1

Topic 1. Integration.
Level 1.
ln x
Problem 1. Find ∫ x
dx .

ln x 1
Answer: ∫ x
dx = (ln x ) 2 + c .
2

1
Explanation: If f ( x ) = ln x , then f ′ ( x ) = , and the given integral follows the pattern
x
1 ln x 1
∫ f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) dx = f 2 ( x ) + c . Hence ∫
2 x
dx = (ln x ) 2 + c .
2

cos x
Problem 2. Find ∫ 2 + sin x dx .

cos x
Answer: ∫ 2 + sin x dx = ln( 2 + sin x) + c .

Explanation: If f ( x ) = sin x + 2 , then f ′ ( x ) = cos x , and the given integral follows the pattern
−1 cos x
∫f ( x ) f ′( x )dx = ln f ( x ) + c . Hence ∫ 2 + sin x dx = ln 2 + sin x + c = ln( 2 + sin x) + c ,
since 2 + sin x ≥ 1 .

x
Problem 3. Find ∫ 1 + x 2 dx .

x 1
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = 2 ln(1 + x ) + c.
2
Answer:

f ′( x )
Explanation: Using the pattern
f ( x) ∫
dx = ln f ( x ) + c with f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 , we have

x 1 2 xdx 1 1
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = 2 ∫ 1 + x 2 = 2 ln 1 + x + c = 2 ln(1 + x ) + c ,
2 2

since 1 + x 2 > 0 .

x
Problem 4. Find ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx .

x 1
Answer: ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx = − 2(1 + x 2 ) + c .

1
{ f ( x )} n +1 + c, n = −2 with
n
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ { f ( x )} f ′( x )dx =
n +1
x 1 2x 1
f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 , we have ∫ dx = ∫ dx = − +c.
2 2 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2(1 + x 2 )
 2

Problem 5. Find ∫ e sin x cos xdx .

Answer: ∫ e sin x cos xdx = e sin x + c .

Explanation: The given integral follows the pattern ∫ e f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + c with

f ( x ) = sin x , and we have ∫ e sin x cos xdx = e sin x + c .

Problem 6. Find ∫ x (1 + x 2 ) dx .

1
Answer: ∫x (1 + x 2 ) dx =
3
(1 + x 2 ) 3/ 2 + c .

1
{ f ( x )} n +1 + c
n
Explanation: The given integral follows the pattern ∫ { f ( x )} f ′( x )dx =
n +1
1 1/ 2 1
with f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 , n = 1 / 2 , and we have ∫ x (1 + x 2 ) dx = ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 2 xdx = (1 + x 2 ) 3/2 + c .
2 3

2
Problem 7. Find ∫ x sec ( x 2 ) dx .

2 1
Answer: ∫ x sec ( x 2 )dx =
2
tan( x 2 ) + c .

2
Explanation: Using ∫ sec { f ( x )} f ′ ( x ) dx = tan{ f ( x )} + c with f ( x ) = x 2 , we get
2 1 1
∫ x sec ( x 2 )dx =
2 ∫ sec 2 ( x 2 )2 xdx = tan( x 2 ) + c .
2

π
6
Problem 8. Evaluate ∫ cot xdx .
π
4

π
6 π π
Answer: ∫ cot xdx = ln(sin 6 ) − ln(sin 4 ) .
π
4

−1
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ { f ( x )} f ′ ( x )dx = ln f ( x ) + c with f ( x ) = sin x , we get
π π
π
6 6 π π
∫ cot xdx = ∫ (sin x)
−1
[
cos xdx = ln sin x ] 6
π
= ln(sin ) − ln(sin )
6 4
π π
4
4 4
1 1 2 1 1
= ln( ) − ln( ) = ln( ) = ln = − ln 2 .
2 2 2 2 2
 3

2
1
Problem 9. Evaluate ∫ dx .
04+ x2

2
1 π
Answer: ∫ 4 + x 2 dx = 8 .
0

1 1 −1 x
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a tan a
with a = 2 , we obtain
2 2
1 1 x 1 2 1 1 π
∫ 4 + x2 dx = tan −1 = tan −1 − tan −1 0 = tan −1 (1) = .
0
2 20 2 2 2 2 8

