF DATA
 PROJECTION OF FUTURE
 PROJECT FORMULATION
 PROJECT EVALUATION

COLLECTION OF DATA

GENERAL DATA:

 PHYSICAL DATA: LOCATION, SIZE, CLIMATE, HISTORY, POPULATION, ETC.

 HYDROLOGICAL DATA: PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION, STREAM FLOW,
SEDIMENT, WATER QUALITY, ETC.
 GEOLOGICAL DATA: EXPLORATIONS, GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS, ROCK AND SOIL TYPE, GROUND
WATER AVAILABILITY, MINERALS, EROSION, ETC.
 CARTOGRAPHIC DATA: TOPOGRAPHIC AND OTHER MAPS OF THE AREA
 ECOLOGICAL DATA: VEGETAION, FISH AND WILD LIFE
 ECONOMICAL DATA: INDUSTRY, TRANSPORTAION, MARKET, TOURISM, RECREATION, LAND, ETC.
 LEGAL DATA: WATER RIGHTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, LAND ZONING, LAND OWNERSHIP,
ADMINISTRATIVE PATTERN, ETC.
 PUBLIC OPINION DATA: OPINIONS OF PUBLIC AND POLITICIANS

SPECIAL DATA:

 AGRICULTURAL DATA: CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS, CLIMATIC DATA, TYPES OF CROPS, ETC.
 MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY DATA: DRINKING WATER NEEDS, INDUSTRIAL WATER NEEDS,
QUALITY OF WATER, ETC.
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER DATA: EXISTING AND REQUIRED CAPACITIES, ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF
POWER, ETC.
 FLOOD CONTROL DATA: RECORD OF PAST FLOODS, EXTENT OF PAST FLOODING AND DAMAGES,
STORM DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS, ETC.
 NAVIGATION DATA: PRESENT WATER TRAFFIC PATTERNS, ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATION, ETC.
 RECREATION DATA: PRESENT RECREATIONAL FACILITIES, NATURAL ATTRACTION, SCENIC DATA,
ETC.
 FISH AND WILD LIFE DATA: TYPES OF FISHES AND WILD LIFE, BIOLOGICAL DATA IN RESPECT OF
SPECIES AND THEIR HABITS, PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS, ETC.
 POLLUTION CONTROL DATA: EXISTING WASTE DISCHARGE METHODS, LOCATION, TIME, AND
CHARACTER OF WASTE, WATER POLLUTION REGULATION, QUALITY STANDARS, ETC.

PROJECTION OF FUTURE

 WATER RESOURCES PROJECT USUALLY PLANNED TO MEET FUTURE NEEDS

  PROJECTIONS INCLUDE FUTURE POPULATION GROWTH, LAND USE, WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
VARIOUS USES, ETC.
 PROJECTION SHOULD BE WORKD OUT WITH GREATE CARE AND CAUTION, BECAUSE
UNREALISTIC HIGHER VALUES MAY LEAD TO OVER DEISGN AND EXCESSIVE INVESTMENTS.

PROJECT FORMULATION

 IT NEEDS A LOT OF IMAGINATION AND SKILL, ONLY DONE BY EXPERIENCED PLANNER

 FIRST STEP TO DEFINE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS WHICH RESTRICT WATER RESOURCE PROJECT
 PHYSICAL LIMITAION, E,G, NO NAVIGATION ORTORRENTIAL MOUNTAION RIVER
 LIMATIONS ON AVAILABLE WATER
 LIMITED LAND AREAS
 LEGAL PROBLEMS

PROJECT EVALUATION

 EVALUATION CARRIED OUT TO SELECT ALTERNATIVE WHICH IS ECONOMICALLY SUITABLE

 BEST ALTERNATIVE CONSISTS OF UNIT OR COMBINATION OF UNITS WHICH ARE ECONOMICALL
MOST EFFICIENT
 FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION BENEFITS AND COST DATA ARE COLLECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

NEGATIVE IMPACTS:

 DAMAGE TO FISH AND WILDLIFE

 DUE TO EXTINCTION OF SPECIES OF FLORA AND FAUNA CHANGE IN ECOLOGY
 LOSS OF FOREST LAND
 DAMAGE TO VEGETAION OR RIVER BANK
 LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
 LOSS OF GEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, ARCHEOLOGICAL OR SCENIC SITES
 DISPLACEMENTS AND REHABILITATION OF PEOPLE
 WATER BORNE DISEASE
 RESERVOIR INDUCED SEISMICITY

POSITVE IMPACTS

 LAND USE IMPROVEMENT BY IRRIGATION

 FLOOR PROTECTION
 IMPORVED WATER SUPPLIES FOR DOMESTIC AND MUNICIPAL USES
 POWER SUPPLIES WITHOUT CONSUMPTION OF FUEL
 WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
 FISHERY IMPROVEMENT
 RECREATIONAL IMPROVEMENT
 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
 IMPROVEMENT OF CLIMATE OF SORROUNDING AREA
 DEVELOPMENT OF SACTUARIES AND WILD LIFE