Topic 6. Mechanics.

Level 2.

Problem MEC2_01.
A particle moves in a straight line with retardation which increases uniformly with the distance
moved. Initially the retardation is 5 ms −2 and when the particle has moved a distance of 12 m
the retardation is 11 ms −1 . Find the distance moved by the particle in coming to rest if the initial
velocity is 20 ms −1 .

Answer: 20 m.

Solution: Choose initial position as origin, and initial direction as positive. When a particle in
rest, its velocity equals to zero. So we can draw a figure with conditions of motion as follows:

x=0 x = 12 x=?

t=0 ν& = −11 ν=0

ν = 20
ν& = −5
Equation of motion: && x = C − kx , C, k > 0 constants, i. e.,
ν& = C − kx ,
x = 0, ν& = −5 ⇒ C = −5 ⇒ ν& = −5 − kx ,
x
x = 12, ν& = −11 ⇒ k = 1 / 2 ⇒ ν& = −5 − .
2
So we obtained the expression relating x and ν
x 1 dν2 x ν2 x2
ν& = −5 − , = −5 − , + A = −5 x − , A constant,
2 2 dx 2 2 4
ν 2
x 2
x = 0, ν = 20 ⇒ A = −200 ⇒ = 200 − 5x − ,
2 4
ν = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 20 x − 800 = 0 ⇒ x = 20 .

Hence the particle moved the distance 20m before coming to rest.

Problem MEC2_02.
A particle moves in a straight line away from a fixed point O in the line, such that at time t its
displacement from O is x and its velocity is v. At time t = 0, x = 0 and v = V . Subsequently the
particle is slowing down at a rate proportional to the square of its speed. Find expressions for the
velocity v and the displacement x in terms of the time t.

V 1
Answer: ; ln(Vkt + 1) .
1 + Vkt k

Solution: Choose initial position as origin and initial direction as positive.

Equation of motion: ν& = − k ν2 , k > 0 constant.
1 dν2 d ν2
ν& = − k ν2 ⇒ = − k ν2 ⇒ 2 = −2 k dx ⇒ ln ν2 + C = −2 kx , C constant,
2 dx ν
  ν2 
x = 0, ν = V ⇒ C = − ln V 2 ⇒ ln  2  = −2kx ⇒ ν = Ve − k x . (1)
V 
And we found the expression v = v(x).
dν dν −1
ν& = − k ν2 ⇒ = − k ν2 ⇒ 2 = − k dt ⇒ + C = − k t , C constant.
dt ν ν
1 1 1 V
t = 0, ν = V ⇒ C = ⇒ − = k t ⇒ ν = .
V ν V 1 + Vk t
And we found the expression ν = ν( t ) .
dx ek x
Further, from (1) ν = Ve − k x ⇒ = Ve − k x ⇒ e k x dx = Vdt ⇒ + C = Vt , C constant.
dt k
ek x 1
− = Vt ⇒ x = ln{V k t + 1} .
1 1
t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ C = − ⇒
k k k k
And we found the expression x = x ( t ) .

Problem MEC2_03.
A particle of mass m moves in a horizontal straight line. The particle is resisted by a constant
force mk and a variable force mv 2 , where k is a positive constant and v is the speed. When
t = 0, v = u . Find the distance traveled and the time taken as the particle is brought to rest.

1  u2  1  u 
Answer: ln 1 + ; tan −1   .
2  k  k  k

Solution: Choose initial position as origin and initial direction as positive.

Equation of motion: m x&& = − m k − m ν2 ⇒ ν& = − k − ν2 , k > 0 constant.
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, ν = u .
1 d ν2
The distance travelled as the particle is brought to rest: ν& = − k − ν2 ⇒ = − k − ν2 ⇒
2 dx
d ν2
k+ν 2 ( )
= −2 dx ⇒ ln k + ν2 + C = −2 x , C constant, and

 k + ν2 
( )
x = 0, ν = u ⇒ C = − ln k + u2 ⇒ ln   = −2 x .
 k + u2 
When the particle is brought to rest its velocity is zero. Hence substituting ν = 0 into the last
1  u2 
expression we obtain the travelled distance x = ln 1 +  .
2  k
dν
The time taken as the particle is brought to rest: ν& = − k − ν2 ⇒ = − dt ⇒
k + ν2
1  ν 
tan −1   + C = − t , and
k  k
1  u  1  u  1  ν 
t = 0, ν = u ⇒ C = − tan −1  ⇒t= tan −1  − tan −1  .
k  k k  k k  k
1  u 
Substituting ν = 0, t = tan −1  .
k  k
Problem MEC2_04.
A particle of mass m moves in a horizontal straight line. The particle is resisted by a constant
force 2m and a variable force mv , where v is the speed. When t = 0, v = 4 . Find the distance
travelled and the time taken for the particle to come to rest.

Answer: 4 − 2 ln 3; ln 3 .

Solution: Choose initial position as origin, and initial direction as positive.