4
( x 2 − 1) 2
Problem 10. Evaluate ∫ x
dx .
2

4
( x 2 − 1) 2
Answer: ∫ x dx = 48 + ln 2 .
2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4
( x 2 − 1) 2 x − 2x2 + 1 1
∫ x ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3 3
Explanation: dx = dx = ( x − 2 x + 1 / x ) dx = x dx − 2 xdx + dx
x x
2 2 2 2 2 2
4

[ ]
 x4  4
=   − x 2 + [ ln x ] 2 = 64 − 4 − 16 + 4 + ln 4 − ln 2 = 48 + ln 2 .
4
 4  2 2

1
Problem 11. Find ∫ x 2 + 2 x + 2dx {Show first that x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + 1 }.

1 −1
Answer: ∫ x 2 + 2 x + 2dx = tan ( x + 1) + c .

Explanation: Make the substitution x + 1 = u, dx = du . Then we get

1 1 du
∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ = tan −1 u + c = tan −1 ( x + 1) + c .
x 2 + 2x + 2 ( x + 1) + 1
2 2
u +1

1
Problem 12. Find ∫ dx . {Show first that 2 x − x 2 = 1 − ( x − 1) 2 }.
2x − x 2

1
Answer: ∫ dx = sin −1 ( x − 1) + c .
2
2x − x

Explanation: Make the substitution x − 1 = u, dx = du . Then we get

 4

1 1 du
∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ = sin −1 u + c = sin −1 ( x − 1) + c .
2x − x 1 − ( x − 1) 1− u
2 2 2

x −1
Problem 13. Find ∫ x 2 + 1 dx .

x −1 1
Answer: ∫ dx = ln( x 2 + 1) − tan −1 x + c .
x2 + 1 2

Explanation: It is easily seen that

x −1 x dx 1 2x dx 1
∫ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ x 2 + 1 dx − ∫ x 2 + 1 = 2 ∫ x 2 + 1 dx − ∫ x 2 + 1 = 2 ln( x
2
+ 1) − tan −1 x + c , since

( x 2 + 1) ′ = 2 x .

6 x − 10
Problem 14. Find ∫ ( x + 1)( x − 3) dx .

6 x − 10
∫ ( x + 1)( x − 3) dx = ln ( x + 1) ( x − 3)  + c .
4 2
Answer:

6 x − 10 a b
Explanation: Let ≡ + .
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x − 3
Then, we have 6 x − 10 ≡ a ( x − 3) + b( x + 1) .
Put x = −1 : a = 4 .
Put x = 3 : b = 2 .
6 x − 10  4 2  1 1
Hence ∫ ( x + 1)( x − 3) dx = ∫  x + 1 + x − 3 dx =4 ∫ x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ x − 3 dx
(
= 4 ln x + 1 + 2 ln x − 3 + c = ln ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 3) 2 + c . )
3
dx {Show first that 5 − 2 x + x 2 = 4 + ( x − 1) }.
1 2
Problem 15. Evaluate ∫ x − 2x + 5
2
−1

3
1 π
Answer: ∫ x − 2x + 5
2
dx =
4
.
−1

Explanation: Using the substitution x − 1 = u, dx = du , x = −1 ⇒ u = −2 ,

x = 3 ⇒ u = 2 we get
3 3 2 2

∫ x 2 − 2 x + 5 dx = ∫ ( x − 1) 2 + 4 dx = ∫ u 2 + 4 du = 2 tan 2 = 2 (tan(1) − tan( −1))

1 1 1 u 1 1
−1 −1 −2 −2

1π  π π
=  − −  = .
24  4  4
 5

0
dx {Show first that 3 − 2 x − x 2 = 4 − ( x + 1) }.
1 2
Problem 16. Evaluate ∫ 2
−1 3 − 2x − x

0
1 π
Answer: ∫ dx =
6
.
−1 3 − 2x − x2

Explanation: Using the substitution x + 1 = u, dx = du, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1, x = −1 ⇒ u = 0 , we get

0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ du
−1 3 − 2x − x2 −1 4 − (1 + 2 x + x 2 ) −1 4 − ( x + 1) 2 0 4 − u2
1
 u π
= sin −1  = sin −1 (1 / 2) − sin −1 ( 0) = .
 20 6

x
Problem 17. Find ∫ dx , using the substitution u 2 = x + 1 .
x +1

x 2
Answer: ∫ x +1
dx = ( x + 1) 3/ 2 − 2 x + 1 + c .
3

Explanation: Using the substitution u 2 = x + 1, x = u 2 − 1, dx = 2udu , we have

x u2 − 1 2 2
∫ x +1
dx = ∫
u
⋅ 2udu = 2 ∫ ( u 2 − 1)du = u 3 − 2u + c = ( x + 1) 3/ 2 − 2 x + 1 + c .
3 3

x
Problem 18. Find ∫ dx , using the substitution u = x 2 .
x −14

x 1 x2 − 1
Answer: ∫ x4 − 1 dx =
4
ln
x2 + 1
+c.

