Report Formet Kumariniwas

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

Department of Archaeology
Ramshahpath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Detail Damage
Assessment Report
of
Ratnakar Mahabihar
(Kumari Chhen)
Lalitpur
SUBMITTED BY:
CHUMS ENGINEERING
CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD
NEW BANESHWOR, KATHMANDU
June 2019
Contents
List of Tables iv
List of Figuresv
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction 1
Objectives of Work and Scope of Work ........................................................................................................... 1
Scope of Work ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Structural Design Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 2
Evaluation Process .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Detailed Evaluation of Existing Building ........................................................................................................... 3
Analysis & Design Output ................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2 Design Philosophy and Approach ............................................................................................. 5

Introduction 5
Seismic Parameters......................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 3 Basic Materials .......................................................................................................................... 6

Introduction 6
Masonry unit .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Masonry Wall ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Material properties of brick masonry with mud mrtar (Parajuli, 2012) .............................................................. 6
Material properties of stone masonry with lime surkhi mortar (Costa, 2002 and Foo, 2002) ........................... 6
Timber 7
Material properties of timber (IS code) ............................................................................................................. 7
Property for Mud mortar ................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 4 Loads ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Introduction 8
Gravity Load .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Seismic Load ................................................................................................................................................... 8
Load Combinations .......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 Code-based Design ....................................................................................................................... 9
Analysis Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1.2 Code Based Design ....................................................................................................................... 9
Component and Member Design ................................................................................................................... 10
Permissible Compressive Stress ................................................................................................................... 10
Permissible Shear Stress .............................................................................................................................. 10
Chapter 5 Site Visit and Analytical Modeling............................................................................................ 11

Introduction 11
Site Visit of Building ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Observed condition ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Modeling of Structural System ....................................................................................................................... 15
Modeling of Structural System ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.2 Timber Beams/Bracing ................................................................................................................ 18
Page ii
5.1.3 Timber Posts................................................................................................................................ 18
Analysis Results ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Chapter 6 Site Visit and Detail Damage Assessment (DDA) ................................................................... 19

6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Introduction 19
Analysis Results ............................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1.1 Modal Load Participation ............................................................................................................. 19
6.1.2 Modal Stress and Stress Component .......................................................................................... 19
6.1.3 3D Modaling................................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 25

Introduction 25
Conclusion 25
Annex-I (Typical Calculation and Drawing)
Annex-II (Non-Destructive Test)
Page iii
List of Tables
Table 1: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of masonry Wall ........................................................... 6
Table 2: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of Timber ....................................................................... 7
Table3 : Live Load, Superimposed Dead Load ................................................................................................. 8
Table 4: Parameters for Seismic Loading ........................................................................................................... 8
Table 5: Combinations used in Code and Commentary IS 1905 (IIT Kanpur) ............................................. 9
Table 6: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design ........................................................................................ 9
Table 7: Component and Member Design ..................................................................................................... 10
Table 8: Modal load participation ratio ........................................................................................................... 19
Table 9: Output as condition ............................................................................................................................. 19
Table 10: Output after Intervention.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Page iv
List of Figures
Figure 2: 3D Model created using ETABS.......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQx) in stress component S11 on Grid 1-1(Existing
Condition)............................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQx) in stress component S11 on Grid 1-1(After
Intervention) ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 9: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL+EQx) in stress component S12 on Grid 2-2(Existing
Figure 10: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL+EQx) in stress component S12 on Grid 2-2(After
Figure 11: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQy) in stress component S11 on Grid E-E(Existing
Figure 12: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQy) in stress component S11 on Grid E-E(After
Figure 13: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQx) in stress component S12 on Grid E-E(Existing
Figure 14: Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQx) in stress component S12 on Grid E-E(After
Page v
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
Building is located at Lalitpur. Building was built as Mahabihar. This Ratnakar
mahabihar(Kumari Chhen) was renovated and rebuilt with some modification from
its original appearance. Many cultural and historical buildings were also hit by
earthquake, one of them is Ratnakar Mahavihar (Kumari Chhen). This building is
located at Hakha: tole of patan, Lalitpur.
An expert engineer team visited the all four building site in order to make damage
assessment of the existing building. To evaluate the strength of existing building
elements, NDT has been done. The data obtained from NDT and drawings provided
were used for quantitative or detailed evaluation of the existing four mahabihar
located at lalitpur district.
Hence, this report presents the seismic conditional assessment of the existing Kumari
Chhen Building within the premises of Ratnakar Mahabihar, structure by the team
engineers of CHUMS Engineering P. Ltd. with proper consideration of the earthquake
resistant design criteria following the NBC 105-1994, NBC 206-2000, IS 1893:2002,
IS13935:2009 and other required design codes.
The objective of this report is to check the building whether they are technically fit
for operating as museum building or not according to Nepal National Building
Codes & other required codes. For the purpose of Seismic evaluation of the building,
the structural analysis tool ETABS V 17 was used. To evaluate the strength of masonry
Non-Destructive Test, i.e. Flat jack, In-suit shear test, Penetrometer test are
performed.
Seismic condition and strengthening of the building is done in accordance with

