GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a general term describing any satellite
constellation that provides positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services on a global
or regional basis.

While GPS is the most prevalent GNSS, other nations are fielding, or have fielded,
their own systems to provide complementary, independent PNT capability. The main ones
are described below.

GNSS can also refer to augmentation systems, but there are too many international
augmentations to list here.

Some links below lead to external websites that the U.S. government does not
control. The links are provided for informational purposes and do not constitute a U.S.
government endorsement of any foreign systems, services, or views.

GPS SYSTEM

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-

based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by
the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that
provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the
Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS
signals.
The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates
independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can
enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The GPS provides critical
positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The
United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible
to anyone with a GPS receiver.
 How GPS works

GPS satellites circle the Earth twice a day in a precise orbit. Each satellite transmits
a unique signal and orbital parameters that allow GPS devices to decode and compute
the precise location of the satellite. GPS receivers use this information and trilateration to
calculate a user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver measures the distance to
each satellite by the amount of time it takes to receive a transmitted signal. With distance
measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine a user's position
and display it electronically to measure your running route, map a golf course, find a way
home or adventure anywhere.

How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-
channel design. Our receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on. They
maintain a tracking lock in dense tree-cover or in urban settings with tall buildings. Certain
atmospheric factors and other error sources can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers.
Garmin GPS receivers are typically accurate to within 10 meters. Accuracy is even
better on the water.
Some Garmin GPS receiver accuracy is improved with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation
System). This capability can improve accuracy to better than 3 meters, by providing
corrections to the atmosphere. No additional equipment or fees are required to take
advantage of WAAS satellites. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS
(DGPS), which corrects GPS distances to within an average of 1 to 3 meters. The U.S.
Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service, consisting of a
network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon
transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon
receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS.

Other GPS Systems

There are other similar systems to GPS in the world, which are all classified as the
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). GLONASS is a satellite constellation system
built by Russia. The European Space Agency is creating Galileo, while China is creating
BeiDou. Most Garmin receivers track both GLONASS and GPS, and some even track
BeiDou. You can expect a more reliable solution when you track more satellites. You
could be tracking nearly 20 with newer Garmin products.

The GPS Satellite System

The 31 satellites that currently make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the
earth about 12,000 miles above us. These satellites are constantly moving, making two
complete orbits in less than 24 hours. They travel at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an
hour. Small rocket boosters keep each satellite flying on the correct path.

Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites:

 The official USDOD name for GPS is NAVSTAR

 The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.
 A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994.
 Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and
launched into orbit.
 A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the
solar panels extended.
 GPS satellites are powered by solar energy, but they have backup batteries onboard, in
case of a solar eclipse.
 Transmitter power is only 50 Watts or less.
 What's the signal?
GPS satellites transmit at least 2 low-power radio signals. The signals travel by line
of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through
most solid objects, such as buildings and mountains. However, modern receivers are
more sensitive and can usually track through houses.

A GPS signal contains 3 different types of information:

 Pseudorandom code is an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting

information. You can see which satellites you are getting signals from on your device's
satellite page.
 Ephemeris data is needed to determine a satellite's position and gives important
information about the health of a satellite, current date and time.
 Almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time
throughout the day and shows the orbital information for that satellite and every other
satellite in the system.


GPS Signal Errors Sources

Factors that can affect GPS signal and accuracy include the following:

 Ionosphere and troposphere delays: Satellite signals slow as they pass through the
atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in model to partially correct for this type of
error.
 Signal multipath: The GPS signal may reflect off objects such as tall buildings or large
rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver, which will increase the travel time of the
signal and cause errors.
 Receiver clock errors: A receiver's built-in clock may have slight timing errors because it
is less accurate than the atomic clocks on GPS satellites.
 Orbital errors: The satellite's reported location may not be accurate.
 Number of satellites visible: The more satellites a GPS receiver can "see," the better the
accuracy. When a signal is blocked, you may get position errors or possibly no position
reading at all. GPS units typically will not work underwater or underground, but new high-
sensitivity receivers are able to track some signals when inside buildings or under tree-
cover.
 Satellite geometry/shading: Satellite signals are more effective when satellites are
located at wide angles relative to each other, rather than in a line or tight grouping.
 Selective availability: The U.S. Department of Defense once applied Selective Availability
(SA) to satellites, making signals less accurate in order to keep 'enemies' from using
highly accurate GPS signals. The government turned off SA in May of 2000, which
improved the accuracy of civilian GPS receivers.

