®

NECA 416-2016
Recommended Practice for Installing

Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

AN AM ERIC AN N ATI O NA L S TA NDA RD

Published by
National Electrical Contractors Association
 NECA 416-2016
Recommended Practice for

Installing Energy
Storage Systems (ESS)

An American
National Standard

TM

National
Electrical
Installation
Standards e Fi
ber Op
™
tic
Th

FOA
As
s o c i a ti o n

Published by
National Electrical
Contractors Association
Revision History
NECA 416-2016 originally published 05/2017

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
This document is copyrighted by NECA

ISBN: 978-1-944148-18-8

©2016. Reproduction of these documents either in hard copy or soft (including posting on the web) is
prohibited without copyright permission. For copyright permission to reproduce portions of this document,
please contact NECA Standards & Safety at (301) 215-4549, or send a fax to (301) 215-4500.

OR

National Electrical Contractors Association

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Bethesda, Maryland 20814
(301) 657-3110
Table of Contents

1. Scope............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Products and Applications Included................................................................................................................1
1.2 Products and Applications Excluded...............................................................................................................1
1.3 Regulatory and Other Requirements...............................................................................................................1
1.4 Mandatory Requirements, Permissive Requirements, Quality and Performance Recommendations,
Explanatory Material, and Informative Annexes.........................................................................................1

2. Definitions....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Definitions.........................................................................................................................................................3

3. Overview of Energy Storage Systems (ESS)...................................................................................... 6

3.1 General...............................................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Energy Storage Technologies............................................................................................................................6
3.3 Energy Storage Applications.............................................................................................................................8

4. Receiving, Inspecting, Handling, and Storage................................................................................ 10

4.1 Receiving and Inspecting................................................................................................................................10
4.2 Handling..........................................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Storage..............................................................................................................................................................11

5. Site Preparation............................................................................................................................. 13
5.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................13
5.2 HVAC Requirements.......................................................................................................................................13
5.3 Seismic Considerations...................................................................................................................................14

6. General Installation Requirements................................................................................................. 15

6.1 Setting Equipment in Place............................................................................................................................15

7. Electrical Installation Requirements.............................................................................................. 16

7.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................16
7.2 Inverters...........................................................................................................................................................17
7.3 Point of Common Coupling...........................................................................................................................17
7.4 ESS Disconnecting Means...............................................................................................................................19
7.5 Conductors, Raceways, Connections, and Terminations..............................................................................20
7.6 Conductor Sizing and Ampacity....................................................................................................................21
7.7 Overcurrent Protection...................................................................................................................................21

8. Battery Systems.............................................................................................................................. 23
8.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................23
8.2 Battery System Safety......................................................................................................................................23

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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

8.3 Open Rack Battery Systems............................................................................................................................27

8.4 General Installation Requirements.................................................................................................................27
8.5 Installing Batteries...........................................................................................................................................28
8.6 Battery System Conductors............................................................................................................................29
8.7 Charge Control................................................................................................................................................29
8.8 Final Cleaning and Adjustments....................................................................................................................30
8.9 Start-Up and Commissioning........................................................................................................................30

9. Flywheels....................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................33
9.2 Handling and Storing Flywheels....................................................................................................................33
9.3 Site Preparation...............................................................................................................................................34
9.4 Conductors, Raceways, Connections, and Terminations..............................................................................34
9.5 Start-Up and Commissioning........................................................................................................................34

10. Ultra-Capacitors....................................................................................................................... 36
10.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................36
10.2 Installation Requirements...............................................................................................................................36
10.3 Setting Equipment in Place............................................................................................................................36
10.4 Electrical Connections....................................................................................................................................37
10.5 Installing Optional Accessories.......................................................................................................................37
10.6 Start-Up and Commissioning........................................................................................................................37

11. Smart Charger Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications...................................................................... 39

11.1 Installations Requiring Ventilation................................................................................................................39
11.2 Safety Interlocks..............................................................................................................................................39
11.3 Smart Chargers................................................................................................................................................40
11.4 Communication and Data Requirements......................................................................................................40
11.5 EVSE Equipment and Siting Requirements...................................................................................................41
11.6 Electric Utility Interconnection Requirements.............................................................................................43
11.7 Installation.......................................................................................................................................................43
11.8 EVSE Start-up and Commissioning...............................................................................................................45

Annex A: Battery Technologies........................................................................................................... 46

A.1 Lead-Acid and/or Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries.........................................................................................46
A.2 Flow Batteries..................................................................................................................................................46
A.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries......................................................................................................................................46
A.4 Metal-Air Batteries..........................................................................................................................................46
A.5 Sodium Batteries.............................................................................................................................................46

Annex B: Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES).............................................................................. 47

Annex C: Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)............................................................................................ 48

Annex D: Thermal Energy Storage (TES)............................................................................................ 49

Annex E: Installation Checklist for Energy Storage Systems............................................................... 50

Annex F: Reference Standards........................................................................................................... 57

n iv
(This foreword is not a part of the standard)

Foreword

National Electrical Installation Standards™ are Suggestions for revisions and improvements to this
designed to improve communication among standard are welcome. They should be addressed to:
specifiers, purchasers, and suppliers of electrical NECA Codes and Standards
construction services. They define a minimum 3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 1100
baseline of quality and workmanship for installing Bethesda, MD 20814
electrical products and systems. NEIS® are intended (301) 215-4521 telephone
to be referenced in contract documents for electrical (301) 215-4500 fax
construction projects. The following language is neis@necanet.org
recommended:
To purchase National Electrical Installation Standards®,
Energy Storage Systems (ESS), including battery contact the NECA Order Desk at (301) 215-4504
systems, flywheels, ultra-capacitors, and smart telephone, (301) 215-4500 fax, or orderdesk@necanet.
chargers for electric vehicle (EV) vehicle-to-grid org. NEIS® can also be purchased in .pdf download
(V2G) applications, shall be installed in accordance format from www.neca-neis.org/catalog.
NECA 416, Recommended Practice for Installing
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) (ANSI). Copyright© 2017, National Electrical Contractors
Association. All rights reserved. Unauthorized
Use of NEIS is voluntary, and the National Electrical reproduction prohibited.
Contractors Association (NECA) assumes no
obligation or liability to users of this publication. National Electrical Installation Standards and NEIS
are trademarks of the National Electrical Contractors
Existence of a standard shall not preclude any
Association. National Electrical Code and NEC are
member or non-member of NECA from specifying
registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection
or using alternate construction methods permitted Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.
by applicable regulations.
Cover photo courtesy of PDE Total Energy Solutions
This publication is intended to comply with the
National Electrical Code (NEC). Because they are
quality standards, NEIS may in some instances
go beyond the minimum safety requirements of
the NEC. It is the responsibility of users of this
publication to comply with state and local electrical
codes and Federal and state OSHA safety regulations
as well as follow manufacturers’ installation
instructions when installing electrical products and
systems.

v n
<This page intentionally left blank>
1. Scope
This Recommended Practice describes installation
practices for Energy Storage Systems (ESS) such
as battery systems, flywheels, ultra-capacitors, and
smart chargers used for electric vehicle (EV) vehicle-
to-grid (V2G) applications.
1.1 Products and Applications Included
Products and applications that are covered by this
Recommended Practice include:
• Battery systems
• Flywheels
• Ultra-Capacitors
• Electric vehicle (EV) smart charger vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) applications
While Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Pumped
Hydro Storage (PHS), and Thermal Energy Storage
(TES) are not covered by this Recommended Practice
(see Section 1.2), electrical equipment and components
for use in CAES, PHS, and TES should be installed in
accordance with this Recommended Practice.
1.2 Products and Applications Excluded
Products and applications that are not covered by
this Recommended Practice, but that are discussed in
informational Annexes, include:
• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)
• Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Electrical energy can be used to create hydrogen that
can be stored for later use. Hydrogen is considered
to be fuel rather than means of energy storage. As
such, hydrogen is not covered by this Recommended
Practice.
Additionally, Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES) is not covered by this Recommended
Practice due to the extremely short discharge
time and limited energy capacity that restricts its
application to power quality applications only, and
not to longer-duration energy storage applications.
1.3 Regulatory and Other Requirements
All information in this publication is intended to
conform to the NEC (ANSI/NFPA 70). Installers
shall follow the NEC, applicable state and local codes,
manufacturer’s instructions, and contract documents
when installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS).
Only qualified persons as defined in the NEC familiar
with the construction and installation of Energy
Storage Systems (ESS) and ESS devices and system
components shall perform the technical work described
in this publication. Administrative functions such as
receiving, handling and storing, and other tasks may be
performed under the supervision of a qualified person.
All work shall be performed in accordance with NFPA
70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.
General requirements for installing electrical
products and systems are described in NECA 1,
Standard for Good Workmanship in Electrical
Construction (ANSI). Other NEIS provide additional
guidance for installing particular types of electrical
products and systems. A complete list of NEIS is
provided in Annex F.
1.4 Mandatory Requirements, Permissive
Requirements, Quality and Performance
Recommendations, Explanatory Material,
and Informative Annexes
Mandatory requirements in manufacturer’s
instructions, or of Codes or other mandatory
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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

Standards that may or not be adopted into law, not part of the enforceable requirements of this
are those that identify actions that are specifically Recommended Practice, but are included for
required or prohibited and are characterized by the information purposes only.
use of the terms “must” or “must not,” “shall” or
“shall not,” or “are required,” or “may not,” or “are
not permitted,” or by the use of positive phrasing of
mandatory requirements. Examples of mandatory
requirements may equally take the form of,
“equipment must be protected . . .,” “equipment shall
be protected . . .,” or “protect equipment . . .,” with
the latter interpreted (understood) as “(it is necessary
to) protect equipment . . .”

Permissive requirements of manufacturer’s

instructions, or of Codes or other mandatory
Standards that may or not be adopted into law,
are those that identify actions that are allowed
but not required, are normally used to describe
options or alternative means and methods, and are
characterized in this Recommended Practice by the
use of the terms “may,” or “are permitted,” or “are
not required.”

Quality and performance recommendations identify

actions that are recommended or not recommended
to improve the overall quality or performance of the
installation and are characterized by the use of the
terms “should” or “should not.”

Explanatory material, such as references to other

Codes, Standards, or documents, references to
related sections of this Recommended Practice,
information related to another Code, Standard, or
document, and supplemental application and design
information and data, is included throughout this
Recommended Practice to expand the understanding
of mandatory requirements, permissive
requirements, and quality and performance
recommendations. Such explanatory material is
included for information only, and is identified
by the use of the term “NOTE,” or by the use of
italicized text.

Non-mandatory information and other reference

standards or documents relative to the application
and use of materials, equipment, and systems
covered by this Recommended Practice are provided
in informative annexes. Informative annexes are

n 2
2. Definitions
NOTE: The following terms are used in this
Recommended Practice. The definitions below apply
only to the context in which the terms are used in this
Recommended Practice.
2.1 Definitions
AC Level 1 Charging Electric vehicle (EV) charging
that employs cord-and-plug connected portable electric
vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). AC Level 1 EVSE is
rated single-phase, nominal 120VAC, with either a 15A
or 20A configuration, and is suitable for connection to
NEMA 5-15R or 5-20R receptacles.
AC Level 2 Charging AC Level 2 EVSE is rated
single-phase, nominal 208VAC or 240VAC, 80A
maximum, with branch circuit overcurrent protection
as required. AC Level 2 charging for indoor use could
be cord and plug connected or permanently wired
electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) operated at
a fixed or portable location used specifically for EV
charging.
Battery Two or more cells connected together
electrically. Cells may be connected in a battery module
in series or parallel, or both, to provide the required
operating voltage and current levels.
Battery Charge Controller (Battery Charger) A
device to restore and maintain the charge of a secondary
battery. A battery charge controller can maintain a
unidirectional current in a battery in the opposite
direction to that during discharge thereby converting
electric energy into stored chemical energy within the
battery.
Bi-directional Inverter A device that inverts DC
current to AC current in one direction but has the
capability of redirecting AC current back to DC current
(actually rectification, but termed “bi-directional
inverter”).
Cell The smallest component of a battery, comprised
of a single container or jar, can, or pouch, an anode
(positive electrode), a cathode (negative electrode),
and electrolyte, that enables the conversion of energy
between electrical energy and stored chemical energy.
Continuous Load A load where the maximum
current is expected to continue for 3 hours or more.
DC Level 2 Charging (Fast Charging DC) Electric
vehicle (EV) charging that employs permanently
wired electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) that
is operated at a fixed location and is used specifically
for EV charging. DC Level 2 EVSE is rated 200VDC
to 450VDC with 200A maximum. At the time of
the publication of this Recommended Practice, the
voltage, ampere rating, and power ratings of DC Level
2 charging are not finalized. DC Level 2 is currently
known as Fast Charging DC.
DC to DC Converter A device that converts one
DC voltage to another, e.g. 130 VDC to 48 VDC.
Electric Vehicle (EV) An automotive-type vehicle
for on-road use, such as passenger automobiles,
buses, trucks, vans, neighborhood electric vehicles
(EVs), electric motorcycles, and the like, primarily
powered by an electric motor that draws current from
a rechargeable storage battery, fuel cell, photovoltaic
array, or other source of electric current. Plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are considered EVs.
For the purpose of this Recommended Practice, off-
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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
road, self-propelled EVs, such as industrial trucks,
hoists, lifts, transports, golf carts, airline ground
support equipment, tractors, boats, and the like, are
not included.
Electric Vehicle (EV) Connector A device that, by
insertion into an electric vehicle (EV) inlet, establishes
an electrical connection to the EV for the purpose of
energy transfer and information exchange.
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) The
conductors, including the ungrounded, grounded,
and equipment grounding conductors and the electric
vehicle (EV) connectors, attachment plugs, and all other
fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatus installed
specifically for the purpose of transferring energy
between the premises wiring and the EV.
Electrolyte An aqueous or non-aqueous medium
that provides the ion transport mechanism between the
positive and negative electrodes of a cell.
Energy Storage System (ESS) Equipment
and systems capable of storing energy for use at
a future time. ESSs include but are not limited to
electrochemical storage devices (batteries), flow
batteries, ultra-capacitors (or super-capacitors), and
kinetic devices (flywheels, pumped hydro storage, and
compressed air), among others.
Energy Storage System (ESS) Device(s) One or
more devices assembled together that are capable of
storing energy for use at a future time.
Flowing Electrolyte Battery (Flow Battery) A
rechargeable battery that stores its active materials, in
the form of liquid aqueous electrolytes, external to the
battery, such as in a pumped electrolyte Energy Storage
System (ESS). When in use, electrolyte is continuously
pumped in a circuit between the chemical reactor cell
and one or more storage tanks. NOTE: Commercially
available flowing electrolyte batteries technologies include
iron chromium, zinc bromide, and vanadium redox
flowing electrolyte batteries.
n 4
Inverter A device that converts DC current to AC
current.
Non-Continuous Load A load where the maximum
current is expected to continue for less than 3 hours.
Pre-packaged Self-Contained Energy Storage
Systems (ESS) Energy storage systems where
the energy storage devices such as cells, batteries or
modules, ventilation and illumination systems, fire
suppression and alarm systems, and controls are
factory-installed, assembled, and packaged into a single,
modular energy storage container or unit intended
for field installation as a single unit or as a multi-unit
system. NOTE: In general, pre-packaged self-contained
systems are manufactured by a single entity, are tested and
listed to safety standards relevant to the system, and can be
readily connected on site.
Pre-engineered Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Energy storage systems where separate, matched
components manufactured by a single entity are
delivered for field installation and assembly as a
system. NOTE: In general, pre-engineered systems of
matched components for field assembly as a system
are designed by a single entity and are comprised of
components that are tested and listed separately or as an
assembly to safety standards relevant to the component
and can be readily assembled on site as a system.
Rectifier A device that converts alternating current
(AC) to direct current (DC).
Sealed Cell or Battery A cell or battery that has no
provision for the routine addition of water or electrolyte
or for external measurement of electrolyte specific
gravity, and that might contain pressure relief venting.
NOTE: Some cells that are considered to be sealed under
conditions of normal use, such as valve-regulated lead-
acid or some lithium cells, contain pressure relief valves.
Smart Charger An EV battery charger that has
the ability to communicate with the EV battery
management system (BMS) in order to control and
monitor the EV battery charging process. Smart
chargers also have the ability to send and receive signals
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

from electric utility grid operators to provide the

ability to control the charging rate of EVs in response
to electric utility grid operating characteristics, such
as voltage, frequency, and power demand. Also, see
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) A system in which electric

utility grid operators have the ability via smart chargers
to temporarily reverse the EV charging process to
return stored energy from EV batteries to the grid.
V2G energy storage can be used to release energy over
a period of time ranging from seconds to a few hours.
Also, see Smart Charger.