the Indian Standard (IS 13935:2009). The design have been carried out using IS
1893 (part 1): 2002, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures” carried
out using finite element software ETABS (V 17), developed by Research Engineers
International, USA.
Objectives of Work and Scope of Work

The main objective of the work is to assess level of intervention required for repair
and restoration after the earthquake. Qualitative Assessment of building
performance in earthquake and to identify damage and it s consequence
for immediate use.
Scope of Work
The scope of the works for seismic condition assessment is as follows:
 To carry out visual conditional assessment of the building due to earthquake.
 To carry out NDT test.
 Analytical assessment of building using soft ware & NDT Test result.
 Indicates whether the performance of the building is satisfactory, strengthening and
reconstruction is required.
 Recommend for the further works need to be done.
Page 1
Structural Design Methodology
ETABS version 17 is used for analysis of three-dimensional structures, in which the
spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure was adequate for the
calculation of the significant features of structures. Thin Sell element is used in modeling of
wall defined as section design and modeling of wall and floor. Frame element is used to
model timber section.
Evaluation Process
This existing building is checked whether it is designed in accordance with the
principles and philosophies and requirements of current seismic standards. The
evaluation procedure has followed as the steps suggested by the IS-15988:2013, as
given below.
a) Preliminary evaluation: This involves broad assessment of its physical condition,
robustness, structural integrity and strength of structure, including simple
calculations. If the results of this evaluation for strength, overall stability and integrity
are acceptable, no further action is required.
b) Detailed evaluation: It includes numerical checks on stability and integrity of the
whole structure as well as the strength of each member. Conventional design
calculations for these checks shall use modified demands and strengths.
The follows flow chart is used to further evaluation works (as per IS 15988):
Page 2
Detailed Evaluation of Existing Building
The detailed evaluation procedure is based on determining the probable strength
of lateral load resisting elements and comparing them with the expected seismic
demands. The probable strengths determined are modified with appropriate
knowledge factor K according to clause 5.5 (IS15988 : 2013).
The lateral force obtained from the IS 1893 (Part 1) calculation method is reduced
by useable life factor as according to the clauses 5.4 (IS15988 : 2013).
U=(Trem/Tdes)0.5
Where,
Trem = remaining life of the building
Tdes = design useful life of the building
U=1
But considering the uses of the existing building for hospital purpose the usable life
factor is taken 1.
Page 3
Analysis & Design Output
The structural analysis has been done making the following model considering the
design parameters required for the Assembly Building as Mahabihar.
The structural elements were designed based on IS 1905. It is shown that most of the
walls were tilted and out of plumb. Brick of wall during construction are not in line.
Page 4
Chapter 2 Design Philosophy and Approach
Introduction
This chapter presents the design philosophy and approach used in structural
design of the building.
Seismic Parameters
This section describes the seismic parameters taken for analysis of the building.
Seismic Coefficient Method:

(Indian Standard: IS: 1893:2002)
Horizontal Seismic Base Shear
According to Indian Standard IS: 1893:2002, the horizontal seismic shear force
acting at the base of the structure, in the direction being considered, shall be:
Vb = AhWt
Where, Ah is basic seismic coefficient.
Ah=ZISa/2Rg
Horizontal Seismic Forces