Satellite Based Augmentation System

 A Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) is a civil aviation safety-critical
system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation even continental scale -
through the use of geostationary (GEO) satellites which broadcast the augmentation
information. A SBAS augments primary GNSS constellation(s) by providing GEO
ranging, integrity and correction information. While the main goal of SBAS is to
provide integrity assurance, it also increases the accuracy with position errors below 1
metre (1 sigma).
The ground infrastructure includes the accurately-surveyed sensor stations which
receive the data from the primary GNSS satellites and a Central Processing Facility (CPF)
which computes integrity, corrections and GEO ranging data forming the SBAS
signal-in-space (SIS). The SBAS GEO satellites relay the SIS to the SBAS users which
determine their position and time information. For this, they use measurements and
satellite positions both from the primary GNSS constellation(s) and the SBAS GEO
satellites and apply the SBAS correction data and its integrity.
The augmentation information provided by SBAS covers corrections
and integrity for satellite position errors, satellite clock – time - errors and errors induced
by the estimation of the delay of the signal while crossing the ionosphere. For the errors
induced by the estimation of the delay caused by the troposphere and its integrity, the
user applies a tropospheric delay model.
SBAS systems, such as EGNOS or WAAS, are usable for the safety-critical task of
guiding aircraft -vertically as well as horizontally- during different operations, including
landing approaches (approach with vertical guidance, APV).

GLONASS
GLONASS (Globalnaya Navigazionnaya
Sputnikovaya Sistema, or Global Navigation Satellite
System) is a global GNSS owned and operated by the
Russian Federation. The fully operational system
consists of 24+ satellites.

GLONASS is an acronym, which stands for Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya

Sistema, or Global Navigation Satellite System. GLONASS is Russia’s version of GPS
(Global Positioning System).

What is A-GLONASS?

A-GLONASS, Assisted GLONASS is very similar to GLONASS but A-GLONASS

brings more features for smartphones. It brings features such as turn by turn navigation,

real time traffic data and more. It uses the cell towers near your location to lock your

location quickly with the help from your data connection. A-GLONASS also enhances the
performance in chip-sets that come with GLONASS support.
How is GLONASS different from GPS?

GPS developed by USA has a network of 31 satellites covering this planet and has
been widely used in commercial devices like mobile phones, navigators etc.

GLONASS is developed by Russia originally started by Soviet Union in 1976. This

has a network of 24 satellites covering the earth.

Advantage of GLONASS over GPS (GLONASS Vs GPS)

There is no clear advantage other than accuracy over GPS. When used alone

GLONASS doesn’t have that strong coverage as GPS has, but when both used together

certainly increases accuracy with coverage. And it is more useful in northern latitudes as
Russia started GLONASS originally for Russia.

The accuracy is an advantage of GLONASS with up-to 2 meter of accuracy. GPS

+ GLONASS allows your device to be pin pointed by a group of 55 satellites all across
the globe. So when you are in a place where GPS signals are stuck like between huge

buildings or subways, you will be tracked by GLONASS satellites accurately.

 Galileo
European Union is currently working on a
system called GALILEO which provides highly
accurate global positioning service under civilian
control. Galileo system consists of 30 satellites (27
operational + 3 active spares), positioned in three
circular Medium Earth Orbit planes at 23 222 km
altitude above the Earth, and at an inclination of
the orbital planes of 56 degrees to the equator.

Galileo is a global GNSS owned and

operated by the European Union. The EU declared the start of Galileo Initial Services in
2016 and plans to complete the system of 24+ satellites by 2020.

Echo Sounder

Echo Sounder is a type of

SONAR(originallyanacronym
for SOund Navigation And Ranging) used to
determine the depth of water by transmitting
sound pulses into water. The time interval
between emission and return of a pulse is
recorded, which is used to determine
the depth of water along with the speed of
sound in water at the time.

What is principle of Echo Sounder operation?

 Echo sounder measures the depth of water by measuring the time for a pulse of
energy to travel to the sea bed and back and work on the principle of reflection of
acoustic energy.
 Short pulse of sound energy is transmitted vertically down from the ship.
 This pulse having been reflected from the sea bottom returns to the ship in the form
of an echo.
 Travel time (t) taken for its return, depends upon the depth of water (d), and on the
velocity of sound (v) through the water.
 Time taken (t ) = (2 x d) / v or d =(v x t)/2
 Performance of a sonar system depends on the accuracy with which the velocity of
source propagation is measured.
The velocity of propagation is a function of temperature of water, pressure and salinity.
The velocity is usually taken as 1500 meters/second for sea water at 13°C and
atmospheric pressure.
 Speed Logs Information

Speed logs, also known as ship logs, chip logs, or common logs, measure the speed
of a vessel. The speed is determined with reference to water flowing by the hull (water
reference speed) or to the seabed (ground reference speed). Such equipment is referred
to as a log due to the obsolete practice of using wood logs for detecting how fast a ship
is moving. During the age of sailing, the sailors would throw logs overboard after attaching
them to a rope with knots at fixed intervals. Ships speed was gauged by the total number
of knots that passed by over a specific amount of time. This method led to the introduction
of the knot as theu nit of measure for vessel speed (1 knot=1 nautical mile per hour). The
design of the instruments employed in estimating the speed was standardized over time.
A piece of lead attached to the bottom of the log improve water drag, resulting in greater
reading accuracy.
 SOURCES

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 MARINERS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES FOUNDATION
CANAMAN CAMARINES SUR

NAVIGATION 1

C. M Mariano C. Marco

John Gregg L. Decena

STUDENT

BSMT 1A10
SECTION

June 24, 2018

DATE