5 n
3. Overview of Energy Storage
Systems (ESS)
3.1 General
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can be used to help
manage the dynamic nature of electrical power
systems. Electrical loads are transitory, capable of
changing in an instant. Electrical power generation
must respond to instantaneous changes in loading
in real time. If the electrical load exceeds connected
generation at any time, system frequency and voltage
will collapse, resulting in an outage.
Renewable energy sources, such as wind power and
solar photovoltaic power, further complicate the
balance between power generation and electrical
loads because wind power and solar photovoltaic
power sources are intermittent. Wind turbines
generate power when the wind blows. Solar
photovoltaic power systems generate power when the
sun shines. Additionally, wind and solar photovoltaic
power generation cannot be increased in response
to an increase in the connected load because there
is no method of increasing wind velocity or sunlight
intensity.
At the same time, the economic decision in scheduling
the connection of generation units to the electric
utility grid is to first use generation with the lowest
operating cost to supply the greatest load possible,
and to use incrementally more expensive types of
generation in turn as loads increase. As such, the
incremental cost of energy production increases
as loads increase, with utilities using their most
costly generation units to supply peak load demand.
Consequently, the operating costs for generation are
the lowest during times of light electrical loading (off-
peak or non-peak loads) because utilities are using the
least expensive generation units possible.
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) provide the
opportunity to capture low-cost energy generated
n 6
from the lowest-cost generation sources during times
of lower electrical loading, such as when the available
(connected) low-cost generation exceeds the
lower (off-peak) electrical load demand, and from
renewable energy sources when renewable energy
production peaks at a time other than during peak
electrical loading. Later, energy can be released from
storage in response to changes in the electrical load,
perhaps as a substitute for higher-cost generation
units, resulting in a lower overall cost of electricity
and further cost savings by deferring capital
investments to expand generation to meet growing
power demand that can be met with ESS.
3.2 Energy Storage Technologies
3.2.1 Battery Systems
Battery storage systems are interconnected battery
strings, battery charge controllers, rectifiers,
inverters, and associated protection and controls that
are used to convert electricity into stored chemical
energy for later release.
Batteries may be connected in series, in parallel,
or both, to provide the required operating voltage,
current, and power levels and minimum discharge
time required by the application.
Battery systems can provide large scale energy
storage with the capacity to release energy over a
period from seconds to hours.
Utility-scale battery systems can include lead-acid,
and advanced lead-acid batteries, large format
Lithium-Ion battery systems, flow batteries, sodium
batteries, and other battery technologies depending
upon the application(s) specified.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
3.2.2 Flywheels
A flywheel ESS stores kinetic energy in a disk or
cylinder with a large mass rotating at high speed.
Flywheels are typically connected to the electrical
power distribution system through a motor/generator
that is used to spin the flywheel up to speed using
power from the electric utility grid. The kinetic energy
stored in the rotating mass is returned to the electrical
power distribution system when system frequency
drops below the electrical frequency at which the
flywheel is rotating and the flywheel slows, such as
during an overload or during an outage.
Flywheels can charge and discharge energy quickly
and frequently, while operating with high efficiency.
Additionally, flywheels operate at system frequency
in real time, providing an instantaneous response,
making them well-suited for power quality
applications, such as frequency regulation and
voltage support. Flywheels provide energy storage
with the capacity to release energy over a period
from seconds to hours.
3.2.3 Ultra-Capacitors or Super Capacitors
Ultra-capacitors (also known as super-capacitors)
store energy in an electric field supplemented by
chemical energy storage. Ultra-capacitors have
among the fastest response time of any energy
storage device, and are typically used in power
quality applications such as providing transient
voltage stability. Ultra-capacitors are capable of
operating with a short recycle time, and are especially
well-suited to being discharged quite rapidly, to
deliver a significant amount of energy over a short
period of time, such as for high-power applications
that require short or very short discharge durations.
Ultra-capacitors can be sized to release energy over a
period of time ranging from seconds to hours.
3.2.4 Smart Charger Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Electric vehicles (EVs) connected to the electric utility
grid via smart chargers provide a source of stored
energy available to electric utility grid operators who
can temporarily reverse the EV charging process in
response to a critical need to partially discharge EVs
connected to the electric utility grid (a process known
NECA 416
as vehicle-to-grid or V2G). V2G energy storage can be
used to release energy over a period of time ranging
from seconds to a few hours.
Smart Charger Vehicle-to-Grid can also incorporate
utility control of the EV charger, allowing the
utility to control the EV rate of charge in addition
to draining energy from the batteries. NOTE:
Some automotive industry battery experts believe
this demand response approach will have the same
effect by providing virtual energy storage with lower
Vehicle-to-Grid infrastructure costs.
3.2.5 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems use
excess power from the grid during off-peak hours
to compress air and to store it under high pressure.
For larger CAES plants, compressed air is stored in
underground geologic formations, such as aquifers,
depleted natural gas fields, and salt formations. For
smaller CAES plants, compressed air is stored in
aboveground storage tanks or large pipes similar
to those designed for high-pressure natural gas
transmission.
Energy stored by CAES is released when high-pressure
compressed air is drawn from the storage vessel,
heated, and expanded through a conventional high-
pressure turbine generator that captures some of the
energy in the compressed air. The air is then mixed
with fuel and combusted, with the exhaust expanded
through a low-pressure gas turbine generator.
CAES is considered a hybrid generation/storage
system because it requires combustion in the gas
turbine to generate electricity. The pressurized air
allows the turbines to generate electricity using
significantly less natural gas, typically resulting in
increased efficiencies of 30% or more. In addition to
increased efficiency, CAES plants have quick ramping
capability, providing a quick response when grid
operators need ancillary services (see Section 3.3).
CAES systems provide large scale energy storage
with the capacity to release energy over a period
from hours to weeks. NOTE: CAES are not covered
by this Recommended Practice. See Annex B for
additional information.
7 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
3.2.6 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)
Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) is a method of storing
and releasing potential energy by transferring
water between two storage reservoirs at different
elevations. During non-peak electrical usage, water is
usually pumped from a lower reservoir to an upper
reservoir (at higher elevation) using conventional
pumps. Water is stored in the upper reservoir until it
is needed to generate power. Potential energy is release
using gravity by routing water from the upper reservoir
through hydroelectric turbines to the lower reservoir.
PHS facilities typically take advantage of natural
topography and are built using two large water
reservoirs at different elevations. PHS provides large
scale energy storage with the capacity to release
energy over a period from hours to months. NOTE:
PHS systems are not covered by this Recommended
Practice. See Annex C for additional information.
3.2.7 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies store
volumes of liquid, such as glycol, hot water, chilled
water, or brine solution, or a liquid that change
state into a solid, such as freezing water into ice, in
reservoirs that maintain a temperature either above
or below that of the environment. NOTE: Large scale
thermal storage media are excluded from the scope
of this document.
One common approach is to use conventional chiller
technologies to super-cool a salt-brine solution or to
permit ice to build up in a tank or reservoir during
non-peak electricity usage. The super-cool brine
or ice is stored until energy costs are higher, such
as during peak electricity usage, at which time the
brine or ice is used as a heat sink, “releasing” stored
thermal energy.
TES is used to reduce the electricity consumption
of building heating or air conditioning systems
during times of peak demand by shifting the air
conditioning electrical load to a non-peak period.
Thermal energy storage provides small scale energy
storage with the capacity to release energy over a
period up to days. NOTE: Thermal storage systems
n 8
are not covered by this Recommended Practice. See
Annex D for additional information.
3.2.8 Hydrogen
Hydrogen can be created by using electricity to split
water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms through
electrolysis, using off-peak, low-cost electricity,
or renewable energy, such as wind power or solar
photovoltaic power. Hydrogen can be compressed
or cooled and liquefied, stored, and transported as
needed to either be converted to heat or to generate
electricity via a hydrogen-powered combustion
engine or a fuel cell.
Hydrogen provides large scale storage with the
capacity to release energy over a period from weeks
to months. NOTE: Hydrogen is a fuel and is not
considered energy storage in the strict sense. As such,
hydrogen is not covered by this Recommended Practice.
3.2.9 Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
systems store energy in a magnetic field in a coil
of superconducting material that must be cooled
by a cryogenic refrigeration system to maintain its
superconducting properties. SMES provides short
bursts of energy lasting less than one second and are
used to improve power quality.
NOTE: SMES systems are similar to ultra-capacitors
in their ability to respond instantaneously, but have
limited energy capacity and an extremely short
discharge time of less than one second, which restricts
their application to power quality applications as
opposed to longer-term energy storage applications.
Consequently, SMES systems are not covered by this
Recommended Practice.
3.3 Energy Storage Applications
Energy storage provides advantages for short-
duration applications, such as improved power
quality and frequency regulation, and for longer-
duration applications, such as support for renewable
generation, spinning reserves, energy management,
and capital cost deferral.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

• Power Quality: Energy storage can be used

to improve power quality on a short-term or
instantaneous basis, such as providing energy
capacity and voltage support “ride-through”
for momentary outages, reducing harmonic
distortions, and eliminating voltage sags and
surges.
• Frequency Regulation: Energy storage can be
used to maintain the balance between supply
and demand to provide constant frequency on
the grid.
• Renewables Support: Energy storage can
improve the integration of renewable generation
power production by storing energy produced
during times of light loading, and releasing
energy during times of peak loading.
• Operating or Spinning Reserve: Energy
storage can be used to increase grid stability by
releasing energy within a short period of time
to meet unexpected increases in demand or
reductions in supply, such as during generation
or transmission outages or during equipment
failures, and by providing bridging power
during the transition between generation
sources.
• Energy Management: Energy storage can
be used for load leveling, peak shaving, and
arbitrage (storing energy at one time, such as
during non-peak loading, to release it at another
time, such as during peak loading) to improve
efficiency and to reduce energy costs.
• Capital Cost Deferral: Energy storage can
be used by a utility to postpone building
new generating or transmission capacity by
supplementing existing facilities with another
resource as demand approaches system or
equipment capacity.

9 n
4. Receiving, Inspecting, Handling,
and Storage
4.1 Receiving and Inspecting
Verify that the installation of equipment pads
and foundations is complete and ready to receive
ESS equipment and components upon delivery.
Verify that elevators, lifting devices, and other
moving equipment is rated for the load weights and
dimensions (including palletized equipment, such as
batteries) prior to the arrival of ESS equipment and
components.
Verify that all passages for moving ESS equipment
and components, such as doorways, lifts, and ramps,
are appropriately sized to allow entrance and egress
of equipment, that there are no impassable corners
or changes in the floor level, and that floors are
capable of supporting the weight of the materials.
If not, contact the ESS equipment and component
manufacturers to determine how much tipping, if
any, is allowable in order to move the equipment.
Upon delivery of equipment and accessories, visually
inspect packaging for physical damage. Reject
damaged equipment and components and file a
claim with the carrier. Carefully unpack protective
crates and packing to inspect for concealed damage
resulting from shipping and handling. If damage
has occurred, notify the delivering carrier and the
manufacturer in writing immediately. Request
a carrier inspection. Note the condition of the
shipment on all copies of the delivery receipt, and file
a claim with the carrier.
Compare equipment and accessories received with
the bill of materials to verify that the shipment is
complete. Verify that equipment and accessories
received conform to approved submittals and
manufacturer quotations. If the shipment is not
complete, notify the manufacturer in writing
immediately.
n 10
If equipment and accessories are to be stored
prior to installation, use the original packing
materials to protect the equipment from exposure
to environmental conditions. When conditions
permit, leave the packing materials intact until
equipment and accessories are ready for installation.
Properly dispose of pallets and packing materials in
accordance with federal, state and local regulations.
Large equipment or components may be shipped
fastened to wooden skids or pallets and with outer
protective packaging materials such that the bottom
is sealed to prevent water, debris, or rodents from
entering during shipping and storage. Leave skids and
pallets intact until just prior to installation on the pad.
4.1.1 Batteries, Enclosures, and Racks
Large vented batteries (lead-acid and nickel-
cadmium) are usually installed on open racks. VRLA
batteries are frequently installed in cabinets, although
larger units may be installed on open racks.
Battery racks are shipped dismantled in separate rail,
frame, and brace packages. Battery racks are available
in a variety of formats including multi-tier, multi-
step, and various seismic ratings. Seismically rated
battery racks and cabinets must be fastened to the
floor using seismic bracing selected specifically for
the location.
Check packages to ensure that the necessary
assembly hardware is included. Do not throw
away spacers (which are frequently mistaken for
packing materials) as these are vital to the seismic
installation. NOTE: Modular battery cabinets are
sometimes shipped with the batteries installed, but
more frequently the batteries must be installed on-site.
Battery cells and multi-cell containers are typically
shipped fully charged. Take special precautions
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
to prevent shorting of battery terminals or DC
terminals of equipment. NOTE: Batteries are stored
energy devices; they cannot be totally de-energized.
Any contact with a battery is considered work on
energized electrical equipment requiring handling only
by trained, qualified, and authorized personnel using
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
tools and instruments. The greatest hazard is contact
between the positive and negative poles of a battery
especially at the system terminations. See IEEE 1657
for recommended practice for training and battery
technical qualification.
Inspect the seals of lead-acid batteries that have been
shipped dry and charged when they are received at
the site. Renew any damaged seals in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions. Filling with
electrolyte and formation charging at site shall
only be performed by persons who are trained and
certified for the task and in accordance with the
battery manufacturer’s instructions. Take special care
to prevent contamination of the electrolyte.
Other battery types may have non-aqueous
electrolyte solutions, e.g. lithium-ion cells are
typically hermetically sealed with the electrolyte
absorbed within the cell material, and should not
require handling of the electrolytes on site.
4.2 Handling
ESS may contain large, bulky components
weighing several thousand pounds or more. Refer
to the packing list for the actual weight of each
item. Handle ESS equipment and components in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions to
avoid injury to personnel and damage to equipment.
Verify that the lifting capacity of the handling
equipment is more than the weight to be moved, and
that the handling equipment is compatible with the
type of truck making the delivery. Provide suitable
protection against the weather for equipment
designed for indoor installation (NEMA Type 1).
For handling using a crane, ensure that the lifting
eyebolts are in line with the lifting direction of the
slings, and that the lifting hooks are completely
engaged in the eyebolts before lifting. Use
NECA 416
manufacturer recommended hooks, slings, and
spacers to prevent overstressing cabinets and
enclosures during lifting. Arrange slings to distribute
the lifting forces equally between eyebolts. Use
slings or cables of the same length, and observe the
manufacturer’s recommended lifting angles. Ensure
that forklift forks extend completely beneath pallets
or equipment when handling with a forklift.
Handle ESS equipment and components carefully.
To ensure safe handling, avoid:
• Damage to instrument panels, which may
contain delicate instruments, meters, switches,
and controls.
• Impact, jolting, jarring, or rough handling.
• Use of a hammer or similar tool when
unpacking equipment and components.
• Sudden starts and stops during handling.
Whenever possible, deliver ESS equipment and
components to the final installation location upon
delivery. When equipment or components are
stored in other than the final installation location,
coordinate staging to minimize handling.
4.3 Storage
Store ESS equipment and components indoors in
a clean, warm, dry, well-ventilated room with a
moderate temperature ranging between 4°C and
38°C (40°F and 100°F). NOTE: Batteries have a
more restrictive requirement for temperature during
storage than other ESS equipment and components.
See Section 4.3.1. Store in a monitored and/or secured
area to discourage vandalism and theft, and out of the
way of construction traffic.
Protect ESS components and equipment from
rain, snow, dirt, and dust, until final assembly is
completed. Also, protect from corrosive gases or
fumes, dust, foreign objects, and rodents. NOTE:
Moisture in combination with cement dust is very
corrosive to electrical components.
The section below deals mainly with lead-acid
battery types. Other battery types may have
unique requirements for storage. For example,
11 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

certain Lithium-Ion types have short vs. long term Prior to installation, inspect the electrolyte level of
requirements. It is important that for other battery vented lead-acid batteries. If the electrolyte level
technologies the manufacturer’s specific guidelines is below the “add water” marks on the battery
should be followed. container, add water until the water level is even
with the upper mark. If the tops of battery plates
4.3.1 Storage of Batteries are exposed, do not place the battery into service.
The normal gases generated during battery charging
Store batteries indoors, in a clean, dry, well-
may restore the electrolyte specific gravity to
ventilated and weatherproof location with a
normal levels. If the electrolyte does not reach
sustained temperature between 4°C and 25°C
acceptable levels, contact the manufacturer for
(40°F and 77°F). Aqueous (water based) electrolyte
recommendations. If electrolyte is found on the top
batteries such as lead acid electrolyte will not
of battery units or on the battery unit terminals,
freeze if the battery is charged. The electrolyte of
clean immediately with a neutralizing solution, but
a lead-acid battery will freeze at extremely low
do not use any chemical solution that will harm the
temperatures if the battery is fully discharged. Be
container. Consult the manufacturer before using
sure to store batteries in accordance with the battery
any agent other than water or soda and water when
manufacturer’s instructions.
cleaning the container or jar cover. Do not allow the
Inspect electrolyte levels of lead-acid cells that have cleaning solution to enter the battery.
been shipped with internal liquid electrolyte when
batteries are received at the site. If the electrolyte
level is at or below the Minimum (Min) line, add
water until the electrolyte level is at or slightly below
the Maximum (Max) water fill line, but do not
exceed the Maximum (Max) fill line indicated on the
cell container.

Store dry-charged batteries in a ventilated,

weatherproof, cool, dry building. Inspect
thermoplastic jars for cracks or damage. Do not
remove the plastic film vent seals until the cells are
filled with electrolyte and prepared for installation.
Consult the manufacturer when storing dry-charged
batteries for longer than 12 months.

Give batteries a refreshing charge as required

in accordance with the battery manufacturer’s
instructions based upon the length of time and
temperature conditions of the facility where the
batteries have been placed in storage. Restore
batteries to manufacturer’s recommended voltage
and specific gravity in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Do not exceed the
manufacturer’s recommended charging rate.

Store other types of batteries and recharge

as necessary in accordance with the battery
manufacturer’s instructions.

n 12
5. Site Preparation
5.1 General
Install ESS equipment, components, accessories, and
ancillary equipment in accordance with contract
documents, the NEC, and manufacturer’s installation
drawings and wiring diagrams to include overall
dimensions, front view, and sectional view, typical
installation and module arrangement, raceway entry,
and ventilation and exhaust systems.
Locate ESS equipment and components to minimize
the possibility of damage from flooding, including
flooding resulting from fire fighting, sewer backup,
and similar occurrences. Do not install battery
systems near any sources of water, direct heat or
cooling on cells within a string such as HVAC
ducting, direct sunlight, or other hot/cold sources
that could cause cells within a string to greatly differ
in temperature.
Locate equipment to allow ready accessibility and
adequate working space for inspection, repair,
maintenance, cleaning, or replacement. Guard live
parts in accordance with NEC Article 110.
Verify that a separate emergency lighting system is
provided if no other emergency lighting is present.
Provide working space in accordance with the
equipment manufacturer’s instructions between the
highest point on a storage system component and the
row, shelf, or ceiling above that point. Additionally,
top rows of batteries in multiple-tier installations
typically operate at slightly higher operating
temperatures than those on lower tiers. Ensure
adequate ceiling clearance for ventilation. NOTE:
The installation instructions of the system component
manufacturer typically define how much top working
space is necessary for a particular system component.
Also, see IEEE 1187 for guidelines regarding VRLA
cell clearances and installation practices; IEEE 450 for
VLA cells, IEEE 1106 for Ni-Cd cells, IEEE 1679.1 for
Lithium cell, IEEE 1679.2 for Sodium cells and IEEE
1635 for Ventilation guidelines. (At the time of this
publication, IEEE 1679.1 and IEEE 1679.2 are WG
documents being prepared for ballot and release.)
Avoid installing ESS equipment and components in
locations where corrosive gases are generated, or in
locations exposed to dust or dirt.
5.1.1 Battery Systems
Battery systems are permitted to be installed in
computer rooms, data centers, laboratories, offices,
industrial environments, switchgear rooms or other
electrical service rooms or other locations provided
that the manufacturer’s environmental specifications
and local fire and building codes are met.
Vented battery cells must be equipped with a flame
arrester. NOTE: A flame arrester is designed to
prevent destruction of the cell due to ignition of gases
within the cell by an external spark or flame under
normal operating conditions.
Locate storage batteries as close as practical to loads
and supply equipment. Ensure that cables are sized
to limit voltage drop to specified levels in accordance
with load requirements and manufacturer’s
recommendations.
5.2 HVAC Requirements
Check that ESS are located in an area provided with
sufficient heating and cooling to ensure that, both
during the time that normal power is available and
during an emergency, the equipment is operated
within the manufacturer’s ambient temperature
specifications. Verify that anti-condensation
measures for HVAC systems take both normal and
13 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

abnormal conditions of ambient temperature and

humidity into consideration.