The horizontal seismic force at each level (i) shall be taken as:
Fi= Vb Wihi 2/ ΣWihi 2
The set of equivalent static forces specified above were assumed to act
simultaneously at each level in the direction being considered and were applied
through points eccentric to the centre of rigidity.
Fundamental Natural Period (IS 1893:2002):

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T), in seconds, for
moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, was estimated by the
empirical expression:
𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝐡
𝐓𝐱⁄𝐲 =
√𝐝𝐱/𝐲
Where
h = Height of building for natural time period

Tx/y = Natural time period along X and Y direction separately
Dx/y = Dimension of building in X and y direction separately.
Response Reduction Factor(R):
It is the factor by which the actual base shears force that would be generated if
the structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis
Earthquake (DBE) shaking, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force.
R = 1.5
Page 5
Chapter 3 Basic Materials
Introduction
This chapter presents the strength of materials used in the design of structural
components.
Masonry unit
Choice of masonry units is generally made from the consideration of local
material availability, requirement of building, compressive strength and cost.
Brick blocks are taken as masonry units as previously built.
Masonry Wall
Minimum compressive strength of masonry wall to be used in the design is shown
in the following table. Detail calculation is in Annex III
Table 1: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of masonry Wall
fy (Nominal) Fs (Shear Stress)

Standards
(MPa) (MPa)
IS 1905:1987 1.67 0.1+fd/6
Where, fd= compressive stress due to dead load above
Material properties of brick masonry with mud mrtar (Parajuli, 2012)
Unit weight, ϒ 17.34kN/m3

Young's Modulus of Elasticity, E 100N/mm2
Poisson's Ratio, ν 0.1
Compressive strength in axial compression (prism test), 3.1 N/mm2
fm
Corrected value (Indian Standard Code), permissible 0.983N/mm2
strength
Basic compressive stress in axial compression, fc 0.245N/mm2 (IS code)
Permissible tensile stress due to vertical bending, ft 0.05N/mm2 (IS code)
Permissible shear stress, fs 0.201N/mm2 (IS code)
Material properties of stone masonry with lime surkhi mortar (Costa, 2002 and
Foo, 2002)
Unit weight, ϒ 19.6kN/m3

Page 6
Timber
Refering experimental investigation of Compressive strength done by Tribhuvan
University, IoE, Thapathali Campurs for Nepali Saal wood. (Tested specimen:
23cm x 23cm x 23 cm)
Properties
Average Compressive strength along grain 37.35-52.26 N/mm2
Standard Deviation along grain 2.46-4.92 N/mm2
Average Compressive strength perpendicular to grain 9.87- 16.41N/mm2
Standard Deviation perpendicular to grain 0.423-1.16 N/mm2
Refering experimental investigation of Flexural strength done by Tribhuvan

University, IoE, Thapathali Campurs for Nepali Saal wood. (Tested specimen:
204cm x 23cm x 23 cm; span 180 cm)
Properties
Average Flexural strength 1.414-2.062 N/mm2
Standard Deviation 0.159-0.234N/mm2
Minimum strength of timber to be used in the design is shown in the following

table.
Table 2: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of Timber
Tensil Compressio Shear Shear Modulu Re

Compressi
e n Horizont Parall s of f
Standar on along
along perpendicul al el to Elasticit
ds grain
grain ar to grain Grain y
(MPa)
(MPa) (MPa)
IS 9.4 14.0 3.5 0.94 1.34 12670
883:1987
Material properties of timber (IS code)
Unit weight, ϒ 8kN/m3

Property for Mud mortar

Refering IS 13077:1991, mud mortar compressive strength is adopted as 0.245 MPa (Cl.5.3).
Page 7
Chapter 4 Loads
Introduction
This chapter presents the design loads considered in the structural design,
including gravity loads and seismic loads.
Gravity Load
Self-weight of the structure is considered as dead load and finishes and partitions
are considered as superimposed dead load. Live load is determined in
accordance with occupancy or use. The following loads are in addition to the
self-weight of the structure. The minimum loading requirements are taken from IS
875 (Part 2)-1987.
Table3 : Live Load, Superimposed Dead Load
Occupancy or Use Load Amplitude Load Type

