1

Level 3.
Problem 1. Find ∫ sec 3 x tan xdx .

sec 3 x
Answer: ∫ sec 3 x tan xdx = + c.
3

n { f ( x )} n +1
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ { f ( x )} f ′( x ) dx = + c with f ( x ) = cos x and n = −4 ,
n +1

sin xdx (cos x ) −3 sec 3 x

we get ∫ sec x tan xdx = ∫
3
= − ∫ (cos x ) −4 ( − sin x )dx = +c= +c.
cos4 x 3 3

sin 2 x
Problem 2. Find ∫ 2 + sin 2 x dx .

sin 2 x
∫ 2 + sin 2 xdx = ln(sin x + 2) + c .
2
Answer:

f ′( x )
Explanation: Using ∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x ) + c with f ( x ) = sin 2 x + 2 , we get

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x

∫ 2 + sin 2 x dx = ∫ 2 + sin x 2
dx = ln sin 2 x + 2 + c = ln(sin 2 x + 2) + c , since sin 2 x + 2 > 0 .

1
∫ x sec
2
Problem 3. Find (ln x ) dx .

1
∫ x sec (ln x )dx = tan(ln x ) + c .
2
Answer:

1
Explanation: Using the substitution u = ln x , du = dx , we get
x
1 1
∫ x sec (ln x ) dx = ∫ sec 2 udu = ∫ cos2 udu = tan u + c = tan(ln x) + c .
2

ex
Problem 4. Find ∫ dx .
1 − e2x

ex
Answer: ∫ dx = sin −1 (e x ) + c .
1− e 2x

Explanation: Make the substitution e x = u, du = e x dx .Then

 2

ex 1
∫ dx = ∫ du = sin −1 u + c = sin −1 ( e x ) + c .
1− e 2x
1− u 2

1
Problem 5. Find ∫ e x + e − x dx .

1 −1 x
Answer: ∫ e x + e − x dx = tan e +c.

Explanation: Using the substitution e x = u, du = e x dx , we get

1 ex 1
∫ e x + e −x dx = ∫ dx = ∫ du = tan −1 u + c = tan −1 e x + c .
e 2x
+1 u +1
2

1
2
1
Problem 6. Evaluate ∫ dx .
0 (1 − 4 x 2 )

1
2
1 π
Answer: ∫ dx =
4
.
0 (1 − 4 x 2 )

1 x
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ dx = sin −1 with a = 1 / 2 , we obtain
(a 2 − x 2 ) a

1 1
1
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 π
∫ dx = ∫ dx = sin −1 ( 2 x ) = sin −1 (1) = .
2
2 2 2 2 4
0 (1 − 4 x )
1 0
0 −x 2
4

π
6
Problem 7. Evaluate ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 xdx .
0

π
6
1
Answer: ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 xdx = 2 .
0

−2
Explanation: Using the pattern ∫ { f ( x )} f ′ ( x )dx = −{ f ( x )} −1 + c with f ( x ) = cos 2 x , we
 3

π π
π  
6 6sin 2 x 1 (cos 2 x ) ′ 1 1 6
1  1 1  1
get ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 xdx = ∫ dx = − ∫ dx =   =  − = .
cos 2
2 x 2 cos2 2 x 2  cos 2 x  0 2  cos( π ) cos 0  2
0 0
 3 

x2
Problem 8. Find ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)dx .

x2  x +1 
  + c.
Answer: ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) dx = x + ln
 x+2 4
( ) 

x2 3x + 2
Explanation: By division =1− .
( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2)

3x + 2 a b
Let ≡ + .
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2

Then we get 3x + 2 ≡ a ( x + 2) + b( x + 1) .
Put x = −1 : a = −1 .
Put x = −2 : b = 4 .
Hence

x2 3x + 2  1 4 
∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)dx = ∫ 1dx − ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) dx = x − ∫  − x + 1 + x + 2  dx
1 1  x +1 
=x+∫ dx − 4 ∫ dx = x + ln x + 1 − 4 ln x + 2 + c = x + ln  + c .
x +1 x+2  ( x + 2) 4 

4x − x2
Problem 9. Find ∫ ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx .

4x − x2 −1  x 
Answer: ∫ ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx = − ln x + 1 + 2 tan   + c.
 2

4x − x 2 a bx + c
Explanation: Let ≡ + .
( x + 1)( x + 4)
2 x + 1 x2 + 4

Then 4 x − x 2 ≡ a ( x 2 + 4) + (bx + c)( x + 1) .