Verify that ventilation openings are clear and that

HVAC equipment and controls are operational.
NOTE: When a minimum quantity of airflow
is specified on contract documents, measure the
volume of airflow to verify that it meets minimum
requirements, keeping in mind that the design of an
ESS ventilation system is the responsibility of the
design engineer.

5.3 Seismic Considerations

NOTE: The design requirements for an Energy Storage
System (ESS) should be completed by a qualified
engineer and is beyond the scope of this Recommended
Practice. This Recommended Practice includes
requirements for verifying that, when specified
in contract documents or required by equipment
manufacturers, suitable equipment and hardware
is installed, and equipment and cables are properly
braced for the anticipated seismic shock.

Verify that ESS equipment and components are

properly labeled for the anticipated seismic shock
in recognized seismic areas in accordance with local
codes.

Brace cables or provide adequate slack for electrical

connections to accommodate all relative deflections
to limit the chance of breaking cables or cable
connections.

Install bolts, anchors, hangers, braces, and other

restraining devices as required to limit earthquake-
generated differential movements between the ESS
equipment and the building structure.

When required and as called out on the installation

drawings, brace suspended items, such as piping,
raceway, ducts, and other auxiliary equipment
related to ESS to resist swaying and excessive
movement in earthquake-prone areas.

n 14
6. General Installation Requirements

6.1 Setting Equipment in Place
Set equipment, cabinets, and components in place
using manufacturer recommended procedures.
Handle equipment and components in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions and in accordance
with Section 4.2. Use manufacturer recommended
bolts, fasteners, and anchors to meet required seismic
requirements.
Provide a clean, level surface, for mounting ESS that
is free of obstructions, such as level, sealed concrete
pads or floors, on appropriate support stands, or
on raised accessible floor systems. Check concrete
pads for proper size and flatness. The pad should
be sized to accommodate the equipment, cabinets,
or racks and any external mounting brackets, and
should extend beyond the edge of the equipment an
adequate amount to prevent the pad from cracking
or breaking when anchor bolts are installed. The pad
should have a maximum pitch of one-half degree and
should have a flatness of within 6 mm (one-quarter
inch).
Raise the equipment or cabinet until the bottom
clears the pallet, and pull the pallet from under
the cabinet. Discard or recycle wooden pallets in a
responsible manner. Carefully lower the equipment
or cabinet until the base touches the mounting
surface.
Set the most restrictive equipment or cabinet in place
first. Set the adjacent equipment or cabinet in place
next. Bolt equipment and cabinets together loosely
until all are in place. Check that equipment and
cabinets are correctly fitted and tighten connections
in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.
Align equipment, cabinets, and racks to the anchor
locations, and bolt to the mounting surface using
manufacturer recommended materials and methods.
Level equipment, cabinets and racks in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions. Once level, tighten
anchoring hardware to manufacturer-recommended
torque levels.

Use manufacturer-recommended hardware and

fasteners to anchor equipment to the mounting
surface. Use a manufacturer-provided template,
or make a template to locate fastener locations on
the mounting surface. Fasten the template to the
mounting surface, and mark the locations of anchor
holes on the mounting surface, or drill small pilot
holes for anchors. Remove the template, and drill
properly sized holes to the appropriate depth for the
anchors. Insert anchors as needed and set equipment
in place.

Remove equipment and cabinets from wooden

pallets by raising the equipment or cabinet with a
forklift or pallet jack and removing the hardware
used to secure the equipment or cabinet to the pallet.

15 n
7. Electrical Installation
Requirements
7.1 General
Components of ESS, such as energy storage devices,
monitors and controls, switches and breakers, power
conversion systems, and inverters and transformers,
must be listed for the intended application as a part
of an ESS. Pre-packaged self-contained systems are
permitted to be listed for the intended application as
a complete ESS.
All ESS equipment, monitors, controls and other
components must be readily accessible.
Working spaces about the ESS must conform with
NEC Article 110. Measure working space from the
edge of ESS enclosures, modules, cabinets, racks, or
trays. Pre-packaged self-contained ESSs are permitted
to have working space between components within
the system in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations and in accordance with the Listing
of the system. NOTE: Additional space is often needed
to accommodate ESS equipment installation, such as
hoisting equipment, component removal or installation,
or spill containment.
Provide means to guard against exposure to
energized conductors of 100 Vdc or greater. For
battery systems with a battery DC voltage greater
than 100V, means to reduce the bus voltage to
segments of 100V DC nominal or less shall be
permitted. Where top terminal energized conductors
of ESS components that require maintenance, such
as batteries, are installed on tiered racks or on shelves
within cabinets, provide working space between the
highest point on an energized component and the
row, rack, tier, shelf, or ceiling above that point in
accordance with the storage equipment manufacturer
installation instructions. NOTE: Manufacturer
installation instructions typically define how much top
working space is necessary for system components.
n 16
Personnel door(s) intended for entrance to and
egress from rooms containing ESS equipment must
open in the direction of egress and must be equipped
with listed panic hardware.
Provide illumination for working spaces associated
with ESS and their equipment and components.
Lighting outlets must not be controlled by automatic
means only. Additional lighting outlets are not
required when the work space is illuminated by an
adjacent light source. The location of luminaires must
not expose personnel to energized system components
when performing maintenance on the luminaires in
the system space, or create a hazard to the system or
system components upon failure of the luminaire.
Provisions for ventilation that is appropriate to
the ESS technology must be made for sufficient
diffusion and ventilation of any possible gases within
the system and from the system to prevent the
accumulation of an explosive mixture. Pre-packaged
self-contained ESS are permitted ventilation within
the system and from the system in accordance
with the manufacturer’s recommendations and in
accordance with the listing of the system. NOTE:
See NFPA 1 for ventilation considerations for specific
battery chemistries. Keep in mind that some ESS
technologies do not require ventilation.
NOTE: Some manufacturers require that the
initial start-up of ESS be performed only under the
supervision of a factory-certified service technician
to ensure proper system operation. Failure to abide
by this requirement may void warranties for the
equipment.
Energy Storage Systems must be labeled in
accordance with the NEC to provide information
necessary for qualified persons to perform an arc
flash risk assessment.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
7.2 Inverters
Where multiple inverters are remotely located
from each other, provide a directory in accordance
with NEC Article 705 located at each AC and
DC disconnecting means serving the ESS or
its component parts and at the main service
disconnecting means indicating the location of
all disconnecting means associated with the ESS.
NOTE: ESS are permitted to have multiple inverters.
Additionally, multiple ESS are permitted to be
installed in or on a single building or structure.
7.2.1 Interactive Systems
Inverters and AC modules installed on interactive
systems and operating in parallel with other energy
sources must be listed and identified as interactive.
An inverter or an AC module connected to an
interactive ESS must automatically de-energize its
output to the connected electrical production and
distribution network (utility grid) upon loss of voltage
in that system, and must remain off-line until the
electrical production and distribution network voltage
has been restored. A normally interactive ESS is
permitted to operate as a stand-alone system to supply
loads that have been disconnected from electrical
production and distribution network sources.
Single-phase inverters and AC modules for ESS
must not be connected to three-phase electric power
production systems unless the interconnected
system is designed to prevent significant unbalanced
voltages. Three-phase inverters and AC modules for
ESS must have all phases automatically de-energize
upon loss of or imbalance in voltage in one or more
phases of the electric power production system
unless the interconnected system is designed to
prevent significant unbalanced voltages.
7.3 Point of Common Coupling
The point of connection between an ESS and electric
power production sources must comply with the
requirements of NEC Article 705, and the following:
• An ESS is permitted to be connected to the
supply side of the service disconnecting means
NECA 416
in accordance with NEC Article 230, provided
that the sum of the ratings of all overcurrent
devices connected to power production sources
does not exceed the rating of the service.
• The outputs of ESS are permitted to be
interconnected at a point or points elsewhere
on the premises where the system qualifies as
an integrated electrical system and incorporates
protective equipment in accordance with all
applicable sections of NEC Article 685.
• The outputs of ESS are permitted to be
interconnected at a point or points elsewhere on
the premises when the aggregate of non-utility
sources of electricity has a capacity in excess of
100 kW or the service is above 1000 volts, when
the conditions of maintenance and supervision
ensure that qualified personnel service and
operate the system, and when safeguards,
documented procedures, and protective
equipment are established and maintained.
• The output of an ESS utility interactive inverter
is permitted to be connected to the load side of
the service disconnecting means of the other
source(s) at any distribution equipment on the
premises. NOTE: For additional requirements
for inverter systems, see Section 7.2.
Additional requirements apply to utility interactive
inverters.
7.3.1 Utility Interactive Inverters
The output of a listed utility interactive inverter
for an ESS is permitted to be connected to the load
side of the service disconnecting means of the other
source(s) at any distribution equipment on the
premises.
Where distribution equipment, including switchgear,
switchboards, or panelboards, is fed simultaneously
by a primary source(s) of electricity and one or
more utility interactive inverters, and where this
distribution equipment is capable of supplying
multiple branch circuits or feeders or both, the
interconnecting provisions for the utility interactive
inverter(s) must comply with the NEC.
17 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
The source interconnection of one or more inverters
installed in one system must be made at a dedicated
circuit breaker or fusible disconnecting means.
For inverter circuits, ampacity calculations for all
feeders and buses must be based on 125% of the
inverter output circuit current rating. In systems
where inverter output connections are made at
feeders, any load taps must be sized based on the
sum of 125% of the inverter(s) output circuit current
and the rating of the overcurrent device protecting
the feeder conductors as calculated in NEC Article
240.
Busbar ratings of panelboards with inverter
connections must be determined using one of the
following methods:
• The ampacity of the busbar must not be less
than the sum of 125% of the inverter(s) output
circuit current and the rating of the overcurrent
device protecting the busbar. NOTE: This
assumes no limitation in the number of the loads
or sources applied to a busbar or their locations.
• Where two sources, one utility and the other
an inverter, are located at opposite ends of a
busbar that contains loads, the sum of 125% of
the inverter(s) output circuit current and the
rating of the overcurrent device protecting the
busbar must not exceed 120% the ampacity
of the busbar. The busbar must be sized for
the loads connected in accordance with NEC
Article 220. Install permanent warning signs or
labels that complies with NEC Article 110 to the
distribution equipment adjacent to the backfed
breaker from the inverter with the following or
equivalent wording:
WARNING: INVERTER OUTPUT
CONNECTION, DO NOT RELOCATE THIS
OVERCURRENT DEVICE
NOTE: Equipment with multiple ampacity
busbars or center fed panelboards are not
addressed by this provision.
• The ampacity of busbars must not be less than
the sum of the ampere ratings of all overcurrent
devices on the panelboard, both load and
n 18
supply devices, excluding the rating of the
overcurrent device protecting the busbar. The
rating of the overcurrent device protecting
the busbar must not exceed the rating of the
busbar. Apply permanent warning signs or
labels to distribution equipment in compliance
with NEC Article 110 with the following or
equivalent wording:
WARNING: THIS EQUIPMENT FED
BY MULTIPLE SOURCES. TOTAL
RATING OF ALL OVERCURRENT
DEVICES, EXCLUDING MAIN SUPPLY
OVERCURRENT DEVICE, SHALL NOT
EXCEED AMPACITY OF BUSBAR.
• Connections are permitted on multiple
ampacity busbars, or center fed panelboards
where designed under engineering supervision
that include fault studies and busbar load
calculations.
Unless the panelboard is rated not less than the
sum of the ampere ratings of all overcurrent devices
supplying it, a connection in a panelboard must
be positioned at the opposite (load) end from the
input feeder location or main circuit location. The
bus or conductor rating must be sized for the loads
connected in accordance with NEC Article 220.
In systems with panelboards connected in series,
the rating of the first overcurrent device directly
connected to the output of a utility-interactive
inverter(s) must be used in the calculations for all
busbars and conductors. Install permanent warning
signs or labels that comply with NEC Article 110
to the distribution equipment with the following or
equivalent wording:
WARNING: INVERTER OUTPUT
CONNECTION, DO NOT RELOCATE THIS
OVERCURRENT DEVICE.
Equipment containing overcurrent devices in circuits
supplying power to a busbar or conductor supplied
from multiple sources must be marked to indicate
the presence of all sources.
Circuit breakers, if backfed, must be suitable for such
operation. NOTE: Fused disconnects, unless otherwise
marked, are suitable for backfeeding.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
When listed plug-in-type circuit breakers are backfed
from utility-interactive inverters that are listed and
identified as interactive, it is permitted to omit the
additional fastener normally required by NEC Article
408 for such applications.
Listed utility interactive inverter(s) that have a wire
harness or cable output circuit, rated 240V, 30A or
less, that is not installed within an enclosed raceway,
must be provided with listed AC AFCI protection.
7.4 ESS Disconnecting Means
For buildings or structures with both utility service
and an ESS, install a permanent plaque or directory
at each disconnecting means that provides the
location of the service disconnecting means and the
ESS disconnecting means if not located at the same
location. Plaques and directories must comply with
NEC Article 110.
Provide a disconnecting means for all ungrounded
conductors derived from an ESS with a nominal voltage
over 100 volts (AC or DC). Disconnecting means must
be readily accessible and located within sight of the ESS.
ESS operating at greater than 100 volts must have
a disconnecting means, accessible only to qualified
persons, that disconnects the grounded circuit
conductor(s) in the electrical system for maintenance
that does not disconnect the grounded circuit
conductor(s) from the remainder of any other energy
system to which the ESS is connected. A non-load-
break-rated switch is permitted to be used as a
disconnecting means for this purpose.
Provide disconnecting means to prevent ESS voltage
from backfeeding to the rest of the system when
maintenance is being performed.
Where controls to activate the disconnecting means
of an ESS are not located within sight of the system,
the disconnecting means must be capable of being
locked in the open position, in accordance with NEC
Article 110, and the location of the controls must be
field marked on the disconnecting means.
Disconnecting means must be legibly marked in the
field. A label with the marking must be placed in a
NECA 416
conspicuous location near the ESS if a disconnecting
means is not provided. The marking must be of
sufficient durability to withstand the environment
involved. Include the following information:
• Nominal ESS voltage.
• Maximum available short-circuit current
derived from the ESS.
• Arc flash hazard.
• Date the arc flash hazard calculation was
performed. NOTE: NFPA 70E provides guidance
for notification of arch flash hazard due to
the prospective short circuit current and/or
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
Where a DC busway system is installed, the
disconnecting means is permitted to be incorporated
into the busway.
Where an ESS has connections to multiple sources
of power, provide a load disconnect to disconnect
all energy sources when the disconnect is in the OFF
position.
Where energy storage device input and output
terminals are more than 1.5 m (5 ft) from connected
equipment, or where the circuits from these
terminals pass through a wall or partition, the
installation must comply with the following:
• Provide a disconnecting means and overcurrent
protection at the energy storage device end
of the circuit. Fused disconnecting means or
circuit breakers are permitted to be used for this
purpose.
• Where fused disconnecting means are used, the
line terminals of the disconnecting means must
be connected toward the energy storage device
terminals.
• Overcurrent devices or disconnecting means must
not be installed in energy storage device enclosures
where explosive atmospheres can exist.
• A second disconnecting means located at the
connected equipment must be installed where
the required disconnecting means is not within
sight of the connected equipment.
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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
• Where the energy storage device disconnecting
means is not within sight of the system AC
and DC disconnecting means, placards or
directories must be installed at the locations of
all disconnecting means indicating the location
of all disconnecting means.
Provide disconnecting means to disconnect a fuse
from all sources of supply if the fuse is energized
from both directions (backfed). Provide means to
disconnect any fuses associated with ESS equipment
and components when the fuse is energized from
both directions and is accessible to other than
qualified persons. Switches, pullouts, or similar
devices that are rated for the application are
permitted to serve as a means to disconnect fuses
from all sources of supply. The disconnecting
means must be within sight of, and accessible to,
the location of the fuse or integral with the fuse
holder. Where the disconnecting means are located
more than 1.8 m (6 ft) from the overcurrent device,
a directory showing the location of each disconnect
must be installed at the overcurrent device location.
Non-load-break-rated disconnecting means must be
marked “Do not open under load.”
Install a listed, current-limiting, overcurrent device
in each circuit adjacent to the ESS where the
available short-circuit current from an energy storage
device exceeds the interrupting or withstand ratings
of other equipment in the circuit, without respect to
the voltage of the ESS.
Check that interconnecting cables, terminals,
connections, screws, spades, and lugs are tightened
in accordance with manufacturer recommendations
and Section 7.5.1.
7.5 Conductors, Raceways, Connections,
and Terminations
Install conductors, raceways, cables, links,
connections, and terminations in accordance
with manufacturer recommendations, contract
documents, and installation drawings. Refer
to construction documents, drawings and
specifications, and/or manufacturer shop drawings
for raceway entry locations into cabinets or
n 20
racks, conductor sizing, and specific grounding
requirements.
Check phase, neutral, and grounding conductors
for proper sizing and configuration. Check phase
rotation and phase matching of battery charge
controller, rectifier, and inverter input and
output feeder conductors. Derate the ampacity of
conductors as required for the number of current-
carrying conductors within a raceway in accordance
with the NEC. Derating of conductors should take
into consideration the ambient design temperature as
well. Install an equal number of positive and negative
conductors in each raceway of DC power circuits.
Check that interconnecting cables, terminals,
connections, screws, spades, and lugs are tightened
in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.
Provide lugs and terminals, as needed, in accordance
with manufacturer recommendations.
ESS for dwellings must be configured to operate at a
voltage of 100 volts, nominal, or less, unless live parts
are not accessible during routine ESS maintenance.
Live parts of ESS for dwellings must be guarded to
prevent accidental contact by persons or objects.
7.5.1 Grounding Conductor Terminations
Conductor terminations shall be tightened in
accordance with 2017 NEC 110.14(D). When
installing wires in electrical equipment terminations
in which the tightening torque is marked on the
product or provided in the installation instructions,
a calibrated torque tool must be used, unless an
alternate method for tightening is provided by the
equipment manufacturer’s installation instructions.
See 2016 NFPA 70B 8.11.1 recommendations for the
initial installation of conductor terminations.
After a conductor has been terminated, verifying
the torque value with a calibrated torque tool at
the specified torque value is not reliable. Reference
2016 NFPA 70B 8.11.2 to 8.11.4 recommendations
to check conductor termination tightness after the
initial install. For verifying proper tightness after
initial installation, use a low-resistance ohmmeter to
measure the connection and termination resistance
and compare to similar connections and terminations,
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
perform an infrared scan, or use a calibrated torque
tool set at 90% of the specified torque value for a
conductor termination. If the screw or tool does
not move when using a calibrated torque tool, the
termination is considered properly torqued. If
it moves, the conductor should be removed and
reinstalled properly. If there are signs of degradation
of the conductor/termination, such as thermal
damage, the detrimental situation must be corrected.
Battery post connections which are made of lead are a
special case and should only be tightened for already
installed conductors when resistance tests or infrared
scan indicates tightening is necessary. Follow the
battery manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and
torqueing. Reference NFPA 70B 8.11.5.
7.5.2 Grounding
Ground ESS in accordance with contract documents,
manufacturer recommendations, standard grounding
practices, and the NEC. NOTE: An improper or
inadequate grounding configuration may cause
problems at start-up. Failure to properly ground ESS
may deteriorate electrical insulation and may cause
electric shock due to leakage currents.
Ensure that the grounded conductor, or neutral, where
installed, is properly bonded, keeping in mind that
an ESS may be a separately derived source. Provide a
separate, insulated equipment grounding conductor in
all feeder and branch raceways. Ground non-current-
carrying ESS equipment, such as battery racks and
battery circuit breaker cabinets, to the feeder equipment
grounding conductor with a separate bonding jumper.
When an ESS system has an ungrounded storage
battery system with voltage exceeding 100 volts
DC, a ground-fault detection system and indication
within the storage system is required. Provide
ground-fault detection and indication for ESS battery
systems where the storage battery operating voltage
is greater than 100 volts DC.
7.6 Conductor Sizing and Ampacity
NOTE: See Section 7.2 for additional requirements
for inverter circuit connection, sizing, and ampacity
requirements.
NECA 416
Determine conductor ampacity for ESS in
accordance with NEC Article 310.
Calculate maximum circuit current for specific
circuits in accordance with the following:
• Nameplate(s) rated circuit current is the
rated current indicated on the ESS nameplate
or system listing when the system is a pre-
packaged self-contained system or is a pre-
engineered system of matched components
intended for field assembly as a system. The
rated circuit current for other systems is
determined by the system designer or installer
in accordance with acceptable engineering
practice.
• The maximum output current of an inverter is
the inverter continuous output current rating.
• The maximum current of a standalone inverter
input circuit current is the continuous inverter
input current rating when the inverter is
producing rated power at the lowest input
voltage.
• The maximum DC to DC converter output
current is the DC-to-DC converter continuous
output current rating.
The ampacity of feeder circuit conductors from ESS
to the wiring system serving the loads to be serviced
by the system must not be less than the greater of the
nameplate rated circuit current or the rating of the
ESS overcurrent protective device(s).
If interactive single-phase, 2-wire ESS outputs are
connected to the grounded or neutral conductor and
a single ungrounded conductor of a 3-wire system
or of a 3-phase, 4-wire, wye-connected system, the
maximum unbalanced neutral load current plus the
ESS output rating must not exceed the ampacity of
the grounded or neutral conductor.
7.7 Overcurrent Protection
Provide overcurrent protective devices for circuits,
conductors, and equipment rated in accordance with
NEC Article 240. Protect circuits from overcurrent
at the source end of the circuit. Provide overcurrent
21 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