Corridor, passage, store 3.0 KN/m2 Live Load
Accessible roof 1.5.0 KN/m2 Live Load
Inaccessible roof 0.75 KN/m2 Live Load
Superimposed
Floor load with mud finish 2.88 KN/m2
Load
Superimposed
Brick Masonry sp. wt 19.2 KN/m3
Load
Seismic Load
The basic seismic input may be determined from IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, “Criteria
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”
Table 4: Parameters for Seismic Loading
Parameter Value
IS 1893
Zone factor, Z 0.36
Importance factor, I 1.5
Response reduction factor, R 5
Page 8
Load Combinations
4.1.1 Code-based Design
4.1.1.1 Combinations for Limit State Method (IS 1893)
Limit State Method design load combinations used in code-based design are
shown in the following table
Table 5: Combinations used in Code and Commentary IS 1905 (IIT Kanpur)
No. Load Combination
1 (DL+LL)
2 (DL+LL±EL)
3 (DL±EL)
4 0.9DL ± EL
where: DL = Dead load
LL = Live load
EL = Earthquake load
Live load is not included in the mass calculations.
Analysis Procedures
4.1.2 Code Based Design

Analysis procedure of the code based design was shown in the table below.
Table 6: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design
Load Case Analysis Procedures
Gravity load Linear Static
Earthquake load Linear Static
Live Load Linear Static
4.1.2.1 Seismic Weight

The seismic weight at each level, W i, were taken as the sum of the dead loads
and the seismic live loads between the mid-heights of adjacent storeys. 100% of
dead load, superimposed dead load.
4.1.2.2 Linear Static Procedure (LSP)
Linear static analysis and Response Spectrum analysis are carried out for gravity and
earthquake loadings.
Page 9
Component and Member Design
The structural components are designed to satisfy the strength and ductility
requirements. Strength capacities for different types of actions considered in the
design are summarized in the table below.
Table 7: Component and Member Design
Structural Component Design Code Reference

System Approach/Consideration
Load Timber beams Flexural response IS883:1994
Bearing Shear
Masonry
Timber Post Compression IS883:1994
Wall
Flexure
Building
(Reinforced Shear
with timber connections Pin Jointed Connection IS883:1994
post and
horizontal
bands)
Permissible Compressive Stress

For the analysis of masonry in mud mortar, Mortar strength is taken as 1.27 N/mm2 as
per IS13077:1991. For mud mortar masonry compressive stress is determined by
empirical formula given by IS 1893 when strength of masonry unit and mortar are
known. Masonry unit and mortar strength is adopted by the lab test result. Basic
compressive stress of masonry is taken as 25% of compressive strength of masonry
(IS1905) from prism test or by empirical formula from IS 1893. However, NDT result
shows compressive strength is 3.15 N/mm2.
(IS 1893)
(IS 1905)
Permissible Shear Stress

Permissible shear stress (fs) in masonry is calculated on the bed joint area and from
NDT value is 0.09 MPa. Permissible shear stress is calculated by the formula given in
IS 1905 , Cl 5.4.3. For the tension part of the section of masonry during analysis, area
under tension is ignored for the workout of shear stress.
Page 10
Chapter 5 Site Visit and Analytical Modeling
Introduction
The deficient masonry member is identified during the site visit of building. Tilting and
out-of-plumb masonry structures are identified to be reconstructing with proper load
path.
Site Visit of Building