Put x = −1 : − 5 = 5a ⇒ a = −1 .

Equate coefficients of x 2 : − 1 = a + b ⇒ b = 0 .

Equate coefficients of x 1 : 4 = b + c ⇒ c = 4 .
 4

Hence

4x − x 2  −1 4  −1 4 −1 x
∫ ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx = ∫  x + 1 + x 2 + 4  dx = ∫ x + 1 dx + ∫ x 2 + 4 dx = − ln x + 1 + 2 tan ( )+c.
2

3
Problem 10. Find ∫ ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx .

3 −1 1  x
Answer: ∫ ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx = tan x− tan −1   + c .
2  2

3 ax + b cx + d
Explanation: Let ≡ + .
2 2 2
( x + 1)( x + 4) x +1 x2 + 4

Then 3 ≡ ( ax + b)( x 2 + 4) + (cx + d )( x 2 + 1) .

Equate coefficients of x 3 : 0 = a + c .

Equate coefficients of x 2 : 0 = b + d .

Equate coefficients of x 1 : 0 = 4a + c .
Equate constant terms: 3 = 4b + d .
Thus we obtain a = c = 0 , b = 1 , d = −1 .
Hence
3  1 1  1 1 −1 1  x
∫ ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4) dx = ∫  x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 4  dx = ∫ x 2 + 1 dx − ∫ x 2 + 4 dx = tan x− tan −1   + c .
2  2

2
2x − 3
Problem 11. Evaluate ∫ 2
x − 2x + 2
dx .
1

2
2x − 3 π
Answer: ∫ x 2 − 2x + 2
dx = ln 2 −
4
.
1

Explanation: Make the substitution x − 1 = u, dx = du, x = 1 ⇒ u = 0, x = 2 ⇒ u = 1, x = u + 1 .

Hence

[ ] [ ]
2 2 1 1 1
2x − 3 2x − 3 2u − 1 2u du 1 −1 1
∫ x 2 − 2 x + 2 ∫ ( x − 1) 2 + 1 ∫ u 2 + 1 ∫ u 2 + 1 ∫ u 2 + 1
2
dx = dx = du = du − = ln( u + 1) − tan u
0 0
1 1 0 0 0
π
ln 2 − ln 1 − (tan −1 1 − tan −1 0) = ln 2 − .
4
 5

3
x 2 + 4x + 5
Problem 12. Evaluate ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 3)
dx .
0

3
x 2 + 4x + 5
Answer: ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 3)
dx = 3 + ln 2 .
0

x 2 + 4x + 5 2
Explanation: By division ≡1+ .
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3)

2 a b
Let ≡ + , a , b constants.
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)

Then 2 ≡ a ( x + 3) + b( x + 1) .
Put x = −1: 2 = 2a ⇒ a = 1 .

Put x = −3: 2 = −2b ⇒ b = −1 .

Thus we get
3 3 1 3 3
x 2 + 4x + 5
dx = [ x ] 0 + ∫
2 1 1
∫ dx = ∫ 1dx + ∫ dx − ∫
3
dx
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3) x +1 x+3
0 0 0 0 0

[
= 3 + ln x + 1 ] 30 − [ ln x + 3 ] 30 = 3 + ln 4 − ln 1 − (ln 6 − ln 3) = 3 + ln 2 .

3
8
Problem 13. Evaluate ∫ 2
2
dx .
0 ( x + 1)( x + 9)

3
8 5π
Answer: ∫ 2 2
( x + 1)( x + 9)
dx =
8
.
0

8 ax + b cx + d
Explanation: Let ≡ + .
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 9) x2 + 1 x2 + 9

Then 8 ≡ ( ax + b)( x 2 + 9) + (cx + d )( x 2 + 1) .

Equate coefficients of x 3 : 0 = a + c .

Equate coefficients of x 2 : 0 = b + d .

Equate coefficients of x 1 : 0 = 9a + c .
Equate constant terms: 8 = 9b + d .

Thus we get a = 0, c = 0, b = 1, d = −1 .
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[ ]
3 3 3 3
8 1 1 −1 1
3 x 
Hence ∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx = tan x − tan −1 ( ) 
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 9) x2 + 1 2 3 3 0
0 x +9
0
0 0

π π 5π
= − = .
3 18 18

1+ x
Problem 14. Find
1− x
dx . ∫
Hint: use the substitution x = cos2θ .

