Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus containing one proton The hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus containing one proton
and one electron occupying a region outside the nucleus and one electron occupying a region outside the nucleus
• in its ground state, the electron occupies a 1s orbital • in its ground state, the electron occupies a 1s orbital
We can represent this in one of two ways: We can represent this in one of two ways:
Electron configuration
Orbital diagram
For each orbital containing electrons in the ground state:
1. Orbitals are represented by boxes
1. List the principal energy level
2. Electrons contained in the orbitals are represented by up and
2. List each type of orbital and show the number of electrons down arrows (corresponding to positive and negative spin)
contained in the orbitals as exponents
Example: Hydrogen
Example: Hydrogen
Number of electrons in
sublevel’s orbitals
Principal 1s1 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
energy level Sublevel (type of orbital)
3. Within a given subshell, a single electron will enter each orbital First principal energy level (n = 1) is full
before a second electron enters any one orbital (Hund’s law)
Atomic structures Atomic structures
Element: Li Element: Be
Number of electrons: 3 Number of electrons: 4
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Element: B Element: C
Number of electrons: 5 Number of electrons: 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Element: N Element: O
Number of electrons: 7 Number of electrons: 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Element: F Element: Ne
Number of electrons: 9 Number of electrons: 10
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
n=3 4p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
3d 4s
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3s
Energy
n=2
You might expect that the 3d sublevel would be filled next, but this
2p
is not the case The 3d and 4s orbitals are very close in
-- the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbitals 2s energy, but the 4s orbitals are actually
slightly lower in energy than the 3d orbitals
K [Ar] 4s1 • electrons will enter the 4s orbitals before
they enter the 3d orbitals
n=1
Ca [Ar] 4s2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 1s
7s 7p 6d 5f
Memory aid for orbital filling sequence
6s 6p 5d 4f
5s 5p 4d 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s
Energy
4s 4p 3d
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
3s 3p
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d
2s 2p
4f 5f 6f 7f
1s
7s 6d
As Period 4 begins, the 4s orbitals are filled before the 3d orbitals
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
4f
K [Ar] 4s1
5f
Example: selenium (Se) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p4
N 1s2 2s2 2p3
Valence electrons are involved in the formation of bonds Valence electrons are involved in the formation of bonds
between atoms to form compounds between atoms to form compounds
Valence electron configuration determines the Noble gas configuration
characteristics of elements in a group
The noble gases (last column in the periodic table) are characterized by
completely filled s and p orbitals
• this is a very stable valence electron configuration
• noble gasses exist as single atoms and do not form compounds with
other elements
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
He 1s2
2
The rest of the elements in the periodic table tend to form 1s2
For the elements in Period 1 (hydrogen and
compounds in combination with other elements He helium), a full valence shell consists of
2 valence electrons (two s electrons)
10
1s2 2s2 2p6 • this is because the first principal energy
When forming compounds, the atoms of these elements lose, gain, Ne level (n = 1) does not have a p sublevel
or share electrons to attain a stable valence electron configuration (i.e., no p orbitals)
18
(i.e., identical to noble gases) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Ar
• Atoms that attain a noble gas configuration by losing or gaining 36
electrons (i.e., forming ions) form ionic bonds 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6
Kr
• Atoms that attain a noble gas configuration by sharing electrons 54
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s2 4d 10 5p6
form covalent bonds Xe
86
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s2 4d 10 5p6 6s2 4f 14 5d 10 6p6
Rn
Alkali metals are highly reactive because they can obtain Today, there are 115 elements included in the periodic table
a stable noble gas configuration by losing one electron
1 18
Group number
e– 1A 8A
2 13 14 15 16 17
3 2 1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1s2 2s1 1s2
Li He 2
e–
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11 10
1s2 2s2 2p6 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na Ne Period
e– number 4
19 18
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 5
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Ar 6
e–
37 36
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 7
Rb 5s1 Kr
e–
55 54
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 Period 4
Cs 5s2 4d 10 5p6 6s1 Xe 5s2 4d 10 5p6
e–
87 86 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 Each horizontal row in the table is called a period
Fr 5s2 4d 10 5p6 6s2 4f 14 5d 10 6p6 7s1 Rn 5s2 4d 10 5p6 6s2 4f 14 5d 10 6p6
Today, there are 115 elements included in the periodic table Today, there are 115 elements included in the periodic table
1 18 1 18
1A
Group number 8A 1A
Group number 8A
2 13 14 15 16 17 2 13 14 15 16 17
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 1s
2B2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 10 4p 5 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
Period Period
number 4 number 4
1s 2 52s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 5 5
6 6
7 7
Group 6A
(or Group 16)
The period number corresponds to the Each vertical column in the table is called a group
highest occupied principal energy level -- the elements in a group have similar properties
Some of the terms in the text are different
than the terms used in the lectures
subshell = sublevel
The elements of a group have the same outermost electron outermost shell = highest occupied
configuration (i.e., valence electron configuration) (valence shell) principal energy level
-- except the electrons are in different principal energy levels
Homework problems
Chapter 3 Problems:
On Pg. 67 of text:
Problems 3.20, 3.21
(write both electron configurations and orbital diagrams)