Equation of motion: m x&& = −2 m − mv ⇒ && x = −2 − v .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = 4 .
dν v  2 
Relation between x and v : v = −2 − v ⇒ dx = − dv ⇒ dx =  −1 +  dv ⇒
dx v+2  v + 2
x = − v + 2 ln v + 2 + c, c constant.

x = 0, v = 4 ⇒ c = 4 − 2 ln 6 ⇒ x = (4 − v ) − 2 ln
6
.
v+2
The particle comes to rest ⇒ v = 0 ⇒ x = 4 − 2 ln 3 .
dv dv
Relation between v and t : = −2 − v ⇒ dt = − ⇒ t = − ln v + 2 + A, A constant.
dt v+2
6
t = 0, v = 4 ⇒ A = ln 6 ⇒ t = ln . So v = 0 ⇒ t = ln 3 .
v+2

Problem MEC2_05.
A particle of mass m is set in motion with speed u. Subsequently the only force acting upon the
( )
particle directly opposes its motion and is of magnitude mk 1 + v 2 where k is a constant and v is
its speed at time t.
1
(i) Show that the particle is brought to rest after a time tan −1 u ;
k
(ii) Find an expression for the distance travelled by the particle in this time.

Answer:
1
2k
(
ln 1 + u 2 .)
Solution: Choose initial position as origin and initial direction of motion as positive.
(
x = −k 1 + v2 .
Equation of motion: && )
Initial conditions: t = 0 ⇒ x = 0, v = u .

(
x = −k 1 + v2
(i) && ) (
⇒ v& = − k 1 + v 2 ⇒ ) dv
1+ v 2
= − kdt ⇒ tan −1 v = − kt + C, C is a constant.

t = 0, v = u ⇒ C = tan −1 u ⇒ t =
1
k
( )
tan −1 u − tan −1 v . As the particle is brought to rest, its
1
velocity is zero. Hence v = 0 ⇒ t = tan −1 u .
k
 2 ′

(
x = −k 1 + v ⇒ v
(ii) && 2
) dv
(
= −k 1 + v ⇒2
) vdv 1 1+ v
= − kdx ⇒ ∫
( )
dv = − kx + A, A
dx 1 + v2 2 1 + v2
1 1
constant, ⇒ ln 1 + v 2 = − kx + A ; x = 0, v = u ⇒ A = ln 1 + u2 ; ⇒
2 2
1 1 1  1 1+ u  2
x =  ln 1 + u2 − ln 1 + v 2  ⇒ x = ln  ;
k 2 2  2k  1 + v 2 

v = 0⇒ x =
1
2k
( )
ln 1 + u2 is the travelled distance.

Problem MEC2_06.
A particle moves in a straight line away from a fixed point O in the line such that at time t its
displacement from O is x and its velocity is v. At time t = 0, x = 0 and v = V . Subsequently the
particle is slowing down at a rate equal to kv 3 , where k is a positive constant. Show that
x 1
t = + k x2 .
V 2

Solution: Choose initial direction of motion as positive.

Equation of motion: && x = − k v 3 , k > 0 constant.
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = V .
dν dv 1
Relation between x and v : v = − k v 3 ⇒ dx = − 2 ⇒ x = + c, c constant.
dx kv kv
1 1 1 1 1
x = 0, v = V ⇒ c = − ⇒ x= − ⇒ kx= − . (1)
kV k v kV v V
dv dv 1
Relation between v and t : = − k v 3 ⇒ dt = − 3 ⇒ t = + A, A constant.
dt kv 2k v 2
1 1 1 1
t = 0, v = V ⇒ A=− ⇒t=  2 − 2 .
2k V 2
2k  v V 
1  1 
2
1 1 1 x 1 2
But from (1) = kx + ⇒ t =  kx +  − 2  ⇒ t = + k x .
v V 2k  V  V  V 2

Problem MEC2_07.
A particle moves in a straight line away from a fixed point O in the line such that at time t its
displacement from O is x and its velocity is v. At time t = 0, x = 0 and v = 1 . Subsequently the
particle experiences a retardation of magnitude e v . Find the time t1 for the particle to slow to
1
t2
half its initial and the further time t 2 for the particle to come to rest. Deduce that = e2 .
t1

Solution: Choose initial position as origin, and initial direction as positive.

Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = 1 .
Equation of motion: && x = −ev .
dv
Relation between v and t : = − e v ⇒ dt = − e v dv ⇒ t = − e v + c, c constant.
dt
 1
t = 0, v = 1 ⇒ c = − e −1 ⇒ t = e− v − e −1 ;v = , t = t1 ⇒ t1 = e −1/ 2 − e −1 ;
2
( ) ( )
v = 0, t = t2 + t1 ⇒ t2 + t1 = 1 − e ⇒ t2 = 1 − e − e −1/ 2 − e −1 ⇒ t2 = 1 − e −1/ 2 ⇒
−1 −1

t2 1 − e −1/ 2 1 − e −1/ 2 t
= −1/ 2 −1 = −1/ 2 ⇒ 2 = e1/ 2 .
t1 e − e e 1− e ( −1/ 2
) t1

Problem MEC2_08.
A particle of mass m moves in a horizontal straight line. The only force acting on the particle is
( )
a resistance of magnitude mk v 2 + c 2 , where k and c are positive constants and v is the speed. If
v = 2c when t = 0 , find the distance travelled and the time taken for the speed to be halved.