1+ x
Answer: ∫ dx = − cos −1 x − 1 − x 2 + c .
−
1 x

Explanation: Let x = cos2θ . Since − 1 ≤ x < 1 , we get

π π 1
− ≤ θ < , θ = cos −1 x , dx = −2 sin 2θdθ , 2 cos 2 θ = 1 + cos 2θ, 2 sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2θ . Then
4 4 2

1+ x 1 + cos 2θ cos θ
we obtain ∫ 1− x
dx = ∫
1 − cos 2θ
( −2 sin 2θ) dθ = −4 ∫
sin θ
sin θ cos θdθ = −4 ∫ cos 2 θdθ

= −2 ∫ (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = − ∫ 2dθ − 2 ∫ cos 2θdθ = −2θ − sin 2θ + c = − cos −1 x − 1 − x 2 + c .

x3
Problem 15. Find ∫ ( x 2 + 1) 3 dx .
(a) using the substitution u = x 2 + 1 , (b) using the substitution x = tan θ .
Show that the answers agree.

x3 1 1
Answer: ∫ ( x 2 + 1) 3 dx = − 2( x 2 + 1) + 4( x 2 + 1) 2 + c.

Explanation: (a) Using the substitution u = x 2 + 1, du = 2 xdx , we get

x3 x2 + 1 − 1 1 u 1 1 1 1
∫ ( x 2 + 1) 3 dx = ∫
2
( x + 1) 3
xdx = ∫
2 u 3
du − ∫
2 u 3
du = − +
2 u 4u 2
+c

1 1
=− + + c.
2( x 2 + 1) 4( x 2 + 1) 2

(b) Using the substitution x = tan θ , we have

 7

x3 tan 3 θ tan 3 θ
∫ ( x 2 + 1) 3 dx = ∫
2
(tan θ + 1) 3
sec 2 θdθ = ∫
6
sec θ
sec 2 θdθ = ∫ tan 3 θ cos4 θdθ

2 2 2
1 1  tan 2 θ  1  x2  1  x 2 + 1 − 1
= ∫ sin θ cos θdθ = sin 4 θ + c = 
3  +c=   +c=   +c
4 4  1 + tan 2 θ  4  1 + x 2  4  1 + x 2 
2
1 1  1 1 1 1
= 1 −  +c= − ⋅ + + c.
4  1+ x 
2 4 2 1+ x 2
4(1 + x 2 ) 2

This is in complete agreement with result derived in (a).

2
x
Problem 16. Evaluate ∫ 4− x
dx .
0
Hint: use the substitution x = 4 sin 2 θ .

2
x
Answer: ∫ 4− x
dx = π − 2 .
0

π
Explanation: Let x = 4 sin 2 θ, 0 < x < 2 ⇒ 0 < θ < , dx = 8 sin θ cos θdθ . Hence
4
2 π /4 π/4 π /4
x 4 sin 2 θ
∫ 4− x
dx = ∫ 4 − 4 sin 2 θ
8 sin θ cos θdθ = 8 ∫ sin 2 θdθ = 4 ∫ (1 − cos 2θ)dθ
0 0 0 0

π/4
π /4
=π−4 ∫ cos 2θdθ = π − 2[sin 2θ]0 = π−2.
0

π /3
1
Problem 17. Evaluate ∫ 1 − sin x
dx .
0
x
Hint: use the substitution t = tan .
2

π/3
1
Answer: ∫ 1 − sin x
dx = 3 + 1 .
0
 8

x π 1 2
Explanation: Let t = tan , 0 < x < ,0<t < , x = 2 tan −1 t , dx = dt . Since
2 3 3 1+ t2
2 tan( x / 2)
sin x = , we obtain
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2)

π /3 π /3 1/ 3 1/ 3
1 1 1 2 1+ t2 2
∫ 1−
dx = ∫ dx = ∫ 1+ t 2
dt = ∫ 2 2
dt
0 1 + t − 2t 1 + t
sin x 2 tan( x / 2) 2t
0 0 1− 0 1−
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2) 1+ t2

1/ 3 1/ 3
1  2  2 2 3 2
=2 ∫ dt =  = −2= −2= = 3 +1.
0 (1 − t )
2  1 − t  0 1−1/ 3 3 −1 3 −1

π/2
1
Problem 18. Evaluate ∫ 3 + 5 cos x
dx .
0
x
Hint: use the substitution t = tan .
2

π/2
1 1
Answer: ∫ 3 + 5 cos x
dx = ln 3 .
4
0

x π 2
Explanation: Let t = tan , 0 < x < ⇒ 0 < t < 1, x = 2 tan −1 t , dx = dt . Since
2 2 1+ t2