Structure initially was constructed as stone masonry with mud mortar. Referring to
the pictures and available data no wood was used as lateral load resisting elements
however, timber post was given at ground level and to hold the roof at top.
Observed condition
During site visit of the building, it was temperately not functioning as residence of
Kumari. Cladding brick was used as decorative part of the building, however the main wall
was constructed with layers of cladding wall. Wall was out of plumb in an average of 150
mm. Main wall was constructed as brick masonry with mud mortar. Brick laying was not on
line and thickness of mud mortar was irregular. Connection between the mortar and brick
was seem to be week and falling apart. This may be due to non-uniform mortar thickness
and undulation of brick laying. In addition horizontal gap between two layers of brick.
Observed made during site inspection are mention below:
1. Foundation
From the excavation of the foundation it can be seen that the arrangement of
foundation has no steps at the bottom. However, soling was done by boulders and
Page 11
of uniform thickness as the wall. Load distribution system of foundation does not
compliance to NBC code.
2. Masonry Wall
Wall on the building are constructed in layers. Main load bearing wall is constructed
with cladding brick wall and integrity between cladding and main wall was poor.
Mortar for the wall is mud. Thickness of wall was measured to be 1’6” at ground floor,
first floor and second floor respectively.
Average out of plumb of wall at ground floor, first floor and second floor are 160mm,
110mm and 120 mm respectively hence, approximate out of plumb of wall can be
consider as 130 mm.
Brick laying was observed not to be in line. Moreover, used mud mortar was
observed not to be uniform. Thickness of mortar in between bricks was observed to
be vary from 4 mm to 120 mm. Cement mortar is also used during renovation at
some places. The integrity of cladding wall and load bearing wall was poor.
3. Floor
Flooring was observed as wooden floor with clay tile finishing. Wooden plank is used
for timber floor with wooden beam and bracing. However, flooring was observer not
to be in level. Average level difference (inclination of floor) was observe to be
approximately 125 mm.
4. Timber
Old and new timber was observed as it had been renovated several times. During
several time period degrade wood has been replaced by new one. Timber beam
size is 4”x4” in 3” spacing. Timber is used as truss element of size 4”x4” section which
is sheeted with traditional clay roof tile. Windows and doors are timber with fine
carving.
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Modeling of Structural System
Complete, three-dimensional sell models was created, representing the
structure’s spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness to an extent that is
adequate for the calculation of the significant features of the building’s elastic
response. ETABS was used as analysis tool for assigned sell element. Nominal
material properties was use in modeling of structural components. The models
include masonry shear wall, beams, post, corner bracing and Horizontal bracing.
Shell elements are auto-mess to size of 300 mm utilizing ETABS tool. Mechanical
property is assigned as in chapter 2. Sign convention of local axis for solid
element was accepted as in ETABS.
Modeling of Structural System

Complete, three-dimensional sell models was created, representing the
structure’s spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness to an extent that is
adequate for the calculation of the significant features of the building’s elastic
response. ETABS was use as analysis tool for assigned sell element. Nominal
material properties was use in modeling of structural components. The models
include masonry shear wall, beams, post, corner bracing and Horizontal bracing.
Shell elements are auto-mess to size of 300 mm utilizing ETABS tool. Mechanical
Page 15
property is assign as in chapter 2. Sign convention of local axis for solid element
was accepted as in ETABS.
Page 16
Page 17
5.1.2 Timber Beams/Bracing
Line elements are used in modeling of beams/bracing to resist lateral load, which
includes the effects of bending, torsion, axial deformation (where applicable),
and shear deformations. Pin joint for horizontal beams and bracings was assigned
for analytical modeling.
5.1.3 Timber Posts

Line element was used in modeling of post, which includes the effects of biaxial
bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations. Insertion
points and end offsets was applied to account for the finite size of beam and
post intersections, if required.
Analysis Results
The analysis results for the building are illustrated in chapter 6.
Page 18
Chapter 6 Site Visit and Detail Damage Assessment (DDA)
6.1 Introduction
The proposed Kumari Niwas is planned to be proposed just west of existing Kumari
Dega. There are only debris so a new foundation has to be constructed for the
proposed building.
Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis and design results of the building.
Analysis Results
6.1.1 Modal Load Participation

The analysis results for the building are tabulated below.
Table 8: Modal load participation ratio
TABLE: Modal Load Participation Ratios

Case Item Type Item Static
%
Modal Acceleration UX 98.92
Modal Acceleration UY 99.6374
6.1.2 Modal Stress and Stress Component
Table 9: Output
Page 19
Load Compressive stress Condition for Shear stress (MPa) Condition
Combination (MPa) Compression for Shear
MPa Stress MPa Stress MPa
Component Component
Grid 0.9DL + ELx 0.571 S22 Not safe 0.276 S12 Not safe
1-1 (T)
Grid 0.9DL + ELy 0.608 S22 Safe 0.07 S12 Safe