1
Explanation: Let u = x 2 . Then x = u , dx = du .
2 u
Hence
x u 1 1 1 1  1 1  1 1 1 1
∫ x 4 − 1 dx = ∫ u 2 − 1 2 u
du = ∫
2 u −1
2
du = ∫  −  du = ∫
4  u − 1 u + 1 4 u −1
du − ∫
4 u+1
du

1 1 1 u−1 1 x2 −1
= ln u − 1 − ln u + 1 + c = ln + c = ln +c.
4 4 4 u+1 4 x2 + 1

1
Problem 19. Find ∫ dx , using the substitution u = e x .
e +1x

∫ e x + 1 dx = x − ln(e )
1
Answer: x
+1 + c.
 6

1
Explanation: Let u = e x , u > 0 . Then x = ln u, dx = du .
u
1 1 1 1 1  1 1
Hence ∫ x dx = ∫ du = ∫  −  du = ∫ du − ∫ du = ln u − ln( u + 1) + c
e +1 u + 1 u  u u + 1 u u +1
= x − ln( e x + 1) + c .

x
Problem 20. Find ∫ cos ecxdx , using the substitution t = tan .
2

x
Answer: ∫ cos ecxdx = ln tan( ) + c .
2

x 2
Explanation: Let t = tan , − π < x < π, x = 2 tan −1 t , dx = dt .
2 1+ t2
2 tan( x / 2)
Since sin x = , we obtain
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2)
x
1 + tan 2
2 dx = 1 + t
2
1 2 1 x
∫ cos ecxdx = ∫ sin x dx = ∫ x ∫ 2t 1 + t 2
dt = ∫ dt = ln t + c = ln tan( ) + c .
t 2
2 tan
2

1
x
Problem 21. Evaluate ∫ dx , using the substitution u = x 2 .
0 x +1
4

1
x π
Answer: ∫ x 4 + 1 dx = 8 .
0

1
Explanation: Let u = x 2 , and 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < u < 1 . Then x = u , dx = du .
2 u
Hence

[ ]
1 1
x u 1 11 1 1 1 1 π
∫ dx = ∫ du = ∫ du = tan −1 u = (tan −1 1 − tan −1 0) = .
0 x4 +1 0u
2
+1 2 u 2 0 u2 + 1 2 0 2 8

6
Problem 22. Evaluate ∫ x 6 − xdx Using the substitution u 2 = 6 − x .
0

6
96
Answer: ∫x 6 − xdx =
5
.
0

Explanation: Let u 2 = 6 − x , u = 6 − x , 2 < x < 6 ⇒ 0 < u < 2 . Then x = 6 − u 2 , dx = −2udu .

6 2 2 2 2
Hence ∫ x 6 − xdx = ∫ ( 6 − u 2 ) u( −2u)du = 2 ∫ (u 4 − 6u 2 ) du = 2 ∫ u 4 du −12 ∫ u 2 du
0 0 0 0 0
 7

[ ] [ ]
2 5 2 2 64 96
= u − 4 u3 = − 32 = .
5 0 0 5 5

1
x
Problem 23. Evaluate ∫ dx , using the substitution x = tan 2 θ .
0
1 + x

1
x π
Answer: ∫ 1 + x dx = 2 − 2 .
0

π 2 tan θ
Explanation: Let x = tan 2 θ, 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < θ < , dx = dθ . Hence
4 cos2 θ
1 π /4 π π /4 /4
x tan θ tan θ 1 − cos2 θ
∫ 1+ x ∫ ∫ ∫
2
dx = 2 dθ = 2 tan θ dθ = 2 dθ
2 2
0 0 1 + tan θ cos θ 0 0 cos2 θ
π /4 π /4
π/4 π/ 4
dθ − 2 ∫ 1dθ = 2[ tan θ] 0 − 2[θ] 0
1
=2 ∫ cos θ
2
= 2(tan π / 4 − tan 0) − π / 2 = 2 − π / 2 .
0 0