1 − tan 2 ( x / 2)
cos x = , we obtain
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2)
π /2 π /2 1 1
1 1 1 2 1
∫ 3 + 5 cos x
dx = ∫ 1 − tan 2 ( x / 2)
dx = ∫
1− t2 1+ t2
dt = 2 ∫ dt
0 3 + 3t + 5 − 5t
2 2
0 0 3+ 5 0 3+5
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2) 1+ t2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 1
= 2∫ dt = ∫ dt = ∫  +  dt = ∫ dt + ∫ dt
2 2 4  2 − t 2 + t 4 2−t 4 2+t
0 8 − 2t 04−t 0 0 0

=−
1
4
[ 1
0 4 ] 1
0 4
[ 4
]
ln 2 − t + ln 2 + t = − (ln 1 − ln 2) + (ln 3 − ln 2) = ln 3 .
1 1 1 1
4

π /2
1
Problem 19. Evaluate ∫ 3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5
dx .
0

π/2
1 1
Answer: ∫ 3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5
dx = .
6
0
 9

x
Explanation: Using the substitution t = tan , and
2

2t 1− t2 2 π
sin x = , cos x = , dx = dt , x = 0 ⇒ t = 0, x = ⇒ t = 1 , we have
1+ t2 1+ t2 1+ t2 2

π/2 1 −1
1 1− t2 2t  2
1
1
∫ 3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5 ∫  1 + t 2 1 + t 2 
dx =  3 + 4 + 5
1+ t 2
dt = 2 ∫
2
+ 8t + 5 + 5t 2
dt
0 0  0 3 − 3t
1 1 1
1 1  1  1 1 1
= 2∫ dt = ∫ dt = −   = − = .
2
0 2 t + 8t + 8 0 (t + 2)
2 t + 2 0 2 3 6

Problem 20. Find ∫ sin 6 x sin 2 xdx .

1 1
Answer: ∫ sin 6 x sin 2 xdx = sin 4 x − sin 8 x + c .
8 16

1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ sin 6x sin 2 xdx = 2 ∫ (cos 4 x − cos 8x)dx = 2 ∫ cos 4 xdx − 2 ∫ cos 8xdx
1 1
= sin 4 x − sin 8 x + c .
8 16

Problem 21. Find ∫ cos 5x sin 2 xdx .

1 1
Answer: ∫ cos 5x sin 2 xdx = cos 3x − cos 7 x + c .
6 14

1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ cos 5x sin 2 xdx = 2 ∫ ( − sin 3x + sin 7 x)dx = − 2 ∫ sin 3xdx + 2 ∫ sin 7 xdx
1 1
= cos 3x − cos 7 x + c .
6 14

π/2
Problem 22. Evaluate ∫ cos x sin 3 xdx .
0

π/2
8
Answer: ∫ cos x sin 3 xdx =
21
.
0
 10

Explanation:
π /2 π /2 π/2 π/2
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3 2
cos x sin xdx = cos x (1 − cos x ) sin xdx = cos x sin xdx − cos x cos 2 x sin xdx
0 0 0 0

[ ] [ ]
π/2 2 π /2 2 2 8
= − 2 / 3 cos 3/ 2 x + cos7 / 2 x = − = .
0 7 0 3 7 21

π /4
Problem 23. Evaluate ∫ sin 4 x sin 2 xdx .
0

π /4
1
Answer: ∫ sin 4 x sin 2 xdx = 3 .
0

π /4 π/4 π/4 π /4
1 1 1
Explanation: ∫ sin 4 x sin 2 xdx = 2 ∫ (sin 2 x + sin 6x)dx = 2 ∫ sin 2 xdx +
2 ∫ sin 6xdx
0 0 0 0

π/4 π /4
[ cos 2 x ] 0 − [ cos 6 x ] 0 = +
1 1 1 1 4 1
=− = = .
4 12 4 12 12 3

2π
Problem 24. Evaluate ∫ cos mx cos nxdx in the cases (a) m ≠ n (b) m = n .
0

2π 2π
Answer: m ≠ n ∫ cos mx cos nxdx = 0 ; m = n ∫ cos mx cos nxdx = π .
0 0

Explanation: Since 2 cos p cos q = cos( p − q ) + cos( p + q ) ,

{cos(m − n) x + cos(m + n) x} .
1
we get cos mx cos nx =
2
2π 2π 2π
1 1
Hence I = ∫ cos mx cos nxdx = 2 ∫ cos(m − n) xdx + 2 ∫ cos(m + n) xdx .
0 0 0