protective device ratings of not less than 125% of the

maximum currents calculated.

Overcurrent devices, either fuses or circuit breakers,

used in any DC portion of an ESS must be rated,
listed, and labeled for use with direct current (DC),
and must have appropriate voltage, current, and
interrupt ratings. NOTE: Third-party tested values,
vendor listed values and label values are not always
consistent. Manufacturers rate their max current
higher than third party testing values. It is important
to validate required equipment qualification with the
appropriate design authority.

n 22
8. Battery Systems
8.1 General
For any battery systems to work properly, it must
be handled carefully and installed, operated, and
maintained correctly. Neglecting fundamental
installation and maintenance requirements may
lead to personal injury or death, as well as damage
to electrical equipment or other property. All work
shall be performed in accordance with NFPA 70E,
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, and
applicable battery installation best practices.
Provide means to prevent short circuit paths from
batteries to conductive surfaces. NOTE: One possible
short circuit path would be a leak of electrolyte to
a metal rack or shelf. Dry (and possibly invisible)
electrolyte traces can be conductive. Common short
circuit protection methods include non-conductive
and electrolyte-resistant coatings of racks, trays, or
shelves, or the use of non-metallic construction, such
as composite or fiberglass material.
Exercise extreme caution around battery systems.
Hazards exist as an unavoidable characteristic
of chemical and electronic equipment. Hazards
associated with battery systems include multiple
energy sources, high voltage AC and DC electricity,
corrosive liquids such as battery electrolyte, corrosive
vapors from cracked or leaky batteries, fire and
explosion hazard from hydrogen gas generated during
the battery charging cycle, and hazardous fumes or
vapors resulting from the products of combustion due
to fire. Follow manufacturer’s safety instructions.
Flooded, vented, lead-acid batteries operating
at more than 50 volts, nominal, must not use
conductive cases or must not be installed in
conductive cases. Conductive racks used to support
non-conductive cases are permitted where no rack
material is located within 150 mm (6 in.) of the tops
of the non-conductive cases. NOTE: This requirement
does not apply to any type of valve regulated lead-acid
(VRLA) battery or any other types of sealed batteries
that require steel cases for proper operation.
Battery circuits must be provided with provision
to disconnect series connected battery strings for
maintenance by qualified persons to maximum
voltage levels as required in the NEC. Non-
load-break bolted or plug-in disconnects are not
permitted for this purpose.
Where ESS battery systems are rated more than 50
volts, nominal, the system is permitted to operate
with ungrounded conductors, provided the following
conditions are met:
• Ungrounded ESS input and output conductors
are provided with switched disconnects and
overcurrent protection.
• AC and DC load circuits are solidly grounded.
• Ground-fault detection and indication is
installed to monitor the ESS for ground faults.
ESS enclosures, modules, cabinets, racks, and trays
are permitted to contact adjacent walls or structures,
provided that battery shelves have a free air space
for not less than 90% of their length. For battery
racks, provide a minimum clearance of 25 mm (1 in.)
between a cell container and any wall or structure on
the side not requiring access for maintenance.
8.2 Battery System Safety
NOTE: A battery is an independent source of stored
energy. Voltage is always present in each battery
string. Opening the battery disconnecting means does
not de-energize the voltage within the battery string
itself. The potential for electrocution is greatest at the
battery terminals.
23 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Follow manufacturer’s installation, service, and
maintenance instruction and follow industry
standards. In the rare instance that a conflict exists,
consult the manufacturer before proceeding.
NOTE: Battery voltages can cause injury and death
if contact is made between positive and negative
terminals or conductors. Batteries connected in series
strings, and strings connected in parallel can have
high voltage and high current capacities. Contact of
eyes and mucus membranes with electrolyte can cause
severe burns and blindness. During charging, batteries
can produce and/or emit a highly flammable mixture
of hydrogen and oxygen which can be explosive in
high concentrations.
Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) and established safety procedures when
working on or near energized electrical equipment
or equipment that has not been de-energized, tested,
grounded, and tagged in accordance with NFPA 70E.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) required for
working on battery systems is identified in NFPA
70E. Safety glasses or goggles shall always be worn
when working on batteries or energized electrical
equipment. Conductive jewelry shall never be worn.
NOTE: Other PPE typically includes, but is not
limited to, face shields, safety glasses with side shields
and splash protection, head protection appropriate
for environments with electrical hazards, insulated
rubber gloves and sleeves suitable for the voltage class
of equipment present, acid- or alkali-resistant gloves,
protective or impermeable aprons, acid- or alkali-
resistant boots or overshoes, among others.
Use insulated hand tools when working on or
around batteries or other energized equipment. Use
only properly rated tools for the energy present.
Maintain tool inventories to ensure that all tools are
accounted for prior to energizing equipment.
Prior to work on a battery with free-flowing liquid
electrolyte (such as vented lead-acid or vented
nickel-cadmium batteries), verify that a complete
spill clean-up kit appropriate for the hazard is
located within the room. Sufficient neutralizing
agent shall be readily available to neutralize, at a
minimum, the total electrolyte in a single cell or
n 24
multi-cell container, to a pH of 5-9. In addition,
if working on a VLA or Ni-Cd installation w/ free
flowing electrolyte, ensure that a fully operational eye
wash/shower station is accessible. Spill prevention,
abatement methods and equipment shall be in
accordance with IEEE Std. 1578 – Recommended
Practice for Stationary Battery Spill Containment
and Management.
Batteries taken out of service shall be packaged,
transported, and recycled in accordance with federal,
state and local codes.
Ensure that the battery room layout provides
sufficient aisle width to ensure safety while working
on batteries, to allow battery handling equipment
access during installation and removal of the battery
system, and no less than 1 m (36 in.) wide.
Exercise care around moving parts of battery
systems, such as pumps and cooling fans for flow
battery systems.
8.2.1 DC Power Electrical Safety
Ensure that equipment is in an electrically safe work
condition. Disconnect all sources of AC and DC
power to equipment, including batteries, before
opening any compartments. Follow lock-out/tag-
out (LOTO) procedures. After compartments are
opened, test for the presence of voltage, ensure that
capacitors are properly discharged, and apply locks
and tags in accordance with NFPA 70E and OSHA.
Leave locks and tags in place until the work is
completed and the equipment is ready to be put into
service.
Adhere to the following practices when working
around battery systems or other stored energy
devices to protect against electric shock or other
hazards:
• Do not place tools or metal objects on battery
cells, racks, tiers, or trays.
• Use insulated tools to protect against shorting
of cells.
• The level of PPE shall be based on a hazard
analysis and risk assessment performed prior to
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
work on the battery, and shall be appropriate
for the task to be completed.
• Discharge static electricity from the body before
touching cell terminal posts by first touching a
grounded surface in the vicinity of the batteries
but away from the cells and flame arrestors.
Disconnect the charging source prior to connecting
or disconnecting battery terminals.
Verify the battery grounding method prior to working
on the battery system. Inspect batteries for inadvertent
grounding during installation and maintenance.
Remove inadvertent grounds to reduce the likelihood
of shock. NOTE: Disconnecting battery ground
connections shall only be performed in accordance with
the battery system manufacturer’s instructions.
8.2.2 Electrolyte
Provide Code-compliant spill containment for battery
systems. NOTE: Guidelines for the design of electrolyte
spill protection and response to electrolyte spills can
be found in IEEE 1578, Recommended Practice for
Stationary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment
and Management. Guidelines for personal protective
equipment around batteries can be found in the
manufacturers’ safety data sheets, in IEEE standards
applicable to the battery technology, or in NFPA 70E,
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.
Wear personal protective equipment, including eye
and skin protection, when performing tasks that
potentially expose a worker to electrolyte. Electrolyte
in contact with the eyes or mucus membranes can
cause severe burns or blindness. If electrolyte comes
in contact with eyes, nose, or mouth, flush the
affected area immediately with copious amounts of
water, and immediately obtain medical assistance.
If electrolyte comes in contact with the skin, wash
thoroughly with soap and water. NOTE: Electrolyte
in contact with the skin can cause an allergic reaction
in susceptible individuals. Refer to battery safety
data sheets shipped with the system for additional
information.
All batteries have electrolyte, but electrolyte is not a
hazard in all batteries. The most common batteries
used in energy storage applications are:
NECA 416
• Vented Lead-Acid (VLA), in which the
electrolyte is an aqueous solution of distilled
water and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in free-flowing
liquid form. The products of electrolysis and
evaporation are allowed to escape into the
atmosphere as they are generated. Common
maintenance activities that could bring a
worker into contact with electrolyte include
replenishment of water to the electrolyte,
measuring the temperature of pilot cells, and
withdrawal of small electrolyte samples to
measure specific gravity. A spill can also occur
if a VLA battery is dropped or the cell casing is
otherwise damaged. In rare occasions, thermal
runaway can cause a VLA battery to vent
electrolyte mist.
• Valve-Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA), in which
the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of distilled
water and sulfuric acid that is immobilized by
the use of absorbent glass mats (AGM) or by a
gelling agent that makes the electrolyte a high-
viscosity, tar-like substance. VRLA batteries are
sealed to prevent the escape of electrolyte and
are designated “non-spillable.” VRLA batteries
do not normally expose a worker to electrolyte.
Failure modes that could bring a worker into
contact with electrolyte include handling
of batteries that have been overfilled at the
factory, have developed leaks over time, or have
experienced thermal runaway.
• Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), in which the
electrolyte is an aqueous solution of distilled
water and potassium hydroxide (KOH) in a
free-flowing liquid form. Lithium hydroxide
is sometimes added to the battery. Common
maintenance activities that could bring a
worker into contact with electrolyte include
replenishment of water to electrolyte, and
measurement of specific gravity or temperature
in pilot-cells. A spill can occur if a NiCd battery
is dropped or the cell casing is otherwise
damaged.
• Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Lithium-ion electrolyte
can be in liquid form, gel-polymer form, or
solid form depending on the type of lithium-ion
cell. Lithium-ion electrolytes are non-aqueous
25 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
(containing no water) and are complex mixes of
organic solvents, salts, and other components.
These solvents are generally flammable and can
be ignited by internal cell short-circuits caused
by manufacturing defects or penetration or
damage to the cell. Any emission of electrolyte
should be considered a precursor to a potential
fire and the cell or batteries should be isolated
from other flammable materials and lithium-
ion cells in a safe fashion. Do not use water to
attempt to put out a lithium-ion battery fire.
Use approved fire extinguishers for lithium-ion
batteries. Large format lithium-ion batteries are
suitable for utility-scale energy storage.
• Iron Chromium (ICB) flow battery system in
which the electrolyte is an aqueous solution. As
with any flow battery, a leak or spill can occur
at a pump or pipe coupling or fitting, or if a
storage tank or container is damaged.
• Vanadium Redox (RFB), flow battery system in
which the electrolyte is an aqueous solution. As
with any flow battery, a leak or spill can occur
at a pump or pipe coupling or fitting, or if a
storage container is damaged
• Zinc Bromide (ZnBr), flow battery system in
which the electrolyte is an aqueous solution.
Bromine is a highly toxic material through
inhalation and absorption. As with any flow
battery, a leak or spill can occur at a pump or
pipe coupling or fitting, or if a storage container
is damaged
Use only distilled or de-ionized water when
necessary to restore electrolyte levels in vented
batteries. Exercise the utmost caution to avoid
spilling electrolyte. Ensure container carrying
distilled or de-ionized water has never carried
any other material or type of liquid to prevent
contamination of the liquid. Add water to electrolyte.
Do not add acid to water. If Specific Gravity is lower
than the recommended range at full State of Charge
(SOC) (which should be a rare occurrence), consult
manufacturer for instructions to bring SOC back to
an acceptable range.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to neutralize
an electrolyte leak or spill. NOTE: Some chemicals
n 26
can cause damage to the cell container. A common
neutralizer for lead-acid electrolyte to neutralize
an acid spill on clothing or other materials is a
bicarbonate of soda solution in a concentration of
one pound per gallon of water. Apply neutralizing
solution to the electrolyte spill until bubbling stops,
and then rinse with clear water.
For flowing electrolyte battery systems, provide
pumps and other fluid handling equipment that are
rated and suitable for exposure to the electrolytes.
Identify electrolytes that are acceptable for use in
the batteries associated with the ESS by name and
by chemical composition. Provide identification by
readily discernable signage adjacent to every location
in the system where electrolyte can be removed or put
into the system. Provide electrolyte spill containment
for flowing electrolyte battery systems to prevent spills
of electrolyte from the system, and provide an alarm
system to signal an electrolyte leak from the system.
Locate and route electrical wiring and connections in
a manner that mitigates the potential for exposure to
electrolytes. Provide flow controls to shut down the
electrolyte pumping system in the event of a blockage,
such as from a malfunctioning pump or valve.
8.2.3 Hydrogen Gas
NOTE: As batteries charge, hydrogen, which is a
colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is non-toxic
under normal conditions, may be released. Hydrogen is
the smallest, the lightest, and one of the most common
molecules in the known universe. Hydrogen diffuses
rapidly with the slightest amount of air movement.
Hydrogen is extremely difficult to contain, and is small
enough to pass through concrete blocks. Hydrogen will
always tend to rise to the highest level of a confined
space; rising two times faster than helium and six
times faster than natural gas. Hydrogen is a severe fire
hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizer, and
can become explosive in high enough concentrations.
The flammability range for hydrogen is very wide, with
a lower flammability limit of 4.1% by volume and an
upper limit of 74.2%.
Verify that battery rooms and compartments
with lead-acid batteries are adequately ventilated
to prevent hydrogen gas concentrations from
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

exceeding levels specified in local codes. NOTE:
Fire codes typically stipulate a 1% concentration
by volume of the space. Gassing rates are affected
by temperature, air pressure, battery construction,
and the amount of charge current passing through
cells. Not all gas generated in a battery escapes to the
atmosphere. Calculations for hydrogen ventilation
must be performed by a qualified person based upon
data provided by the battery manufacturer for the
battery under specified conditions. Keep in mind that
additional ventilation may be required during the
activation charging cycle or other charging regimens.
Open flames, sparks, hot plates, smoking, or any
other ignition sources are prohibited near batteries,
gas ventilation paths, or anywhere that hydrogen can
accumulate. Additionally, discharge static electricity
from the body before touching batteries by first
touching a grounded metal surface.
layout, rack footprint, frame locations, and anchor
bolt locations on the battery room floor. Drill holes
for the anchor bolts.
Install battery racks, level and plumb. Attach cross
braces to the frames and hand-tighten bolts and nuts.
Attach the support rail assembly to the frame and
hand-tighten bolts and nuts.
Ensure that frames are level and plumb. Starting
with the cross braces, tighten all bolts and nuts to the
manufacturer’s specified torque values. For seismic
racks, position the rear restraining rails and tighten
bolts and nuts. Install front and end restraining rails
after placing the battery cells on the racks.
Secure the battery rack assembly to the floor with
appropriate anchors and fasteners. Install plastic rail
covers over metal rails prior to installing batteries.