Problem 24. Find ∫ sin 2 x cos 3 xdx , using the substitution u = sin x .

sin 3 x sin 5 x
Answer: ∫ sin 2 x cos 3 xdx = − +c.
3 5

Explanation: Using the substitution u = sin x , cos xdx = du , we obtain

u 3 u5
∫ sin x cos xdx = ∫ sin x(1 − sin x) cos xdx = ∫ u (1 − u )du = ∫ u du − ∫ u du = − +c
2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4
3 5

sin 3 x sin 5 x
= − + c.
3 5

cos 3 x
Problem 25. Find ∫ sin 2 x dx , using the substitution u = sin x .

cos3 x
Answer: ∫ sin 2 x dx = − cos ecx − sin x + c .

Explanation: Using the substitution u = sin x , cos xdx = du , we obtain

cos3 x 1 − sin 2 x 1 1
∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ 2
sin x
cos xdx = ∫
sin x 2
cos xdx − ∫ cos xdx = ∫
u2
du − sin x + c

1
=− − sin x + c = − cos ecx − sin x + c .
sin x

Problem 26. Find ∫ cos 6 x cos 2 xdx .

 8

1 1
Answer: ∫ cos 6 x cos 2 xdx = sin 4 x + sin 8 x + c .
8 16

1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ cos 6 x cos 2 xdx = 2 ∫ (cos 4 x + cos 8 x )dx = 2 ∫ cos 4 xdx + 2 ∫ cos 8 xdx
1 1
= sin 4 x sin 8 + c .
8 16

Problem 27. ∫ sin 3x cos xdx .

cos 2 x cos 4 x
Answer: ∫ sin 3x cos xdx = − − +c.
4 8

1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ sin 3x cos xdx = ∫ (sin 2 x + sin 4 x ) dx = ∫ sin 2 xdx + ∫ sin 4 xdx
2 2 2
cos 2 x cos 4 x
=− − +c.
4 8

Problem 28. Find ∫ cos 3x sin xdx .

1 1
Answer: ∫ cos 3x sin xdx = cos 2 x − cos 4 x + c .
4 8

1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ cos 3x sin xdx = ∫ ( − sin 2 x + sin 4 x ) dx = − ∫ sin 2 xdx + ∫ sin 4 xdx
2 2 2
1 1
= cos 2 x − cos 4 x + c .
4 8

Problem 29. Find ∫ sin 4x cos xdx .

1 1
Answer: ∫ sin 4 x cos xdx = − cos 3x − cos 5x + c .
6 10

Explanation: Using the formula 2 sin p cos q = sin( p − q ) + sin( p + q ) , we get

1 1 1 1
∫ sin 4 x cos xdx = 2 ∫ sin 3xdx + 2 ∫ sin 5xdx = − 6 cos 3x − 10 cos 5x + c .

π/4
∫ (tan
3
Problem 30. Evaluate x + tan x ) dx .
0

π/4
1
∫ (tan
3
Answer: x + tan x )dx = .
0
2

Explanation:
 9

π /4 π /4 π /4
[ ]
1 1 π/4 1
∫ (tan x + tan x)dx = ∫ tan x(tan x + 1)dx = ∫
3 2
tan x dx = tan 2 x = .
0 0 0 cos 2 x 2 0 2

Problem 31. Find ∫ xe x dx .

∫ xe
x
Answer: dx = e x ( x − 1) + c .

d x
Explanation: We note that e = e x . Hence, using integration by parts, with x as
dx
the second function, removes x from the integrand, leaving e x . Thus

∫ xe dx = xe x − ∫ e x dx = xe x −e x + c = e x ( x − 1) + c .
x

Problem 32. Find ∫ x sin xdx .

Answer: ∫ x sin xdx = − x cos x + sin x + c .

Explanation: ∫ x sin xdx = − x cos x + ∫ cos xdx = − x cos x + sin x + c .

Problem 33. Find ∫ x 2 ln xdx .

x3
Answer: ∫ x ln xdx =
2
9
(3 ln x − 1) + c .

1
Explanation: Since (ln x ) ′ =, using integration by parts, with ln x as the second function,
x
removes ln x from the integrand, leaving powers of x . Hence

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
∫x x ln x − ∫ x 3 dx = x 3 ln x − ∫ x 2 dx = x 3 ln x − x 3 + c
2
ln xdx =
3 3 x 3 3 3 9

x3
= ( 3 ln x − 1) + c .
9

Problem 34. Find ∫ tan −1 xdx .