2π 2π
[ sin( m − n) x ] 0 + [ sin( m + n) x ] 0 = 0 .
1 1
Let m ≠ n , then I =
2( m − n) 2( m + n )
2π
2π
[ sin 2mx ] 0 = π , since
1 1
Let m = n , then I =
2
2π +
4m ∫ dx = 2π .
0

π /3
1
Problem 25. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx .
0 9 − 10 sin x
 11

1 sec 2 x
Hint: Show that = and use the substitution u = tan x .
9 − 10 sin 2 x 9 − tan 2 x

π /3
1 1
Answer: ∫ 2
9 − 10 sin x
dx =
6
ln( 2 + 3 ) .
0

1 sec 2 x tan 2 x
Explanation: Let us show that = . Since sin 2 x = , we get
9 − 10 sin 2 x 9 − tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
−1 −1
1  tan 2 x   9 − tan 2 x  1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x
= 9 − 10  =  = = .
9 − 10 sin 2 x  1 + tan 2 x   1 + tan 2 x  9 − tan 2 x 9 − tan 2 x

π
Hence, using the substitution u = tan x , du = sec 2 xdx , x = 0 ⇒ u = 0, x = ⇒u= 3,
3
we have
π /3 π/3 3 3
1 sec 2 x 1  3+ u  1 1 3+ 3
∫ 9 − 10 sin 2 x dx = ∫ 9 − tan 2 x dx = ∫ 9 − u 2 du = 6 ln 3 − u  = 6 ln 3 − 3
0 0 0 0

1 (3 + 3 ) 2 1
= ln = ln(2 + 3 ).
6 32 − ( 3 ) 2 6

4
5− x
Problem 26. Evaluate ∫ x −1
.
2
Hint: use the substitution x = 5 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ .

4
5 − x 2π
Answer: ∫ x −1
=
3
.
2

Explanation: Make the substitution. x = 5 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 4 sin 2 θ + 1 . Then dx = 8sin θ cos θdθ ,
π π
x=2⇒θ= ,x =4⇒θ = ,
2 3
4 π/3
5− x 5 − 5 sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
since x = 4 sin 2 θ + 1 . Hence ∫ x −1
= ∫ 2 2
8 sin θ cos θdθ
2 π / 6 5 sin θ + cos θ − 1

π /3 π /3 π/3
4 cos 2 θ
=8 ∫ 4 sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θdθ = 8 ∫ cos 2 θdθ = 4 ∫ (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
π /6 π/6 π /6
π /3
π/3
π + 4 ∫ cos 2θdθ = π + 2[ sin 2θ] π / 6 = π.
2 2 2
=
3 3 3
π /6
 12

π /4
1 − tan x
Problem 27. Evaluate ∫ 1 + tan x
dx .
0

π /4
1 − tan x 1
Answer: ∫ 1 + tan x
dx = ln 2 .
2
0

Explanation: Make the substitution

π 1
t = tan x , x = tan −1 t , x = 0 ⇒ t = 0, x = ⇒ t = 1, dx = dt .
4 1+ t2
π /4 1
1 − tan x 1− t 1
Then ∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫ 1 + t ⋅ 1 + t 2 dt .
0 0

1− t 1 a bt + c
Let ⋅ ≡ + , a , b, c constant.
1+ t 1+ t2 1+ t t2 +1

Then 1 − t ≡ a ( t 2 + 1) + (bt + c)( t + 1) .

Put x = −1 : 2 = 2a ⇒ a = 1 .

Equate coefficients of t 2 : 0 = a + b ⇒ b = −1 .

Equate constant terms: 1= a +c ⇒ c = 0.

Hence
π/4
[ ]
1 1 1
1 − tan x  1 t  1
[ ]
1 t 1
∫ 1 + tan x ∫ 1 + t 1 + t 2  ∫ 1 + t ∫ 1 + t 2
1
dx =  − dt = dt − dt = ln( t + 1) −
0 2
ln( t 2
+ 1)
0
0 0 0 0
1 1
= ln 2 − ln 2 = ln 2.
2 2

∫x
2
Problem 28. Find cos xdx .

∫x
2
Answer: cos xdx = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + c .

Explanation: Repeated application of integration by parts can be used to reduce the powers of
x.

∫x cos xdx = x 2 sin x − ∫ sin x 2 xdx = x 2 sin x −2( − x cos x + ∫ cos xdx )
2
Hence

= x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + c .

Problem 29. Find ∫ x sec x tan xdx .