A-A (T)
6.1.3 3D Modaling
Considering R = 3, as per code for new building with introduction of

horizontal and vertical bands.
Figure 1: 3D Model created using ETABS
Page 20
Figure 2: Pier ID in X direction
Page 21
Figure 3: Pier ID in Y direction
Page 22
Figure 4:Bending Stress due to load combination (0.9DL-EQx) in stress component S22 on Grid 1-1
(Purposed Building)
Page 23
Figure 5:Bending Stress due to load combination (0.9DL+EQy) in stress component S22 on Grid A-A
(Purposed Building)
X- Direction
vertical
reinforcment
horizontal
horizontal
reinforcement
reinforcement (75mm
(100mm x 100
(100mmx100mm) x 75 mm)
mm)
Length of Pier (mm)
Height of Pier (mm)

Thickness (mm)
Pier ID
Horizontal
Horizontal Strips
Vertical Strips Strips (above
(below opening)
opening)
post(along
each pier)
Nos along
Nos along
height
height
No of
P1 450 7620 2438.4 2 3 1
Page 24
Chapter 7 Conclusion
Introduction
This chapter presents the conclusion from the analysis output.
Conclusion
During site inspection following observations were made:
 It is highly recommended to apply horizontal timber bands at sill, lintel, plinth and in between
sill and lintel. Vertical posts of size as summarized above are recommended to apply at
corner and T junction of the wall.
 New construction as its initial and original appearance of the building with compliance to
the mahabihar architecture.
Page 25

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Government of Nepal

Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2 Design Philosophy and Approach ............................................................................................. 5

Chapter 3 Basic Materials .......................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 4 Loads ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Chapter 5 Site Visit and Analytical Modeling............................................................................................ 11

Chapter 6 Site Visit and Detail Damage Assessment (DDA) ................................................................... 19

Chapter 7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 25

Table 2: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of Timber ....................................................................... 7

Table3 : Live Load, Superimposed Dead Load ................................................................................................. 8

Table 4: Parameters for Seismic Loading ........................................................................................................... 8

Table 6: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design ........................................................................................ 9

Table 7: Component and Member Design ..................................................................................................... 10

Table 8: Modal load participation ratio ........................................................................................................... 19

Table 9: Output as condition ............................................................................................................................. 19

Table 10: Output after Intervention.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Seismic condition and strengthening of the building is done in accordance with

Objectives of Work and Scope of Work

Seismic Coefficient Method:

Horizontal Seismic Base Shear

Horizontal Seismic Forces

Fundamental Natural Period (IS 1893:2002):

h = Height of building for natural time period

fy (Nominal) Fs (Shear Stress)

Where, fd= compressive stress due to dead load above

Material properties of brick masonry with mud mrtar (Parajuli, 2012)

Unit weight, ϒ 17.34kN/m3

Unit weight, ϒ 19.6kN/m3

Refering experimental investigation of Flexural strength done by Tribhuvan

Minimum strength of timber to be used in the design is shown in the following

Table 2: Compressive Strength and Shear Strength of Timber

Tensil Compressio Shear Shear Modulu Re

Material properties of timber (IS code)

Unit weight, ϒ 8kN/m3

Property for Mud mortar

Occupancy or Use Load Amplitude Load Type

4.1.1 Code-based Design

4.1.1.1 Combinations for Limit State Method (IS 1893)

No. Load Combination

where: DL = Dead load

Live load is not included in the mass calculations.

4.1.2 Code Based Design

Table 6: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design

Load Case Analysis Procedures

Gravity load Linear Static

Earthquake load Linear Static

Live Load Linear Static

4.1.2.1 Seismic Weight

4.1.2.2 Linear Static Procedure (LSP)

Structural Component Design Code Reference

Permissible Compressive Stress

Permissible Shear Stress

Site Visit of Building

Modeling of Structural System

5.1.3 Timber Posts

6.1.1 Modal Load Participation

TABLE: Modal Load Participation Ratios

6.1.2 Modal Stress and Stress Component

Grid 0.9DL + ELy 0.608 S22 Safe 0.07 S12 Safe

Considering R = 3, as per code for new building with introduction of

Figure 1: 3D Model created using ETABS

Height of Pier (mm)