Answer: ∫ tan −1 xdx = x tan −1 x − ln x 2 + 1 + c .

Explanation:
−1 x 1
∫ tan xdx = x tan −1 x − ∫ dx = x tan −1 x − ln( x 2 + 1) + c = x tan −1 x − ln x 2 + 1 + c .
1+ x 2 2
 10

n−1
Problem 35. If I n = ∫ tan n xdx for n ≥ 0 , show that I n = tan x − I n −2 for n ≥ 2 .
n−1

f n +1 ( x )
Explanation: Let n ≥ 2 . Using the pattern ∫ ′ = + c , we get
n
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx
n+1
 1 
I n = ∫ tan n xdx = ∫ tan n−2 x tan 2 xdx = ∫ tan n −2 x  − 1 dx
 cos x 
2

1 tan n −1 x
= ∫ tan n− 2 x dx − ∫ tan n−2 xdx = − I n −2 , where
cos 2 x n −1
I 0 = ∫ dx = x + c ,
I 1 = ∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x + c .

e
Problem 36. If I n = ∫ (ln x ) n dx for n ≥ 0 , show that I n = e − nI n −1 for n ≥ 1 .
1
Hence evaluate I 4 .

Answer: I 4 = 9e − 24 .

Explanation: Let n ≥ 1 , and

[ ]
′
( ) dx = e −∫ xn(ln x)
e e e e e
n −1 1
I n = ∫ (ln x ) dx = x (ln x )
n n
− ∫ x (ln x ) n
dx = e −n ∫ (ln x ) n −1 dx
1
1
1 1
x 1
e
= e − nI n −1 , where I 0 = ∫ 1dx = e − 1 .
1
Hence I 4 = e − 4 I 3 = e − 4( e − 3I 2 ) = −3e + 12(e − 2 I 1 ) = 9e − 24( e − I 0 ) = −15e + 24( e − 1)
= 9e − 24 .

a a
Problem 37. Show that ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx .
0 0

Explanation: Let x = a − u , then du = − dx , x = 0 ⇒ u = a , x = a ⇒ u = 0 , and

a 0 a a
∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( a − u)du = ∫ f ( a − u)du = ∫ f (a − x )dx .
0 a 0 0

π a a
x sin x π2
Problem 38. Show that ∫ 2
dx = , using that ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx .
0 1 + cos x 4
0 0
Explanation:
π π π π π
x sin x ( π − x ) sin( π − x ) ( π − x ) sin x sin x x sin x
∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = π ∫ dx − ∫ dx .
0 1 + cos ( π − x ) 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
2 2 2 2
0
Hence
π
x sin x ππ sin x
∫ 1 + cos 2 xdx = 2 ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx .
0 0
 11

Using the substitution u = cos x , sin xdx = − du, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1, x = π ⇒ u = −1 , we get

π
π− 1
1 1
x sin x 1 −1 1 π π2
∫ 2
dx = −
2 1∫ 1 + u 2
du = π ∫ 2
du = π[tan u ] 0 = π = .
0 1 + cos +
x 0 1 u 4 4

a a
Problem 39. Show that ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ { f ( x) + f ( − x )}dx .
−a 0

Explanation:
0 0 a a
Using the substitution u = − x , we have ∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( −u)du = ∫ f ( −u)du = ∫ f (− x)dx .
−a a 0 0
a a 0 a
Then ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ { f ( x) + f ( − x)}dx .
−a 0 −a 0

π/ 2 a a
π ex
Problem 40. Show that ∫ sin xdx = , using ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( − x )}dx .
2
x
− π /2 1 + e
4
−a 0

π/ 2 π/2 
ex  ex e−x 
∫ sin 2 xdx = ∫  x
2
Explanation:  sin x + sin 2 ( − x ) dx
−x

x
− π /2 1 + e 0 1 + e 1+ e

π/2  x  π/ 2 π/2 π/2

 e 1 sin 2 x x 1
∫  x sin x + x sin x dx = ∫ ( e + 1) dx = ∫ sin 2 xdx = ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2 2
=

x
0 1 + e e +1 0 1+ e 0
2 0

π 1π2
/
π 1 π/2 π
= − ∫ cos 2 xdx = − [ sin 2 x ] 0 = .
4 2 0 4 4 4