8.4 General Installation Requirements

8.3 Open Rack Battery Systems
Ensure that the room and area around the battery
Review the layout drawings provided with the battery
system is kept clean during installation. Protect
system for rack arrangement, cell arrangement,
battery system equipment, components, and
and connections prior to installation. Coordinate
batteries from physical damage, moisture, dust,
battery rack installation with the installation of spill
and contamination. Take particular care to prevent
containment systems and components. NOTE: Spill
metallic or other electrically conductive dust particles
containment may not be required for all installations
from being drawn into equipment air inlets or vents.
or for certain battery technologies.
Check that complete, appropriate, and properly sized
Install battery racks in accordance with contract
overcurrent protective equipment is provided. Check
documents, NEC requirements, and manufacturer’s
that battery systems are protected from voltage
rack drawings.
transients due to lightning.
Consider the battery cable lengths and termination
Install remote monitoring panels, relay interface
points. Ideally, align battery cells such that the first
modules, and supervisory contact modules, when
and last batteries in a string are located at the same
required, in accordance with manufacturer’s
end of the rack.
instructions. Ensure that the battery system is in an
Install battery racks in a safe location for electrically safe work condition and that all sources
maintenance and away from radiant heat sources. of power are disconnected or otherwise isolated
Do not place batteries on racks until the racks are before connecting monitoring or control devices.
completely assembled with the braces installed,
Prior to installation, check that battery types
secured to the floor with anchor bolts, and all bolts
are compatible with battery charge controllers,
are tightened to the manufacturer’s recommended
rectifiers, and inverters. Consult manufacturers for
torque values.
recommendations.
Refer to the manufacturer’s assembly instructions
and drawings prior to assembly. Mark the rack

27 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
8.4.1 Unpacking Battery System Equipment
and Components
Unpack battery system equipment and components
in close proximity to the installation location
leaving sufficient room for assembling and moving
equipment into place. Inspect cabinets, components
and equipment and immediately report damage or
abnormalities to the manufacturer in writing.
Retain all small articles during unpacking and
installation.
Ensure that exterior paint of enclosures, cabinets,
and racks is not scratched or marred, and is not
damaged when removing components, tools, and
parts.
Properly dispose of or recycle packing materials.
8.5 Installing Batteries
Prior to installing batteries, ensure that rack
installation is complete, that racks are level and
plumb, with all cross braces in place, and that
all hardware is tightened to the manufacturer’s
recommended torque values.
Use lifting belts or slings and spreaders when lifting
battery cells with mechanical equipment such as a
crane or hoist. Lift batteries from the bottom. Do not
lift batteries by the terminal posts. Position battery
cells such that hydrometer tubes are located on the
aisle side of each cell.
Do not tilt batteries more than 10o from vertical
during handling to prevent cabinets from tipping
over. Ensure that batteries do not tilt or swing during
handling.
Arrange batteries such that the cells at the end
of tiered or stepped racks have short cable
runs between tiers or steps. NOTE: The battery
manufacturer typically supplies the inter-tier cables
for inter-cell connections. Inter-tier connections are
typically manufacturer-supplied, but sometimes
require fabrication on site. Failure to follow the
manufacturer’s layout drawing may result in some
cables being too short for making final connections.
n 28
Install batteries in the center of the row and work
out towards the ends. On multiple-tier racks, install
batteries on the lowest tier first, working towards
the top. Carefully adjust batteries into their final
position. Arrange batteries so that the positive
terminal can be connected to the negative terminal
of the next battery, observing polarity markings
on the battery (positive (+), and negative (-)).
Space batteries approximately 12 mm (one-half-
inch) apart, or in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions. Do not adjust the battery rack with
batteries installed. WARNING: Use of lubricants to
aid in sliding batteries into position on a rack can
cause serious damage to the bottom of the container.
Check with the manufacturer before using any
lubricant to aid in this process.
Ensure that battery flame arresters are installed
before making battery connections. Use
manufacturer recommended flexible cables for all
inter-rack and inter-tier connections, if required.
Ensure that battery cables have a long bending radius
to avoid excessive stress at terminations. Support
large cables and multiple cables in parallel to prevent
stress at battery terminals that could damage seals
and cause leaking. Ensure that cables from the
battery charge controller to the batteries are sized for
a maximum total voltage drop of 1% of the nominal
DC link voltage at maximum current (minimum DC
operating voltage).
Clean battery cell contact surfaces, apply non-
oxidizing grease, if applicable, and connect cells in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
and rack drawings, mounting information, and
charging instructions. Heat non-oxidizing grease in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, and
apply only on contact surfaces. Do not remove lead
plating of battery terminals, if so equipped. Do not
use steel or wire brushes or other abrasive tools or
materials in preparing connections. Wipe excess
non-oxidizing grease from battery covers.
Do not make inter-tier connections of batteries until
the final steps in making battery connections to
avoid working with high voltages. Connect battery
conductors to the battery disconnecting means
before making final connections to the batteries.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Verify that the hardware is correct for the
battery type and tighten battery connections to
manufacturer’s recommended torque values using an
insulated torque wrench and an insulated open-end
wrench in counter-torque. After torquing all cells
in the battery and prior to connecting the batteries
to a charge controller, recheck the torque of all
connections and immediately check the voltage of
the battery string.
Total battery voltage should equal the open circuit
voltage of an individual cell multiplied by the
number of cells in series, considering the specific
gravity of the batteries. For lower than expected
battery string voltage, check the accuracy of the
voltmeter and check for one or more batteries
connected with reverse polarity. Charging reverse-
connected batteries will cause irreparable damage.
Correct battery polarity and recheck battery string
voltage. Do not over-torque battery terminals, which
can distort lead posts and permanently damage the
cells. Follow battery manufacturer’s instructions
for how to measure the tightness of terminal post
connections. Refer to 7.5.1 and NFPA 70B 8.11.5 for
recommended practices. Terminal posts made of lead
can degrade and be damaged by frequent tightening.
Resistance readings and infrared scans are two
practices to determine whether terminal posts need
tightening.
8.6 Battery System Conductors
The ampacity of field-assembled intercell and inter-
tier connectors and conductors must be of such
cross-sectional area that the temperature rise under
maximum load conditions and at maximum ambient
temperature does not exceed the safe operating
temperature of the conductor insulation or of the
material of the conductor supports. NOTE: IEEE
1375, Guide for the Protection of Stationary Battery
Systems, provides guidance for overcurrent protection
and associated cable sizing. Conductors sized in
accordance with NEC Article 300 to prevent a voltage
drop exceeding 3% of maximum anticipated load, and
where the maximum total voltage drop to the furthest
point of connection does not exceed 5%, may not be
appropriate for all battery applications.
NECA 416
Support electrical connections to batteries and cables
between cells on separate levels or racks such that
cables do not put mechanical strain on the battery
terminals. Use terminal plates where practicable.
NOTE: Conductors are commonly pre-stressed. Refer
to the manufacturer’s instructions for guidance.
Fine stranded cables, such as welding wire or diesel
locomotive cable, are generally preferred for battery
connections due to their flexibility.
Flexible cables, as identified in Article 400, in sizes
2/0 AWG and larger are permitted within the
battery enclosure from battery terminals to a nearby
junction box where they are connected using an
approved wiring method. Flexible battery cables are
also permitted between batteries and cells within
battery enclosures. Such cables must be listed for
hard-service use and identified as moisture resistant.
Flexible, fine-stranded cables must only be used with
terminals, lugs, devices, or connectors in accordance
with NEC Article 110.
8.7 Charge Control
Provide equipment to control the battery charging
process. Charge control is not required where the
ESS has independent, integrated charge control
capabilities. In such systems, the maximum
voltage of the charging source must not exceed the
maximum voltage nameplate rating of the ESS. All
adjustable means for control of the charging process
must be accessible only to qualified persons. NOTE:
Certain types of energy storage equipment such as
valve-regulated lead acid or nickel cadmium can
experience thermal failure when overcharged.
Provide a means to prevent overcharging ESS battery
systems. When using a diversion charge controller,
provide a second, independent means to prevent
overcharging. ESSs containing a DC diversion charge
controller and a DC diversion load must comply
with the following:
• The voltage rating of the diversion load must
be greater than the maximum ESS voltage. The
power rating of the diversion load must be at
least 150% of the power rating of the charging
source.
29 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
• Conductor ampacity and the rating of the
overcurrent device for the diversion load circuit
must be at least 150% of the maximum current
rating of the diversion charge controller.
• ESSs using utility-interactive inverters to control
energy storage state-of-charge by diverting
excess power into the utility system must have
a second, independent means of controlling the
ESS charging process for use when the utility
is not present or when the primary charge
controller fails or is disabled.
When charge controllers and other DC power
converters (that increase or decrease the output
current or output voltage with respect to the input
current or input voltage) are installed:
• The ampacity of the conductors in output
circuits must be based on the maximum rated
continuous output current of the charge
controller or converter for the selected output
voltage range, and
• The voltage rating of the output circuits must
be based on the maximum voltage output of the
charge controller or converter for the selected
output voltage range.
8.8 Final Cleaning and Adjustments
Inspect battery system equipment, components, and
surrounding areas for damage, dirt, dust, debris, and
foreign objects. Remove debris and vacuum battery
room floors, and enclosures and cabinets, both inside
and outside. Clean equipment inside and out. Wipe
down the exterior of enclosures and cabinets with a
clean, damp cloth. Ensure that air vents are clear and
that vent filters are clean.
Refinish any scratches or abrasions using
manufacturer recommended primer and touch-up
paint. Clean the area to be touched up to remove
all dirt, oil, and grease. Sand the area to remove
any trace of rust that may be present, feathering the
edges. Apply primer and paint in accordance with
manufacturer recommendations.
Check HVAC equipment operation in battery rooms.
For VLA or Ni-Cd installations, ensure adequate
n 30
air ventilation has been provided. See IEEE 1635 for
guidance.
Install all plastic covers, insulating barriers, and
access covers, and close all enclosure and cabinet
doors.
Where installed, set adjustable-trip circuit breakers
in accordance with the short circuit and coordination
study, if provided.
Install any manufacturer-provided numbering,
maintenance, operating and warning labels. Contact
the manufacturer for recommendations for missing
or illegible labels.
8.9 Start-Up and Commissioning
Follow contract documents and manufacturer
recommendations and instructions for energizing,
testing, and commissioning battery systems. In the
absence of specific commissioning instructions,
commission battery systems in accordance with the
applicable requirements in NECA 90.
Energize the battery system in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
8.9.1 Inspecting Batteries
Charge and operate batteries in accordance with
manufacturer recommendations and instructions.
Check DC power, control power, and battery
connections including cell-to-cell, tier-to-tier,
rack-to-rack, and charge controller to battery
module connections, for correct polarity. Check
the polarities of battery connections to be sure that
connections are correct. Connect the battery string
to the charging source with the charging source
de-energized. Torque battery rack connections to
manufacturer recommendations.
Inspect battery racks and insulating covers for
physical damage, loose connections, cracking,
dielectric leaks, dirt, corrosion, and seismic parts and
spacers.
Check battery containers, jars, cans, pouches, and
covers for cracking, distortion, dielectric leaks, dirt,
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
and corrosion. Inspect jar and post seals. Check
electrolyte levels, if applicable.
Check vented lead-acid batteries and vented Nickel-
Cadmium batteries for clogged flame arresters.
Inspect vented lead-acid battery cells, and check
plates for cracks, sulfate, and hydration. Also, check
for excess sediment at the bottom of the cells, slag
or other fabrication defects that could cause shorts
within the cell.
Measure the resistance at each battery cell with a cell
resistance tester, and across all DC connections with
a digital low-resistance ohmmeter. Investigate and
correct DC connection measurements that deviate
from other readings by 50% or more. Investigate
cells with an internal resistance that deviates by 25%
or more from identical cells in a fully charged state.
Replace defective cells.
8.9.2 Energizing Equipment
Prior to energizing, verify that all circuit breakers
and other overcurrent protective devices are open,
and that all switches and controls are in the OFF
position.
Energize battery systems sequentially from the source
toward the load. Check the battery charge controller
control panel screen to confirm each operation,
such as closing a circuit breaker or checking voltage
magnitude, if applicable. Check control functions,
interlocks, and alarms for proper operation as
components are energized. Check voltage, current,
and phasing as components are energized.
Energize and test battery systems in accordance
with contract documents and manufacturer
recommendations. Verify that alternate sources
of power have the same voltage magnitude and
phase rotation as normal sources. See NECA 90 for
additional guidance.
Inspect all equipment that are a part of the energy
storage system for evidence of overheating and
evidence of physical damage, including warn
insulation and corrosion, at each step during
energization. Inspect terminals to ensure there are
NECA 416
no loose or broken connections, and/or burned
insulation. Check for liquid contamination (battery
electrolyte, oil from capacitors). De-energize
equipment and make corrections or repairs for any
abnormal operating conditions in accordance with
manufacturer recommendations.
Close the source circuit breaker to energize the input
feeder to the battery charge controller. Verify the
voltage and phasing at the primary terminals of the
input circuit breaker.
With the battery circuit breaker open, close the
battery charge controller input circuit breaker. Check
the rectifier/battery charge controller input voltage,
output voltage and polarity, and battery voltage and
polarity.
Check all lamps using the “lamp test” feature,
and check all meters for proper operation. Verify
that the disturbance monitor is operable, if so
equipped. Check that all remote monitoring and
control panels are operating properly, if installed.
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for
troubleshooting and repairing malfunctions.
It is highly recommended that all testing and
measurements taken be documented for review and
benchmark criteria.
8.9.3 Initial Battery Charging and Testing
Close the battery circuit breaker, and measure and
record the battery charging voltage and current.
Allow the battery charge controller to run until the
batteries are fully charged. Record the time. Measure
and record the battery float voltage and current and
rectifier/battery charge controller output voltage and
current as directed by the manufacturer’s installation
and operations manual.
After charging, check batteries for signs of vibration,
and check vented lead-acid batteries for signs of
excessive gassing.
Load and test battery systems in accordance with
contract requirements and in accordance with
manufacturer instructions.
31 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

8.9.4 Final Adjustments

Add distilled or de-ionized water to lead-acid or

vented Ni-Cd cells for dry cells. If cells were pre-
filled, make sure the electrolyte is filled to the
correct level of electrolyte per the manufacturer’s
recommended guidelines at least 72 hours after the
cell has finished equalizing. If there is a question
regarding the state of charge or voltages do not read
correctly, provide any freshening, initial, or equalize
charge in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.

Check that battery connections are properly torqued

to manufacturer’s specifications. Measure and record
the cell-to-cell and terminal connection resistance.
Remake connections having a resistance of more
than 50% above the average.

Remove and dispose of empty, partially full, and

excess acid drums, including shipping containers,
and obsolete batteries, in accordance with local laws
and regulations regarding disposal of hazardous
material. Do not dispose of batteries in a fire.

It does not hurt to recheck all electrical connections

by measuring the voltage drop across all connections
under load. If an infrared scanning device is
available, scanning the connections under load and
recording the infrared scans for documentation
purposes is certainly advantageous.

Energize battery charge controllers and place

in normal operation. Check and adjust voltage
output and frequency according to manufacturer’s
specifications. Program adjustable settings in
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations
and owner’s specifications.