 13

x
Answer: ∫ x sec x tan xdx = cos x − ln sec x + tan x + c .

d  1  sin x
Explanation: We note that  = . Hence, integration by parts, with x as the
dx  cos x  cos 2 x

second functions, removes x from the integrand. Hence

x sin x x 1 x
∫ x sec x tan xdx = ∫ cos2 x dx = cos x − ∫ cos x dx = cos x − ln sec x + tan x + c ,

1
since (ln sec x + tan x ) ′ = .
cos x

1
Problem 30. Find ∫ cos3 x dx .

1 1 1
Answer: ∫ cos3 x dx = 2 ln sec x + tan x + 2 sec x tan x + c .

1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

Explanation: ∫ cos3 x dx = ∫
cos 3 x
dx = ∫
cos x
dx + ∫
cos 3 x
dx .

1
Furthermore ∫ cos x dx = ln sec x + tan x + c , and we have

sin 2 x sin x 1 1 1 1 sin x 1 1

∫ cos3 x dx = ∫ sin x cos3 x dx = 2 sin x cos2 x − 2 ∫ cos2 x cos xdx = 2 cos2 x − 2 ∫ cos x dx
sin x 1 d  1  2 sin x
= − ln sec x + tan x + c , since  = . Finally,
2 cos x 2 2 dx  cos 2 x  cos 3 x
1 1 sin x 1 1
∫ cos3 x dx = 2 ln sec x + tan x + 2 cos2 x + c = 2 ln sec x + tan x + 2 sec x tan x + c .

Problem 31. Find ∫ ln( x 2 − 1)dx .

(
Answer: ∫ ln( x 2 − 1)dx = x ln x 2 − 1 − 2 x − ln ) x −1
x +1
+ c.

Explanation: Integration by parts leads to a more simple integral

x
∫ ln( x − 1)dx = x ln( x 2 − 1) − ∫ x (ln( x 2 − 1)) ′dx = x ln( x 2 − 1) − ∫
2
2 xdx
x −1
2

x 2 − 1+ 1 1 x −1
= x ln( x 2 − 1) − 2∫ dx = x ln( x 2 − 1) − 2∫ dx − 2∫ dx = x ln( x 2 − 1) − 2 x − ln +c .
x 2 −1 x 2 −1 x +1
 14

ln x
Problem 32. Find ∫ xn
dx in the case (a) n = 0 , (b) n = 1 , (c) n ≠ 0 or 1 .

Answer: (a) n = 0 ∫ ln xdx = x(ln x − 1) + c .

ln x 1
(b) n = 1
x ∫
dx = ln 2 x + c .
2
ln x 1  1 
(c) n ≠ 0 or 1 ∫ dx = − ln x  + c .
n n−1 
 −n 
x (n − 1) x 1

Explanation: Let n = 0 , then integration by parts leads to

∫ ln xdx = x ln x − ∫ x(ln x ) ′dx = x ln x − ∫ dx = x(ln x − 1) + c .

ln x 1
Let n = 1 , then ∫ x
dx = ln 2 x + c .
2
Let n ≠ 0 or 1 , then integration by parts leads to
ln x ln x
1 1 1 ln x 1 1 1
∫x n
dx = −
x n −1
+ ⋅
n −1 n −1 x ∫ n −1
(ln x ) ′dx = −
x n −1
⋅ + ∫
n − 1 n − 1 xn
dx

ln x 1 1 1 1  1 
=− ⋅ − ⋅ +c= − ln x  + c.
n −1 n − 1 2 n −1 n−1 
1 − n 
x ( n − 1) x ( n − 1) x

π /2
Problem 33. Evaluate ∫ x sin x cos xdx .
0

π/2
π
Answer: ∫ x sin x cos xdx = 8 .
0

π /2 π/2 π/2
1  π/2

[ ]
1
Explanation: ∫ x sin x cos xdx = 2 ∫ x sin 2 xdx = − 4
x cos 2 x 0
− ∫ cos 2 xdx 

0 0  0

1 π 1 π/ 2  π
= − − − [ sin 2 x] 0  = .
4 2 2  8

Problem 34. If I n = ∫ sin n xdx for n ≥ 0 , show that I n = − 1 cos x sin n −1 x + (n − 1) I n −2 for n ≥ 2 .
n n
π/ 2
( n − 1)
∫ sin
n
Hence show that if I n = xdx for n ≥ 0 , then I n = I n−2 for n ≥ 2 and deduce that
n
0
π
I5 ⋅ I 6 = .
12

Explanation: Let n ≥ 2 . Integration by parts, with sin n−1 x as the second function, reduces the
power of sin x .
 15

I n = ∫ sin n xdx = − cos x sin n−1 x + ∫ cos x ( n − 1) sin n−2 x cos xdx
= − cos x sin n−1 x + ( n − 1) ∫ sin n−2 xdx − (n − 1) ∫ sin n xdx .