n 32
9. Flywheels
9.1 General
Install flywheel systems in accordance with
contract documents, drawings and specifications,
manufacturer’s instructions, and applicable national,
state, and local electrical codes.
Exercise extreme caution around flywheels. Hazards
exist as an unavoidable characteristic of mechanical
and electronic equipment. Hazards associated with
flywheel systems include multiple sources of both AC
and DC electricity, stored energy (capacitor banks,
batteries), and mechanical and rotational energy.
Follow manufacturer’s safety instructions. Expect
hazardous voltages in all interconnecting components
and lines. Test equipment and components using a
suitably-rated voltmeter to ensure that components
are de-energized before making contact.
Some internal flywheel components within
cabinets operate ungrounded. Any contact between
ungrounded circuits and ground presents a lethal
shock hazard. Exercise extreme caution when entering
flywheel enclosures during flywheel operation. Ensure
that rubber mats are available prior to performing any
service or maintenance on flywheels. During flywheel
operation, both the operator and any test equipment
must be isolated from direct contact with any
grounded surface and the flywheel chassis or frame
using rubber mats. Service personnel should wear
insulating shoes for isolation from direct contact with
grounded surfaces when performing maintenance.
Flywheels and components may be sensitive to
electrostatic discharge. Discharge static electricity from
the body before touching flywheels or components by
first touching a grounded metal surface.
Do not remove plug-in printed circuit boards
or other electronic components during flywheel
operation. Improper removal of any electronic
component may cause severe damage to the flywheel.
Ensure that areas around flywheels are kept clean
and free from puddles of water, excess moisture, and
debris.
Do not loosen or tamper with vacuum components
and fittings.
9.2 Handling and Storing Flywheels
Handle flywheels carefully to avoid equipment
damage or injury to personnel. NOTE: Flywheels
have sensitive electronic and mechanical components
that have been factory-calibrated prior to shipment.
Rough handling can compromise the calibration of
mechanical components and can potentially cause
permanent damage.
Maintain flywheels in an upright position. Do not tilt
the Flywheel more than 15 degrees from vertical.
Use care when removing banding straps and metal
mounting brackets from flywheels. NOTE: Banding
straps are under tension and may snap violently,
causing injury. Wear proper eye and foot protection
when unpacking and installing flywheels and
components.
Ensure that floors can support the weight of the
flywheel, packaging, and handling equipment prior
to transporting.
Flywheel may be moved a short distance using
build-in casters, if so equipped. Move flywheels
longer distances using a forklift or similar equipment
to reduce vibration during handling. Ensure that
forklift forks extend the full depth of the cabinet to
properly support the equipment. Test lift and balance
flywheel cabinets and equipment before transporting.
33 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Avoid rough handling when picking up, moving and
lowering flywheels.
Preferably, install flywheels in their final (permanent)
location upon delivery. Alternatively, store flywheels
indoors with a temperature range from -20°C to
80°C (-4°F to 176°F) with humidity no higher than
95% (non-condensing).
9.3 Site Preparation
NOTE: Historically, flywheels were located below
grade as a means of mitigating energy and fragments
released during catastrophic mechanical failure of the
flywheel itself. Current flywheel system designs include
provisions to contain a catastrophic mechanical
failure of the flywheel.
Provide access and clearances as required by the
NEC and in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions. NOTE: Flywheels generally pull air
through the front of the cabinet and exhaust waste
heat out of the top of the cabinet. Provide air filters for
flywheels located in a dusty environment.
Locate flywheel systems in a clean, dust-free
environment with sufficient air circulation around
the cabinet(s). Do not locate flywheels in direct
sunlight or near other heat sources.
Provide ventilation, and air conditioning if needed,
to maintain an operating temperature range of -20°C
to 50°C (-4°F to 122°F) and humidity below 95%
(non-condensing). Do not exceed a humidity of 95%
(non-condensing). NOTE: The minimum start-up
temperature for flywheels is 0°C (32°F). Once the
unit has been operating for a period of time, internal
losses permit the flywheel to operate in ambient
temperatures as low -20°C (-4°F).
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for mounting
and anchoring flywheels on concrete, block, brick, or
wood floors.
Locate the flywheel as close as practical to its power
source and size DC power cables between the
flywheel and its power source for a maximum voltage
drop of 2 volts at rated power.
n 34
9.4 Conductors, Raceways, Connections,
and Terminations
Provide conductors of the types and ratings
recommended by the manufacturer. Install flywheel
conductors in separate, grounded, metal raceways to
prevent control signal interference.
Do not cut raceway entry holes with access plates
installed in flywheel cabinets. Remove access plates
prior to cutting entry holes in them. Remove debris
and foreign material, metal shavings, and insulation
or wire fragments from inside flywheel cabinets. Seal
entry holes into cabinets to prevent foreign materials
or rodents from entering.
Route cables to cabinets in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions. Route cables to cabinets before bolting
cabinets together. Route conductors within enclosures in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
Ground the flywheel, cabinet and chassis, to the
feeder equipment grounding conductor. Ensure that
the equipment grounding conductor for flywheels
is as short as is possible. Verify ground continuity
using a multimeter.
Provide both primary and backup AC control
power circuits to the magnetic (levitation) bearing
circuit to protect the flywheel’s mechanical ceramic
touchdown bearing from the loss of the primary AC
magnetic bearing power supply, if applicable.
9.5 Start-Up and Commissioning
Start-up and commission flywheels in accordance
with manufacturer instructions.
9.5.1 Inspecting Flywheels
Perform a visual inspection of flywheels. Check
for signs of damage. Repair damage in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions. Inspect cabinets
for debris and foreign objects. Clean cabinets
and remove debris. Inspect air filters for dirt and
contamination. Replace dirty or contaminated air
filters. Verify that all printed circuit boards are
configured properly. Configure circuit boards in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Perform a mechanical inspection of flywheels.
Check conductor connections and terminations for
tightness. Verify that the flywheel cabinet is attached
to the mounting surface. Check all mounting
hardware for tightness. Check all cooling pump
connections, if applicable. Check for coolant leaks in
and around the flywheel. Tighten connections and
hardware to manufacturer’s recommended torque
and recommendations for electrical connections in
Section 7.5.1.
Perform an electrical inspection of flywheels. Check
fuses for continuity. Verify proper DC bus voltage
prior to energizing flywheels. Verify that ground
conductors are properly sized and connected. Ensure
that all grounds are secure and free of corrosion.
Ensure that all tools have been removed, and ensure
that flywheel cabinet cover plates and panels are
installed.
9.5.2 Energizing Equipment
Energize flywheel systems in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions. Once AC control
voltage is applied, the flywheel control panel will
boot up, begin illuminating after a few seconds, and
then display a series of boot up protocols.
NOTE: Some manufacturers require that the initial start-
up of flywheels be performed only under the supervision
of a factory-certified service technician to ensure proper
system operation. Failure to abide by these instructions
may void warranties for the equipment.
Program the system control parameters at initial
system startup in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions. Verify that control parameters are
correct. Do not attempt to run the system unless
the system loads valid parameters. Adjust control
parameter values in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions, if needed.
Run pumps and fans for several minutes to ensure
proper operation.
9.5.3 Initial Flywheels Startup and Testing
Follow the on-screen instructions for starting and
charging the flywheel.
NECA 416
Upon start-up, verify that the flywheel reaches
maximum state of rotational charge without failure.
Upon successful start-up, perform the following
flywheel discharge tests in accordance with contract
documents, drawings and specifications, and in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions:
• Partial Discharge Test: Disconnect input power
to the flywheel and confirm that the flywheel
properly discharges to supply power to the ESS.
Re-apply the input power while the flywheel is
still supplying power to the ESS, and confirm
that the flywheel begins to recharge based on
the walk-in time programmed for the system.
Verify that the flywheel returns to a 100% state
of rotational charge.
• Complete Discharge Test: Disconnect input
power to the flywheel and allow the load to
discharge the flywheel to a zero state of charge.
Confirm that the flywheel disconnects properly
from the ESS. Re-apply input power and, as
necessary, restart the flywheel. Verify that the
flywheel returns to a 100% state of rotational
charge.
9.5.4 Final Adjustments
Adjust flywheel control parameters for multiple
flywheels connected for parallel operation.
For flywheels operated in parallel with battery
systems, adjust the flywheel control parameters for
the specific type of batteries installed. Consult the
flywheel manufacturer for recommendations for
control software parameters for this application.
For flywheels operated on a UPS system, adjust the
UPS rectifier walk-in time to as low a value as is
possible. Consult the UPS manufacturer for a possible
upgrade that permits setting the rectifier walk-in time
lower than standard. Additionally, ensure that any
auto-battery self-test has been disabled or upgraded to
accommodate flywheel operation.
35 n
10. Ultra-Capacitors
10.1 General
Install ultra-capacitors in accordance with
contract documents, drawings and specifications,
manufacturer’s instructions, and applicable national,
state, and local electrical codes.
Check each ultra-capacitor tank and bushing for
signs of rough handling or damage in transit. If an
ultra- capacitor shows signs of damage, notify the
shipper and manufacturer immediately in writing.
Do not install damaged ultra-capacitors.
Ensure that ultra-capacitors are rated for the
appropriate system voltage and configuration, such
as ultra-capacitors connected on delta systems
(line-to-line connection) are rated for line-to-line
system voltage, and ultra-capacitors connected on
wye systems (line-to-neutral connection) are rated
for line-to-neutral system voltage. Ensure that the
system voltage does not exceed 110% of the ultra-
capacitor nameplate rated voltage.
Store ultra-capacitors indoors, in a dry, dust-
free, non-corrosive environment, protected from
vibration and impacts, with a temperature range of
-40°C to 75°C (-40°F to 167°F).
Dispose of ultra-capacitors in accordance with all
applicable Federal, State, and Local regulations.
10.2 Installation Requirements
Ensure that outdoor ultra-capacitor operating
ambient temperature range is –50°C to 55°C (–58°F
to 131°F). Ensure that the maximum air temperature
does not exceed 35°C (95°F) for more than one year,
45°C (113°F) over 24 hours, or 55°C (131°F) for
more than one hour. For ultra-capacitors installed
indoors in a cubicle, ensure that the average room
temperature does not exceed 25°C (77°F) for more
n 36
than one year, 35°C (95°F) over 24 hours, or 40°C
(104°F) for more than one hour. NOTE: Operation
at an ambient temperature higher than 55°C (131°F)
will shorten ultra-capacitor service life.
10.3 Setting Equipment in Place
Install ultra-capacitors in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions. Install indoor ultra-
capacitors on a firm mounting surface or foundation,
or wall-mounted on a rigid rack, plate, or frame in a
well-ventilated location.
When necessary, hoist ultra-capacitors using the
ultra-capacitor’s hanger brackets. NOTE: Some
ultra-capacitors are housed in hermetically sealed
tanks. Do not drop, jar, or otherwise handle an
ultra- capacitor in a manner that might damage the
hermetic seal.
• Do not use a bushing as a handle when lifting or
moving ultra-capacitors.
• Do not use the hanger brackets of the ultra-
capacitor when lifting a complete assembly.
• Do not step on an installed ultra-capacitor or
bushings.
Install ultra-capacitors to ensure free air circulation
around each ultra-capacitor and to prevent heat
transfer from adjacent equipment. Place devices
and components with high heat dissipation above
ultra-capacitors. When used in conjunction with
ultra-capacitors, locate reactors in cubicles such
that reactors do not radiate heat directly on ultra-
capacitors. Install a thermal barrier to protect ultra-
capacitors from sources of heat, such as reactors.
Maintain the manufacturer-recommended minimum
clearance between installed ultra-capacitors. Ensure
that air vents and ducts are not blocked and that
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
air flows freely by natural convection from the
bottom to the top of the ultra-capacitor enclosure,
if applicable. Do not install ultra-capacitors upside
down.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations
for forced cooling of ultra-capacitors. Provide
overtemperature protection for ultra-capacitors with
forced-air cooling to prevent overtemperature of
ultra-capacitors in the event of a fan failure or other
cause of overtemperature.
Ground each ultra-capacitor tank to the mounting
rack or frame and to ground.
10.4 Electrical Connections
Consult the manufacture for recommendations
when installing ultra-capacitors on electrical power
distribution systems with harmonic load currents.
Provide fusing as overcurrent protection for ultra-
capacitors.
Provide conductors with a minimum ampacity of
150% of the ultra-capacitor nameplate operating
current.
Ensure that the ultra-capacitor case is grounded.
Provide a separate equipment grounding conductor
for ultra-capacitors that are installed on an
electrically isolating material.
Torque electrical connections in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications.
10.5 Installing Optional Accessories
Install ultra-capacitor top covers in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions.
Ensure that ultra-capacitor switching frequency does
not exceed manufacturer’s recommendations for
ultra-capacitors equipped with a factory-installed
discharge resister.
10.6 Start-Up and Commissioning
Energize ultra-capacitors in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions.
NECA 416
Prior to energizing ultra-capacitors, verify that
electrical connections are made in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions, and are torqued
to manufacturer-recommended specifications.
Compare ultra-capacitor nameplate with the
nominal operating voltage and system configuration.
Verify that fuses are properly sized in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions. Verify proper
grounding of the ultra-capacitor case. Verify that the
ambient operating temperature is suitable for proper
ultra-capacitor operation.
Clean bushings of dust, dirt, and contamination.
For ultra-capacitors equipped with a top cover,
check that the top cover is securely attached.
Check the condition of factory-installed discharge
resisters. Inspect ultra-capacitor tanks for leaks.
Correct any deficiencies found prior to energizing
ultra-capacitors. Consult the manufacturer for
recommendations for repairing tank leaks on-site.
Energize ultra-capacitors by closing the
disconnecting means. Check ultra-capacitor
operating current and voltage and compare with
nameplate data. Consult the manufacturer for
recommendations for any deficiencies.
Wait a minimum of five minutes after de-energizing
ultra-capacitors to ensure that ultra-capacitors are
fully discharged before beginning work. Check for
DC voltage at the terminals of ultra-capacitors prior
to work.
NOTE: Do not re-energize an ultra-capacitor after
fuse operation without first checking the ultra-
capacitor for failure. Certain types of ultra-capacitors
that have failed do not exhibit damage to the case
(bulging), and can rupture upon re-energization.
Measure the capacitance of a suspect ultra-capacitor
to determine whether the ultra-capacitor is suitable
for continued service, or if the ultra-capacitor has
partially or completely failed.
NOTE: Wear proper skin, eye, and respiratory
protection and ventilate the work area when handling
a ruptured (failed) ultra-capacitor tank. Take
extreme caution when removing an ultra-capacitor
with a ruptured tank from a frame or rack and
37 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

while transporting the tank to a disposal site. If fluid

dielectric spills or splashes onto the skin, immediately
wipe the liquid from the skin, then wash the affected
skin area thoroughly with soap and water. If fluid
dielectric comes in contact with eyes, nose, or mouth,
flush the affected area immediately with copious
amounts of water, and immediately obtain medical
assistance. If fluid dielectric is ingested, administer
2 to 4 ounces of vegetable or olive oil and 1 to 2
ounces of activated charcoal. DO NOT INDUCE
VOMITING. Immediately obtain medical assistance.