Hence
1 (n − 1)
I n = − cos x sin n−1 x + I n−2 ,
n n

where I 0 = ∫ dx = x + c , I 1 = ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c .

Let for n ≥ 0
π/ 2
∫ sin
n
In = xdx .
0

[ ]
1 π/2 n − 1 n −1
Then for n ≥ 2 we get I n = − cos x sin n−1 x + I n −2 = I n−2 ,
n 0 n n
π/2 π/2
π π /2
where I 0 = ∫ dx = 2
, I1 = ∫ sin xdx = −[cos x]0 = 1.
0 0

1 π 2 2
Thus I 2 = I0 = , I3 = I1 = ,
2 4 3 3
3 3 4 8
I4 = I2 = π , I5 = I3 = ,
4 16 5 15
5 15 5 π
I6 = I4 = π= π . Hence I 5 ⋅ I 6 = .
6 96 32 12

1 n−2
Problem 35. If I n = ∫ sec n xdx for n ≥ 0 , show that I n = tan x sec n −2 x + I n−2 for
n−1 n −1
π/4
( 2 ) n−2 n − 2
∫ sec xdx for n ≥ 0 , then I n =
n
n ≥ 2 . Hence show that if I n = + I n −2 for n ≥ 2
n−1 n −1
0
28
and deduce that I 6 = .
15

Explanation: Let n ≥ 2 . Integration by parts yields

1 1 1
I n = ∫ sec n dx = ∫ cosn x dx = tan x cosn−2 x − (n − 2) ∫ tan x cosn−1 x sin xdx
1 1 − cos 2 x
= tan x − (n − 2 ) ∫ dx
cos n−2 x cos n x

= tan x sec n−2 x − ( n − 2) ∫ sec n xdx + ( n − 2) ∫ sec n−2 xdx

= tan x sec n − 2 x − ( n − 2) I n + (n − 2) I n − 2 .
 16

tan x sec n − 2 x n − 2
Hence I n = + I n−2 ,
n −1 n −1
1
where I 0 = ∫ dx = x + c , I1 = ∫ cos x dx = ln sec x + tan x + c .
Let for n ≥ 0
π/4
∫ sec
n
In = xdx .
0

( 2 ) n −2 n − 2
[ ]
1 π/4 n−2
Then In = tan x sec n − 2 x + I n −2 = + I n−2 ,
n −1 0 n−1 n −1 n −1
π/4 π/ 4
π
∫ sec xdx = [ ln sec x + tan x ] 0
π /4
where I 0 = ∫ dx = , I1 = = ln( 2 + 1) .
4
0 0

Thus we get
2 2 4 4 4 4 28
I2 = 1, I4 = + = , I6 = + = .
3 3 3 5 5 3 15

1
3n
Problem 36. If I n = ∫ x (1 − x 3 ) n dx for n ≥ 0 , show that I n = I n−1 for n ≥ 1 . Hence find an
2 + 3n
0
expression for I n in terms of n for n ≥ 0 .

3n n !
Answer: I n = .
( 3n + 2)(3n − 1)K8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2

Explanation: Integration by parts, with (1 − x 3 ) n as the second function, reduces the power

of (1 − x 3 ) .
Let n ≥ 1 , then

[ ]
1 1 1 1
1 2
x (1 − x 3 ) n − ∫ x 2 n(1 − x 3 ) n −1 ( −3x 2 ) dx = n ∫ x (1 − x 3 ) n −1 x 3dx
1 3
I n = ∫ x (1 − x 3 ) n dx =
2 0 2 2
0 0 0

1 1
3 3 3 3
= − n ∫ x (1 − x 3 ) n−1 (1 − x 3 )dx + n ∫ x (1 − x 3 ) n−1dx = − nI n + nI n−1 .
2 2 2 2
0 0

3 1
n 1 x2 
3n 1
Hence I n = 2 I = I with I 0 = ∫ xdx =   = .
3 n−1 2 + 3n n−1  2  0 2
1+ n 0
2
Furthermore, for n ≥ 0 we have
3n 3n 3n − 3 3n 3n − 3 3n − 6 6 3
In = I n−1 = ⋅ I n−2 = ⋅ ⋅ L ⋅ I0
2 + 3n 3n + 2 3n − 1 3n + 2 3n − 1 3n − 4 8 5
 17

3n n !
= .
( 3n + 2)(3n − 1)K8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2

π/2
sin(2n + 1)θ
Problem 37. If I n = ∫ sin θ
dθ , show that I n − I n −1 = 0 for n ≥ 1 . Hence find the value
0
of I n for n ≥ 0 .