n 38
11. Smart Charger Vehicle-to-Grid
(V2G) applications
11.1 Installations Requiring Ventilation
When a ventilation system is required by electric
vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) in accordance
with NEC Article 625 for EVSE installed indoors,
receptacles and power outlets must be marked
“Ventilation Required.” When ventilation is not
required or provided, the EVSE, receptacles, and
power outlets must be clearly marked “Ventilation
Not Required.”
Required ventilation equipment includes both supply
and mechanical exhaust which intakes from, and
exhausts directly to, the outdoors. Locate the passive
intake vent low on one side of the enclosed space,
and the exhaust fan in the ceiling on the other side
of the enclosed space. The ventilation system must
be interlocked with the EVSE to turn on when the
charging cycle starts, and should continue to operate
a minimum of five minutes after the charging cycle is
completed.
Feeder and branch circuit conductors and
overcurrent protective devices for EVSE and for
ventilation systems must be sized not less than 125%
of the maximum current in accordance with NEC
requirements for supplying a continuous load.
11.2 Safety Interlocks
NOTE: Because of the duration of the EV charging
cycle, safety interlocks are necessary to protect people
and equipment during unattended operation. The SAE
J1772TM-compliant conductive charge coupler contains
contacts that enable communication, interlocking and
control between the EVSE and the EV.
There are four main safety devices incorporated into
modern EVSE for safe and reliable operation, namely
the connection interlock, charge circuit interrupt
device (i.e., ground-fault protection or service
ground monitor), automatic de-energization device,
and ventilation interlock. While each device serves a
specific function, they work together as a system to
provide a safe and seamless charging event.
11.2.1 Connection Interlock
The connection interlock is required by NEC Article
625 to ensure adequate plug and socket (connector
and inlet) contact pressure before energizing, and
to prevent energization when the connector is not
properly connected to the inlet. The connection
interlock is a device that provides for a dead interface
between the EVSE and the EV.
When the EV connector is not connected to the
vehicle, the connection interlock prevents power
from being applied to the cable or EV connector.
When the EV connector is connected to the vehicle,
a signal indicates that the EV connector is positively
connected to the EV inlet, and the EVSE performs
a systems check. Subsequent to confirming system
integrity, the EVSE controls the energy flow through
the cable and connector to and from the EV.
11.2.2 Charge Circuit Interrupter Device
A Personal Protection System to provide protection
against electric shock of personnel is required for
all charging levels in accordance with NEC Article
625. The personnel protection systems for EVSE
use ground or isolation monitoring, a circuit
interrupting device, and basic, double, or reinforced
insulation. Product safety standards developed by
UL specify what combinations of these devices EV
and EVSE manufacturers can use to meet personnel
protection requirements, allowing for a systems
approach to providing protection versus a device-
only approach.
39 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
11.2.3 Automatic De-Energization Device
An automatic de-energization device is required in
accordance with NEC Article 625. The automatic
de-energization device is a mechanism that will
de-energize the EVSE if a strain occurs to the cable
or EV connector that could result in live parts being
exposed. An example would be where a parked
EV connected to EVSE accidentally rolls back,
resulting in strain to the cable and the potential
disconnection of the connector from the inlet during
the charging cycle. The automatic de-energization
device will abort the charging cycle before the cable
or EV connector becomes disconnected during the
charging cycle.
11.2.4 Ventilation Interlocks
Ventilation interlocks are required in accordance with
NEC Article 625 to avoid creating a situation where
hydrogen gas can collect in an enclosed space, such
as a garage, during the EV charging cycle. NOTE:
With conventional starter batteries used in gasoline
vehicles and some conversion EVs, hydrogen gas can
be generated during charging. Modern batteries used
in EVs generally do not generate hydrogen gas. In
short, EV batteries that do not require ventilation
have become the rule, and EV batteries that require
ventilation have become the exception.
The ventilation interlock performs three functions
in order to meet the requirements of Article 625
and pertinent sections of state and locally adopted
building codes. First, the EVSE queries the EV to
determine if the EV requires ventilation during
charging. Second, the EVSE determines whether
ventilation is available. Finally, if ventilation is
required, and if ventilation is available, the EVSE
operates the ventilation during and after the charging
process cycle in accordance with applicable codes.
11.3 Smart Chargers
Smart EVSE can be programmed to charge vehicles
during periods of lower demand and during periods
of lower energy costs. Smart EVSE also incorporates
software algorithms that allow charging vehicles to
be grouped as a single power resource that can be
controlled and managed by the energy provider who
n 40
can use EVs as a source of distributed generation
(vehicle-to-grid, or V2G).
Smart charging requests are transmitted over a
variety of secure, two-way communication methods,
and enable EVs to be controlled for:
• Load shifting. Charging can be performed
during other than peak load periods by
establishing time-based charging windows
during which energy is delivered to
participating EVs.
• Load shaping. By integrating a variety of real-
time signals, utilities are able to dynamically
control the EV charging cycle to achieve specific
objectives or mitigate location specific and
system-wide grid stress.
• Ancillary services. In real-time, vehicle charging
load can be adaptively increased or reduced by
the electric utility to provide system regulation
and spinning reserves.
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). The two-way flow of
power between the grid and EVs can be managed,
returning energy to the grid when needed.
11.4 Communication and Data
Requirements
Communication between the EV and the EVSE
is necessary for data transfer, safety and control.
When installing new EVSE, it may be useful to
include Internet or some other communication
capability. Additional communication options include
wireless, cellular, infrared, and radio frequency.
Communications abilities will allow data collection,
such as frequency of charging and duration of use.
Customers may be able to track the charging progress
of their EVs through wireless communication via
smart phone applications. Consult the EVSE supply
vendor for data collection and communications
options and minimum requirements.
11.4.1 Communication Between the EV and
EVSE
Communication between the EV and the EVSE may
include:
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
• Vehicle code identification (e.g. for assignment
of the vehicle to the account of the owner at the
power supplier.
• Vehicle charging system identification (what
kind of charging is required).
• Vehicle connection interlock to ensure adequate
electrical connection between the EV and the EVSE.
• Accomplishment of personal protection.
• Acceptance of interlocks to initiate and to
terminate the charging process.
• Signal for interlocking of charging system.
• Signal for activation of the ventilation system, if
required.
• Activation of the EV immobilizer system.
• Service ground continuity monitoring.
11.4.2 Communication Between the EV and the
Power Supplier
Communication between the EV and the Power
Supplier may include:
• Controlled supply of power/variable rate of
charging.
• Provision of different customer billing rates.
• Billing of delivered power.
• Controlled use of vehicle battery as a power
reservoir (vehicle-to-grid, V2G).
11.5 EVSE Equipment and Siting
Requirements
EVSE facilities must comply with all local, state, and
national codes and regulations. EVSE installations
typically require a permit. Check with the local
planning department and review local building codes
for construction details for EVSE before starting
work. Keep in mind that the local electric utility
company will not energize a new meter without an
approved building/electrical inspection.
EVSE must be certified (listed) and marked by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL), in
accordance with NEC Article 625.
NECA 416
The EVSE cord may provide a maximum of 7.5 m
(25 feet) of flexibility from the EVSE location to the
EV inlet, unless equipped with a cable management
system, in accordance with NEC Article 625.
If the EV batteries require ventilation during indoor
charging, the EVSE is required to energize a properly
sized ventilation system in accordance with NEC
Article 625. Once the charge connector is attached
to the EV inlet, the EVSE will communicate with
the EV to determine whether ventilation is required.
If ventilation is required but no ventilation system
exists, the EVSE will not charge the vehicle.
11.5.1 Electrical Load Calculations
Perform calculations to determine the minimum
ampacity of branch circuits, feeders and services that
supply EVSE, associated ventilation systems, where
required, in accordance with NEC Article 220, and
referring to the load calculation examples found in
NEC Annex D for dwelling units and other than
dwelling units.
For existing facilities, conduct a site visit, inventory
electrical equipment, and interview the facility
occupants to determine the cyclical daily and
seasonal loading of the facility. When available,
review a minimum of 12 months of electric utility
bills to determine the maximum demand for
incorporation into load calculations.
AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 EVSE are considered
continuous loads with the maximum current
expected to continue for 3 hours or more. Load
calculations and sizing of branch circuit, feeder,
and service entrance conductors and overcurrent
protective devices for EVSE and associated ventilation
systems, where required, must be sized for 125% of
the maximum current in accordance with the NEC.
Where an automatic load management system is used,
the maximum EVSE load current is limited by the
automatic load management system.
For commercial installations, consideration for
future expansion and additional EVSE should be
included in load calculations. Involve electrical utility
planners early in the process when planning EVSE
for fleet applications.
41 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
11.5.2 Site Selection and Preparation
Determine locations for EVSE that allow for proper
layout of the charging equipment and adequate
access space for EVs. Regardless of the type of EVs
in use, allow sufficient space for vehicles as well as
the personnel operating them. If the site selected for
installation of EVSE is susceptible to water runoff
from adjacent areas, roof drainage, or is not level, a
concrete equipment pad may be required.
Design and install concrete pads for EVSE and EVs
in accordance with manufacturer recommendations
and in accordance with all applicable codes and
standards.
Provide curbs, wheelstops, and setbacks to properly
position the EV with respect to the EVSE, to protect
the EVSE from the EV, and to reduce the likelihood
that an outstretched charging cord could present
a tripping hazard. Consider ease of access to the
charger, mobility of users, and foot traffic in the area
when installing curbs, wheel stops, and setbacks.
Ensure that EV charging spaces are not located near
potential hazards. EVSE should not be installed near
explosive material, flammable vapors, liquids and
gases, combustible dust or fibers, or materials that
ignite spontaneously on contact with air. NEC Articles
500 to 516 describe equipment and procedures
for installation of electrical systems in hazardous
locations. If EVSE is installed in an enclosed area,
ensure that ventilation requirements are met.
Additional site selection considerations include:
• Determine the distance from EVSE to the
vehicle charge inlet to avoid a tripping hazard.
• Locate the EVSE in close proximity to available
AC power supply to minimize voltage drop.
• Determine whether the existing electrical
service is adequate for the additional and future
projected loads, or that an upgrade or a new
service is required.
• Determine the local electric utility metering
requirements, such as requiring a separate
utility revenue meter for EV charging.
n 42
• Provide adequate space and accessibility to meet
ADA requirements (if applicable).
• Consider vandalism, lighting, signage, and
safety requirements.
• Identify potential nearby hazards or hazardous
materials.
• Review the site for running water, standing
water, and flooding. Permits for construction of
facilities, including EV charging stations, must
include a review to determine whether the site is
located in a flood prone area.
• Check the EV manufacturer’s recommended
operating and charging temperature range for
the batteries and site the EVSE accordingly,
such as providing shade for outdoor locations
or ventilation for indoor locations.
The following regulatory and code issues affect the
placement of EVSE:
• Indoor EV charging receptacles/coupler must
be stored or located between 450 mm and 1.2 m
(18 and 48 inches) above the floor in accordance
with NEC Article 625.
• Outdoor EV charging receptacles/coupler must
be stored or located between 600 mm and 1.2 m
(24 and 48 inches) above the parking surface in
accordance with NEC Article 625.
• When EVSE is installed in a hazardous
(classified) location, the EVSE installation must
comply with NEC Articles 500 through 516
(NEC Article 625). It is recommended EVSE
be installed in non-hazardous locations that do
not contain any explosive materials, flammable
vapors, liquids and gases, combustible dust or
fibers, and materials that ignite spontaneously
on contact with air.
EVSE located outdoors should be properly designed
for exterior use. Consideration must be given
to precipitation and temperature extremes. In
geographic areas that experience high precipitation,
pooling of water may be a concern. Freezing
temperatures can also create an issue for cords
freezing to the parking surface and cord support
should be considered.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
NOTE: The NEC and locally adopted electrical codes
typically require special signs for EVSE. Signs may
also be needed to designate parking spaces for EV-use
only. These signs should be positioned high enough to
be seen over parked vehicles.
11.6 Electric Utility Interconnection
Requirements
Contact the local electrical utility company to
determine interconnection requirements. Specific
requirements may include electric utility policies
along with regulatory and statutory requirements.
Discussions should include:
• Power capacity of the facility.
• Metering requirements, such as a second utility
revenue meter.
• Rate structure, such as time-of-use (TOU),
demand response (DR), real time pricing (RTP),
vehicle-to-grid (V2G), or off-peak EV charging.
• Interconnection requirements for vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) distributed generation.
• Smart grid applications and EV charging
control.
Where the existing electrical service has insufficient
capacity, consider a load control strategy to manage
the charging load within the capacity of the electrical
service, such as off-peak charging, rather than
upgrading the service to accommodate increased
building load from EV charging. NOTE: Many AC
Level 2 EVSE suppliers provide controls in the EVSE
to enable charging at programmable times to take
advantage of off-peak power pricing. If not, a time
clock or timer device may be installed in the circuit to
control charging times.
11.7 Installation
The installation requirements for EVSE vary from
manufacturer to manufacturer. Install EVSE in
accordance with manufacturer recommendations
and in accordance with applicable local, state and
federal codes and regulations.
NECA 416
Consider providing a minimum of one additional
raceway for future growth, expansion or upgrade
when trenching or boring.
Provide a minimum of 600 mm (24 inches) clearance
around all sides of outdoor pedestal-mounted EVSE.
Provide bollards, curbs or wheel stops to protect
EVSE from vehicles.
Anchor EVSE to surfaces in accordance with
manufacturer recommendations using the
manufacturer’s recommended fasteners and
mounting hardware. Mount EVSE such that wall
mounted outlets are not more than 48” above the
ground. For EVSE mounted to concrete surfaces,
provide J-Bolts cast in concrete or drill holes for
concrete anchors. Mark the mounting bolt pattern
on the mounting surface using the manufacturer’s
template. Drill pilot holes in the mounting surface.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for
depth and diameter of pilot holes. Keep in mind that
different materials, such as steel, concrete, and wood,
will require different fasteners and different types of
pilot holes. Tighten fasteners to the manufacturer’s
recommended torque values.
Provide a disconnecting means that is readily
accessible from EVSE for circuits rated 60A and
higher in accordance with NEC requirements.
Connect the branch circuit, feeder, or service to the
EVSE meter/disconnect terminals.
Install raceways and tighten connectors and
fittings. Install cables and conductors and connect
and terminate in accordance with manufacturer
recommendations. Provide cable and conductor
sizes and types in accordance with manufacturer
recommendations. Use the manufacturer
recommended raceway entry locations or raceway
knockouts for EVSE. When provided by the
manufacturer, select and remove the appropriate sized
raceway knockouts, considering raceway diameter.
Branch circuit, feeder and service conductors,
and overcurrent protective devices for EVSE and
for ventilation systems, where required, must be
sized not less than 125% of the maximum rated
load current or the nameplate value, whichever is
43 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
greater, or comply with the maximum ampacity and
overcurrent protection indicated on the equipment,
in accordance with NEC requirements for supplying
continuous loads.
Consider providing a minimum of one spare power
conductor for single-phase 208 VAC and 240 VAC
circuits for future use.
Connect the EVSE to either the branch circuit
or feeder equipment grounding conductor in
accordance with NEC Article 250.
11.7.1 Free Standing EVSE
If a raised concrete pad is required, size the pad in
accordance with manufacturer recommendations.
Typically, the concrete pad is sized such that the
EVSE is placed with the front edge flush with the
front edge of the concrete pad, with a minimum of
150 mm (6 inches) of the pad extending out from
beneath the other three sides.
Attach mounting straps or angle brackets to secure
the EVSE in place using the provided hardware. Use
manufacturer recommended hardware, anchors and
fasteners when replacements are required.
When required, install a grounding electrode and
connect to the branch circuit, feeder or service
equipment grounding conductor in accordance
with NEC Article 250. NOTE: Auxiliary electrode
installations must connect to the supply circuit
equipment grounding conductor in addition to the
frame of the equipment.
11.7.2 RFID or Antenna and Parking Bumper or
Wheelstop Installation
Where EVSE has provisions for radio frequency
identification (RFID) tag sensing antennae installed
in parking bumpers or wheelstops, route and install
raceways and locate PVC boxes and enclosures in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
Measure each parking bumper or wheelstop and its
openings to ensure the proper fit of raceways, boxes
and enclosures. Make sure that raceways, boxes,
and enclosures are oriented in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions.
n 44
Install plastic trim covers and their securing
lanyards, if required, before placing the parking
bumper or wheelstop over the raceway/enclosure
assembly.
Using the lifting rings provided, squarely place each
parking bumper or wheelstop over the raceway and
enclosure. Insert the lifting rings through the bumper
or wheelstop mounting holes and thread them into
the embedded nut.
Use a properly sized forklift, lifting rings and
proper lifting procedures when installing bumpers
or wheelstops. Do not use a hand truck or similar
device for lifting bumpers or wheelstops.
After final positioning of the bumpers or wheelstops
parallel to the enclosure, anchor bumpers and
wheelstops in place by using the anchor bolts
provided. Use the correct hardware and follow the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Pull the EV sensing antenna cables through raceways
and into boxes and enclosures. Locate any cable slack
inside the EVSE gutter space or junction box. Label
antenna cables where more than one cable is pulled
through a raceway. Connect antenna cables to the
appropriate charge port in the EVSE. Label antenna
cables in accordance with the manufacturer’s
numbering convention.
Connect all antenna components to each of the
antenna cables and place each antenna inside
the appropriate PVC enclosures, orientated in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Secure antennae with the screws and hardware
provided.
Install box and enclosure lids and install trim covers
on bumper and wheelstop openings.
Mount the tag assembly onto the vehicle structural
member in accordance with manufacturer
recommendations. Affix the radio frequency
identification (RFID) tag to the underside of each
EV that will be charged at RFID-enabled EVSE.
Install the RFID tag on a structural member of the
EV situated approximately above the RF antenna
located in the parking bumper or wheelstop. Select a
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

structural member no more than 330 mm (13 inches)

above the top of the parking bumper or wheelstop.
Insulate the RFID tag from EV metal surfaces by
mounting it on a 3/4” thick piece of plastic (nylon,
EPDM or polypropylene) with a suitable adhesive.

The RFID tag stores EV, battery configuration,

and charge cycle history in a semiconductor chip.
Because it contains unique information for that
specific vehicle, each RFID tag must remain with
the EV to which it is attached. A vehicle without an
RFID tag will not be recognized by the EVSE and
will not be charged.

11.8 EVSE Start-up and Commissioning

Start up EVSE in accordance with manufacturer
instructions. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions
for properly parking EVs at EVSE, connecting the
charge connector, and interpreting the user interface
display and indicator lights during the charging
process. Remove the EV charge connector by the
housing. Do not remove the charge connector from
the EV inlet by pulling the cord.

When possible, test the EVSE by charging a

compatible EV with suitable ratings, couplers,
connectors, and equipment, or with an EV simulator
test tool.

45 n
(This annex is not a part of the standard)

Annex A: Battery Technologies

NOTE: Battery technology is in a constant state of
development. As such, the types of batteries used
for various applications tend to change relatively
frequently. This Annex is intended to give an overview
of common battery technologies available and in use
at the time of publication.
A.1 Lead-Acid and/or Advanced Lead-
Acid Batteries
Batteries that use lead as the anode and lead dioxide
as the cathode, and that have sulfuric acid as
electrolyte. Lead-acid batteries are a well-established
battery technology. Limitations include cost, limited
cycle life, limited recharging efficiency, charge loss
over time, and environmental hazard. Certain lead-
acid batteries may use the addition of carbon to
act as a capacitor or means to extend cycle and/or
service life. These batteries are sometimes referred to
as “Advanced Lead-Acid” batteries.
A.2 Flow Batteries
Batteries that use liquid electrolyte that flows across
a membrane. Energy is stored in electrolyte solutions
that are contained in external tanks from the battery
cells, permitting the power components to be sized
independently of the energy components. Current
battery chemistries include vanadium redox and
zinc-bromide. New chemistries, including iron
chromium, are under development.
in larger battery arrays for grid energy storage. Large
format Lithium-ion batteries are suitable for utility-
scale energy storage.
A.4 Metal-Air Batteries
Batteries that use oxygen as the cathode and a metal
anode such as magnesium, iron, or lithium. Metal-
air batteries have the potential for providing higher
energy density and lower cost than lithium-ion
batteries.
A.5 Sodium Batteries
Batteries that use sodium or sodium compounds
as electrodes. Current battery chemistries include
sodium-sulfur and sodium-nickel chloride. Sodium
batteries are well suited for high-temperature
operation. In addition, a newer sodium ion battery
system is in development for utility-scale energy
storage applications. A sodium-ion battery system
is similar to a Lithium-ion battery system in that it
uses sodium (vs. lithium) ions as charge carriers.
The potential benefit for a sodium ion system is a
purported lower first cost of direct materials over a
Lithium-ion system.

A.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries in which lithium ions move from the
cathode to the anode during the discharging and
charging cycle. Lithium-ion batteries are popular for
personal electronics, power tools, and hybrid and
full electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells developed for
the electric vehicle application are now finding use

n 46
(This annex is not a part of the standard)
Annex B: Compressed Air Energy
Storage (CAES)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems use
excess power from the grid during off-peak hours
to compress air and to store it under high pressure.
For smaller CAES plants, compressed air is stored
in aboveground storage tanks or large pipes such
as those designed for high-pressure natural gas
transmission. For larger CAES plants, compressed
air is stored in underground geologic formations,
such as aquifers, depleted natural gas fields, and salt
formations.
CAES is divided into three distinct phases:
• Compression
• Storage
• Expansion (power generation)
During compression, electricity is used (during off-
peak electric utility loading) to operate a series of
compressors to inject air under high pressure into an
un-insulated storage reservoir. A great deal of heat is
produced as the air is compressed, which is removed
at each stage of compression, increasing system
efficiency.
Air is stored under high pressure at the temperature
of the storage reservoir, either a geological formation
or piping and/or one or more storage tanks.
Controlling temperature rise as air is compressed
reduces the required volume for storage, and
minimizes the thermal stress on the walls of the
storage reservoir.
Power is generated during the expansion phase,
when high pressure air is withdrawn from the storage
reservoir, heated, combined with fuel (typically
natural gas), and combusted in a conventional high-
pressure natural gas turbine generator, typically in
two stages, to generate electricity.
Large-scale CAES requires:
• A sufficiently large, air-tight confined space
(such as an underground geologic formation,
salt cavern, aquifer, or mine) to store
compressed air
• Access to natural gas transmission in order to
power the turbine(s)
• Access to electric transmission so that the power
generated can be delivered to the grid
Natural gas turbines used with CAES systems are
modular and can be scaled up to high capacities
(hundreds of MW-hours), but require a sufficient
fuel supply and underground compressed air storage
caverns or land area for compressed air storage
pipelines.
CAES facilities are very similar to conventional gas
turbine power plants with the major difference that
the air compression and expansion processes do not
happen at the same time. In principle, a CAES plant
can be operated as a simple cycle gas turbine using a
compressor during periods when the compressed air
storage is depleted.
CAES is not a direct ESS. Fuel is used (typically
natural gas) in conjunction with compressed air to
achieve greater energy output than natural gas alone.
Compared to a combustion turbine, CAES plants
consume two-thirds less fuel and produce two-thirds
of the pollutants per kWh of energy production.
Consequently, CAES can be regarded as a peaking
gas turbine power plant, but with a higher efficiency,
thanks to the decoupling of compressor and turbine,
and much lower overall cost.
47 n
(This annex is not a part of the standard)

Annex C: Pumped Hydro Storage

(PHS)

Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) is a method of storing • PHS facilities can trap and/or kill fish.
and releasing potential energy by transferring
PHS systems can be designed to stabilize water levels
water between two storage reservoirs at different
and maintain water quality. Methods of addressing
elevations. During non-peak electrical usage, water is
ecological concerns include:
typically pumped from a lower reservoir to an upper
reservoir (at higher elevation) using conventional • Water intake and outlet designs that can
pumps. Water is stored in the upper reservoir until minimize the turbulence, maintaining water
it is needed to generate power. Potential energy is quality.
released using gravity by routing water from the
upper reservoir through hydroelectric turbines to the • Oxygen injection systems that can compensate
lower reservoir. for the potential oxygen loss due to warming of
the water due to pumping.
PHS facilities typically take advantage of natural • Fish deterrent systems that can be installed to
topography and are built using two large water minimize fish entrapment and reduce fish kill.
reservoirs at significantly different elevations but in
close proximity. Operating issues include losses in Development timelines for PHS projects can exceed
water volume due to evaporation, which is a function ten years.
of local climate and can reduce overall system
efficiency. PHS provides large scale energy storage
with the capacity to release energy over a period
from hours to months.