π/2
sin θ π
Answer: I n = I 0 = ∫ sin θ
dθ = .
2
0

π/2
sin(2n + 1)θ
Explanation: Let I n = ∫ sin θ
dθ, n ≥ 0 . Since sin( 2n + 1)θ − sin( 2n − 1)θ = 2 cos 2nθ sin θ ,
0

we get for n ≥ 1
π/2 π /2
cos 2nθ sin θ π /2
dθ = 2 ∫ cos 2nθdθ = [sin 2nθ]0 = 0 .
1
I n − I n−1 = 2 ∫ sin θ n
0 0

π/ 2
sin θ π
Hence I n − I n−1 = 0, and I n = I 0 = ∫ sin θ
dθ =
2
for n ≥ 1 .
0

a a
Problem 38. Show that ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx . Hence show that
0 0
π /2 3 π/2 3
cos x sin x
∫ 3
cos x + sin x 3
dx = ∫ sin x + cos3 x
3
dx and hence evaluate the given integral.
0 0

π /2
cos 3 x π
Answer: ∫ cos 3 x + sin 3 x
dx =
4
.
0

Explanation: Let x = a − u , then du = −dx , x = 0 ⇒ u = a , x = a ⇒ u = 0 , and

a 0 a a
∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( a − u) du = ∫ f (a − u)du = ∫ f (a − x)dx .
0 a 0 0

a a
Using the relations, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx ,
0 0

π/2 π/2 π /2
cos 3 x cos 3 ( π / 2 − x ) sin 3 x
I= ∫ cos 3 x + sin 3 x
dx = ∫ cos 3 ( π / 2 − x ) + sin 3 ( π / 2 − x )
dx = ∫ sin 3 x + cos 3 x
dx .
0 0 0

Hence
 18

π/2 π/2 π/2 π/ 2

cos 3 x sin 3 x cos 3 + sin 3 x π
2I = ∫ 3
cos x + sin x 3
dx + ∫ 3
sin x + cos x 3
dx = ∫ 3
cos x + sin x 3
dx = ∫ 1dx = 2 .
0 0 0 0

π
Thus I = .
4

a a
Problem 39. Show that ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( − x )}dx . Hence show that
−a 0
π/4 π /4
1 2
∫ 1 + sin x
dx = ∫ 2
dx and hence evaluate the given integral.
− π /4 0 cos x

π/4
2
Answer: ∫ 2
dx = 2 .
0 cos x

Explanation: Using the substitution u = − x , we have

0 0 a a
∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( − u)du = ∫ f ( −u)du = ∫ f ( − x )dx .
−a a 0 0

Then
a a 0 a
∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx + ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( − x )}dx .
−a 0 −a 0

π/4 π /4 π /4 π/ 4
1  1 1   1 1  2
∫ 1 + sin x
dx = ∫ 1 + sin x + 1 + sin(− x) dx = ∫ 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x dx = ∫ 1 − sin 2 xdx
− π /4 0 0 0
π /4
π /4
dx = 2 [ tan x ] 0
1
=2 ∫ 2
=2.
0 cos x

a a π /2
cos x π
Problem 40. Show that ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx . Hence show that ∫ cos x + sin x
dx = .
4
0 0 0

Explanation: Using the substitution u = a − x , du = − dx, x = 0 ⇒ u = a , x = a ⇒ u = 0 , we get

a 0 a a
∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f (a − u)du = ∫ f (a − u)du = ∫ f (a − x )dx .
0 a 0 0

Hence
π /2
cos x
π /2
cos( π / 2 − x ) π /2
sin x
I= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ cos( π / 2 − x ) + sin( π / 2 − x )
dx = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ,
0 0 0

since cos( π / 2 − x ) = sin x , sin( π / 2 − x ) = cos x . Then

 19

π /2 π /2 π/ 2 π /2
cos x sin x cos x + sin x π
2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx + ∫ sin x + cos x
dx = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ 1dx = 2 .
0 0 0 0

π
Hence I = .
4