Sites suitable for PHS can be remote from load

centers, and may require new transmission lines to
transfer energy to the electric utility grid.

Permitting processes for new hydro systems are

highly involved due to the large physical size of
these installations and their potential impact to the
environment. Environmental impact may include:

• Blocking natural water flow which can disrupt

aquatic ecosystems.
• Flooding of previously dry areas may destroy
terrestrial wildlife habitats and significantly
change the landscape.
• Pumping can increase water temperature
and stir up sediment at the bottom reservoir,
deteriorating water quality.

n 48
(This annex is not a part of the standard)

Annex D: Thermal Energy Storage

(TES)

Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies store
volumes of liquid, such as glycol, chilled water, or a
super-cooled brine solution, or a liquid that changes
state into a solid, such as freezing water into ice, in
reservoirs that maintain the temperature below that
of the environment.
Thermal storage is a means of purchasing electricity
at lower rates during non-peak hours when the
utility generates more of its electricity with its most
efficient generators. At the same time, all forms of
TES involve losses, and they may require additional
energy for the reduced operational efficiency of the
system, as some forms of cooling storage make the
chillers operate less efficiently.
A properly designed cooling storage plant requires
an operating staff with a high level of specialized
skill and the ability to monitor the storage system
continuously. If the plant fails for even a short time
during the peak demand period, the utility rate
advantage may be lost for a month, a cooling season,
or an entire year.
One drawback to TES is that a large amount of space
is needed by the storage container and its accessories.
The volume of the TES container is generally
proportional to the volume of the space being cooled,
with chilled water storage taking more storage space,
and ice storage taking less.

A cooling thermal storage system is similar to a

conventional chiller system with the addition of one
or more containers that store cooling in ice, chilled
water, or some other material. Chilled water, super-
cool brine, or ice is stored until cooling is needed,
typically coincident with higher energy costs, such
as during peak electricity usage, at which time the
chilled water, brine, or ice is used as a heat sink,
“releasing” stored thermal energy.

At different times, the cooling load of the facility

may be served directly by the chiller, by the cooling
storage unit, or by both. Cooling storage has two
main advantages over a system without storage. First,
cooling can be available on any desired schedule,
relatively independently of the operation of the
chillers. Second, the cooling storage unit may be able
to deliver cooling at a higher rate than the chillers, or
to supplement the chillers.

TES can be used to reduce the chiller capacity, saving

overall chiller plant cost, but this is predicated on the
cooling load occurring during predictable intervals
that leave ample time for charging the storage unit.

49 n
(This annex is not a part of the standard)
Annex E: Installation Checklist for
Energy Storage Systems
E.1 General
This installation checklist is intended to provide
guidance in evaluating and documenting Energy
Storage Systems (ESSs), their components and
installation, for safety and for efficient operation.
Codes, standards, and regulations are applied
differently depending upon whether an ESS is:
• A product of a single manufacturer that supplies
a unitary, prepackaged, self-contained ESS that
is installed in the field.
• Field-assembled from matched components
from a single manufacturer.
• Field-assembled from mixed components
of different manufacturers that are selected,
designed, and engineered to function as a
system.
Because of emerging technologies, codes, standards,
and regulations that provide safety and installation
criteria for specific ESSs may not be available or
adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
Consequently, it may be necessary to evaluate systems
and components using other codes, standards,
and regulations that are available. In this case, ESS
components and their installation should be evaluated
based on their equivalent performance to similar
technologies that are covered by specific codes,
standards and regulations to demonstrate that the
ESS is no more hazardous and no less safe than other,
similar systems, components, and technologies.
E.2 Single Manufacturer vs. Multiple
Component Manufacturers
The responsibility for demonstrating that an ESS
complies with AHJ-adopted rules and regulations
(adopted codes), and standards ultimately lies with
n 50
the ESS owner/installer, who, in turn, relies on the
Engineer of Record (EOR) and the manufacturer(s)
of the products, materials, systems, components, or
equipment to provide sufficient documentation to
demonstrate compliance to the AHJ. NOTE: The AHJ
adopts codes as the rules and regulations they enforce.
Standards are referenced and adopted by codes.
Generally, one or more AHJs are responsible for
verifying compliance with adopted codes (rules
and regulations) and standards, or that equivalent
testing or evaluation demonstrates such compliance.
AHJs may include interconnecting utilities, the fire
service (fire chief or fire marshal), code officials
(building, fire, mechanical, and electrical inspectors)
and third-party entities (testing and certification
entities, insurance carriers, and registered design
professionals).
It is important to work closely with AHJs to identify
the relevant AHJs, the scope of their authority, and
what codes (rules and regulations) and standards
have been adopted to cover the installation of an
ESS. NOTE: AHJs will generally have a library of
the codes (rules and regulations) and standards
that have been adopted that would be applicable
to an ESS installation. Where more than one code
applies, review them with the AHJs in relation to the
ESS technology being considered and the intended
installation of the ESS to identify the specific
provisions (generally the most restrictive) that will
apply, and to resolve any conflicting requirements
prior to the start of the work.
Where the ESS is a single unit or matched assembly
of components, the ESS is likely to have been tested
and listed to one or more product standards, and the
applicable code provisions focus on the installation
of the ESS as a single item or matched assembly of
listed components.
 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

Where the ESS tends toward mixed-matched E.3 ESS Installation Checklist
components designed, selected, and intended
As each ESS project is likely to be unique, the
for field-assembly as a system, the general code
following installation checklist provides an example
provisions will tend to have more relevance because
of considerations in completing an ESS project. The
they govern the assembly of the mixed-matched
checklist can be expanded or modified as needed to
components.
meet specific project requirements.

Table E.3 Energy Storage Systems Installation Checklist

General Information
Project Name
Project Address
Facility Owner (Name, Contact Person, Telephone
Number(s))
ESS Owner (if different from the Facility Owner) (Name,
Contact Person, Telephone Number(s))
System Developer (Name, Contact Person, Telephone
Number(s))
System Operator (if different from System Developer)
(Name, Contact Person, Telephone Number(s))
System Integrator, if applicable (Name, Contact Person,
Telephone Number(s))
Serving Electrical Utility Provider and Contact
Information (Utility Name, Contact Person, Telephone
Number(s))
ESS Name

ESS Location(s) on Premises

Locations of all electric utility meters for the facility

Is ESS a new system, or an addition to or renewal,
renovation, or repair of an existing system?
AHJ(s):

• Organization

• Contact Person and Telephone Number(s)

• Scope of Authority

• List of Adopted Codes, Standards, Regulations

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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

√ n/a*
Technical Project Information
ESS Type
• Technology
• Services provided
• Chemistry (if electrochemical)
• Liquid capacity (gallons)
Enclosure:
• Type
• Overall Dimensions (feet)
• Footprint Area (square feet)
• Height (feet)
• Weight (pounds)
• Special environmental limitations (e.g. seismic,
indoor, outdoor)
Charge time (minutes) at rated power
Minimum Discharge Time (minutes)
Maximum Discharge Time (minutes)
Self-Discharge Rate (% energy loss/day)
Input Voltage (VAC)
Output Voltage Range (Min to Max, VAC)
Designed (Site Rated) Stored Energy Capacity (kWh)
Measured (Actual) Stored Energy Capacity (kWh)
Maximum Rated Continuous Discharge Power (kW)
Maximum Rated Continuous Charge Power (kW)
Operating Temperature Range (Min to Max, degrees
Fahrenheit)
Operating Humidity Range (Min to Max, %)
Operating Efficiency Range (Min to Max, %)
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
Auxiliary, if applicable, and relevant input voltage,
output voltage, current, and frequency
ESS Equipment and Component Safety Documentation
Unitary or Prepackaged ESS Equipment ID, and
Testing and Listing Information

√ verified * not applicable

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 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

Pre-Engineered ESS with Factory-Matched

Modular Components ID, and Testing and Listing
Information

Individual ESS Component ID, and Testing and

Listing Information

Engineered and Field-Assembled ESS ID, and NFPA

791 or other Safety Documentation (Failure Mode
Effects Analysis (FMEA) or similar)
ESS Installation – Location and Siting Information
ESS proximity to any buildings or structures
Clearances between any ESS fresh air intakes or
exhausts and any fresh air intakes or exhausts of
other buildings, structures or systems in close
proximity
ESS elevation above flood plane
ESS foundation type and structural calculations,
including seismic calculations, if applicable
Seismic anchoring details, if applicable
Potential sources physical damage and means of
protection
Details on ESS protection from external elements
(wind, rain, snow, wildfire) as applicable
Are multiple ESSs protected from each other, if
applicable
Required egress provided
Methods to protect against unauthorized access
(access control, physical security measures)
Description of means of access to and egress from
the ESS location
Description of means of access to the ESS location
for fire department or first responder access
Description of means of access for service and
maintenance of systems and equipment
Systems and equipment listed for hazardous
atmospheres, if applicable
Distance from stored combustible materials and
similar hazards

√ verified * not applicable

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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

List of chemicals (and volumes) associated with the

ESS and their acceptability as a function of type of
construction, building use, height above grade, and/
or distance from other buildings and facilities
List of systems and equipment for Hazmat mitigation
of above chemicals, if applicable.
List of locations of emergency eye-wash and/or
emergency shower locations, where required
List of locations and contents of emergency spill
containment kits provided to contain any leaks or
spills associated with ESS equipment or operation,
or resulting from any incident response, such as fire
suppression system activation or other firefighting
activities
Indoor ESS installation are not more than 30 feet
below the finished floor of the lowest level of exit
discharge, and not over 75 feet above the lowest level
of fire department access
Required fire and smoke separations provided
between rooms housing ESSs and other spaces
ESS suitable for installation outdoors, if applicable,
and interconnected with required central control or
monitoring systems
Roof construction is noncombustible, if roof-
mounted
Rooftop access provided for emergency access, if
applicable
Rooftop service walkways provided, if applicable
Sufficient clearances are maintained to edges of the
roof or other rooftop construction
ESS Installation – Interconnection systems (i.e., electrical, gas, ventilation, communications,
central control systems, fire detection) Related Information
Location of all Points of Common Coupling to any
Utility
Locations of all disconnecting means are identified
Required disconnecting means and associated labels/
placards are provided for the ESS
All ESS electrical wiring and connections comply
with adopted electrical codes, including field-
assembled ESS components

√ verified * not applicable

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 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

Any connections between the ESS and non-electrical

energy sources meet applicable adopted codes
All connections to and from the ESS to mechanical
systems meet applicable adopted mechanical codes
All connections to and from the ESS to plumbing
systems meet applicable adopted plumbing codes
All connections to and from the ESS to fire detection
and fire suppression systems meet applicable adopted
fire codes
All connections to and from the ESS to control
systems meet applicable adopted codes addressing
such systems
All mechanical, plumbing, fire detection and fire
suppression and control connections between field-
installed ESS components meet applicable adopted
codes

ESS Installation – Ventilation, Thermal Management and Exhaust Information

As required by code and the ESS manufacturer,
ventilation and/or exhaust systems are installed and
meet the manufacturer requirements for air flow,
temperature, and humidity control. These systems
can be manually shut down as needed.
Systems provided for ventilation, thermal
management, and exhaust maintain negative
pressure in ESS spaces in relation to other spaces

ESS Installation – Fire Protection

Fire detection and fire suppression (protection)
systems are compatible with ESS technologies and
chemistries, as applicable
Fire detection and fire suppression (protection)
systems for ESSs are interconnected to any required
fire and smoke detection systems where required by
manufacturer instructions or relevant codes.
Rooms housing ESS and other components are
separated from other areas by fire rated construction
methods in accordance with adopted building and
fire codes

√ verified * not applicable

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NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

Openings in required fire and smoked separations

are protected by fire doors or fire or smoke dampers
as applicable
Smoke control systems are provided for indoor ESSs
when required
Signage is provided adjacent to any ESS access point
indicating:
• Type of ESS
• Means of access and egress
• Incident response instructions
• Instructions for first responders addressing fire
and smoke control
• Hazardous material communications, including
the amount and type of any corrosive liquids or
hazardous chemicals associated with the ESS
• Location(s) and operating instructions for
all disconnecting means, emergency shutoffs,
and system controls.

Means provided to contain any leaks or spills

associated with ESS equipment or operation, or
resulting from any incident response, such as fire
suppression system activation or other firefighting
activities

Where required by code, approved methods and

materials shall be provided for the control and
neutralization of spills of hazardous materials in
areas containing stationary storage batteries.

√ verified * not applicable ESS Installation – Commissioning

A commissioning and testing plan for the ESS and
interconnected auxiliary systems is developed and
implemented, and a report is available for the AHJ.

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(This annex is not a part of the standard)

Annex F: Reference Standards

This publication, when used in conjunction with the National Electrical Code, National Electrical Safety Code,
and cable manufacturers’ literature, provides sufficient information to install and test fiber optic cables.

Standards are under continuous development therefore it is recommended that the user obtain the latest versions
of all referenced standards.

National Fire Protection Association

1 Batterymarch Park
P.O. Box 9101
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(617) 770-3000 tel
(617) 770-3500 fax
www.nfpa.org

NFPA 70-2017, National Electrical Code (ANSI)

NFPA 70B-2016, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance

NFPA 70E-2018, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

445 Hoes Lane
P.O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
(732) 981-0060 tel
(732) 981-9667 fax
www.ieee.org

IEEE Std 450, Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid (VLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE Std 484, Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid (VLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE Std 1106, Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance and Testing of Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE Std 1187, Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid
(VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE Std 1188, Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-
Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications

57 n
NECA 416 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

IEEE Std 1578, Recommended Practice for Stationary Battery Spill containment and Management

IEEE Std 1657, Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifications for Installation and Maintenance of
Stationary Batteries

IEEE Std 1184, Guide for Batteries for UPS Applications

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

902 Battelle Boulevard
Richland, WA
1-888-375-PNNL (7665)
www.pnl.gov

PNNL-SA-118870/SAND2016-5977R, Energy Storage System Guide for Compliance with Safety Codes and
Standards

Current National Electrical Installation Standards published by NECA:

National Electrical Contractors Association

3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 1100
Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 215-4504 tel
(301) 215-4500 fax
www.neca-neis.org

NECA 1-2015, Standard for Good Workmanship in Electrical Construction (ANSI)

NECA 90-2015, Standard for Commissioning Building Electrical Systems (ANSI)
NECA 100-2013, Symbols for Electrical Construction Drawings (ANSI)
NECA 101-2013, Standard for Installing Steel Conduits (Rigid, IMC, EMT) (ANSI)
NECA 102-2004, Standard for Installing Aluminum Rigid Metal Conduit (ANSI)
NECA/AA 104-2012, Standard for Installing Aluminum Building Wire and Cable (ANSI)
NECA/NEMA 105-2015, Standard for Installing Metal Cable Tray Systems (ANSI)
NECA 111-2003, Standard for Installing Nonmetallic Raceways (RNC, ENT, LFNC) (ANSI)
NECA/NACMA 120-2012, Standard for Installing Armored Cable (AC) and Metal-Clad Cable (MC) (ANSI)
NECA 121-2007, Standard for Installing Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable (Type NM-B) and Underground Feeder
and Branch-Circuit Cable (Type UF) (ANSI)
NECA 130-2016, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Wiring Devices (ANSI)
NECA 169-2016, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs) and Ground-
Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) (ANSI)
NECA 200-2016, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Temporary Electric Power at Construction Sites (ANSI)
NECA 202-2013, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Industrial Heat Tracing Systems (ANSI)
NECA 230-2016, Standard for Selecting, Installing, and Maintaining Electric Motors and Motor Controllers
(ANSI)

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 Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) NECA 416

NECA/FOA 301-2016, Standard for Installing and Testing Fiber Optic Cables (ANSI)
NECA 303-2005, Standard for Installing Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Systems (ANSI)
NECA 305-2010, Standard for Fire Alarm System Job Practices (ANSI)
NECA 331-2009, Standard for Building and Service Entrance Grounding and Bonding
NECA 400-2007, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Switchboards (ANSI)
NECA 402-2014, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Motor Control Centers (ANSI)
NECA/EGSA 404-2014, Standard for Installing Generator Sets (ANSI)
NECA 406-2014, Standard for Installing Residential Generator Sets (ANSI)
NECA 407-2015, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Panelboards (ANSI)
NECA 408-2015, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Busways (ANSI)
NECA 409-2015, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Dry-Type Transformers (ANSI)
NECA 410-2013, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Liquid-Filled Transformers (ANSI)
NECA 411-2014, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) (ANSI)
NECA 412-2012, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Photovoltaic (PV) Power Systems (ANSI)
NECA 413-2012, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (ANSI)
NECA 416-2016, Recommended Practice for Installing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) (ANSI)
NECA 420-2014, Standard for Fuse Applications (ANSI)
NECA 430-2016, Standard for Installing Medium-Voltage Switchgear (ANSI)
NECA/IESNA 500-2006, Standard for Installing Indoor Commercial Lighting Systems (ANSI)
NECA/IESNA 501-2006, Standard for Installing Exterior Lighting Systems (ANSI)
NECA/IESNA 502-2006, Standard for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems (ANSI)
NECA 503-2005, Standard for Installing Fiber Optic Lighting Systems
NECA/BICSI 568-2006, Standard for Installing Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling (ANSI)
NECA/NCSCB 600-2014, Standard for Installing and Maintaining Medium-Voltage Cable (ANSI)
NECA/NEMA 605-2005, Recommended Practice for Installing Underground Nonmetallic Utility Duct
NECA/BICSI 607-2011, Standard for Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding Planning and Installation
Methods for Commercial Buildings (ANSI)
NECA 700-2016, Standard for Installing Overcurrent Protection to Achieve Selective Coordination (ANSI)
NECA 701-2013, Standard for Energy Management, Demand Response and Energy Solutions (ANSI)

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National Electrical Contractors Association
3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 1100
Bethesda, Maryland 20785
301-657-3110 • 301-214-4500 fax
www.necanet.org
Index # NECA 416-16 | 5C-5/17