1 5 1 1
Answer: ln  ; tan −1 .
2k  2  kc 3

Solution: Choose initial position as origin and initial direction as positive.

Equation of motion: m x&& = − m k ( ν2 + C 2 ) ⇒ ν& = − k ( ν2 + C 2 ), k > 0 constant.
Let x1/ 2 and t1/ 2 denote the distance travelled and the time taken for the speed to be halved.
1 dν2 dν2
Relation between ν and x : ν& = − k ( ν2 + C 2 ) ⇒ = − k ( ν 2
+ C 2
) ⇒ = −2kdx ⇒
2 dx 2 ν2 + C 2
( )
ln ν2 + C 2 + A = −2 k x , A constant.
1  5C 2 
( )
x = 0, γ = 2C ⇒ A = − ln 5C 2 ⇒ x = ln  
2k  ν2 + C 2 
(1)

1  5
The halved speed ν = C ⇒ x1/ 2 = ln   .
2k  2 
dν 1 ν
Relation between ν and t : ν& = − k ( ν2 + C 2 ) ⇒ = − kdt ⇒ tan −1 + A = − kt ,
ν +C
2 2
C C
1
A constant, and t = 0, ν = 2C ⇒ A = − tan −1 2 ⇒
C
1  −1 −1 ν 
t=  tan 2 − tan . (2)
kC C

If ν = C ⇒ t1/ 2 =
1
kC
( ) 1
tan −1 2 − tan −1 1 , but tan −1 2 − tan −1 1 = tan −1 .
3
1 1
Hence t1/ 2 = tan −1 .
kC 3

Problem MEC2_09.
At ground level, where g = 9.81 ms −2 , a simple pendulum beats exact seconds. If it is taken up
a mountain to a place where it place where it loses 30 seconds per day, find the value of g at the
new location.

Answer: 9.803 ms −2 .
 l ~ l
Solution: Let T = 2π and T = 2π be periods of the pendulum at ground level and at
9.81 g
the new location respectively. Then the pendulum will be wrong per every second by
~ ~
T −T 9.81 T −T
= − 1 seconds. Hence it will be wrong per day by 24 ⋅ 3600 ⋅   seconds. So
T g  T 
 9.81 
we obtain the following equation  − 124 ⋅ 3600 = 30 ,
 9 . 8 
9.81
g= 2
, g = 9.803ms −2 .
 30 
1 + 
 24 ⋅ 3600 

Problem MEC2_10.
Owing to the tides, the height of water in an estuary may be assumed to rise and fall with time
in simple harmonic motion. At a certain place there is a danger of flooding when the height of
water is above 1.25 m . One day the high tide had a height of 1.5 m at 1.00 am and the following
low tide had a height of 0.5 m at 7.30 am . Assuming that the following high tide also had a
height of 1.5 m , find the times that day when there was a danger of flooding.

Answer: midnight to 3.10 am, 11.50 am to 4.10 pm..

Solution:

Period T is 2 ⋅ 390 = 780 minutes .

1
Amplitude is ( .5 .5) .5
2
2π π
⇒ &&
x = − n2 x, n = = .
T 390
This equation has solution x = 0,5 cos ( nt + α), 0 ≤ α < 2π .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0.5 ⇒ cos α = 1 ⇒ α = 0 ⇒ x = 0.5 cos nt .
There is a danger of flooding if x ≥ 0.25 . Find the first moment of time when x = 0.25 ;
1 π
0.25 = 0.5 cos nt ⇒ cos nt = ⇒ nt = ⇒ t = 130minutes = 2.10 .
2 3
Hence x = 0.25 at 1.00 + 2.10 = 3.10am . So there is a danger of flooding from midnight to
3.10am .
T 
The following danger will be from 7.30 +  − 2.10  = 7.30 + (6.30 − 2.10) = 11.50am to
2 
11.50 + 2 ⋅ 2.10 = 4.10pm .

Problem MEC2_11.
A particle of mass m is projected vertically upward under gravity with speed nV in a medium
in which the resistance to motion is mk times the square of speed of the particle, where k and n
are positive constants and V is the terminal velocity of the particle in the medium. Find the time
of ascent of the particle and the maximum height.

1 k 1  k 
Answer: tan −1 nV ; ln 1 + n 2 V 2  .
gk g 2k  g 

Solution: Upward motion. Choose a point of projection as origin and ↑ as positive.

Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = nV .
Equation of motion: && x = − g − k v2 .
Expression relating x and v . Expression relating v and t .
dv dv
v = − g − k v2 , = − g − k v2 ,
dx dt
v dv dv
− dx = , − dt = ,
g+kv 2
g + k v2
1 2kv dv 1 dv
− dx = ⋅ , − dt = ,
2k g + k v 2
g  k 
2

1+  v
 g 
 k 
−x + c =
1
2k
( )
ln g + k v 2 , c constant; −t + A =
1
gk
⋅ tan −1  v  , A constant;
 g 
 k 
x = 0, v = nV ⇒ c =
1
2k
(
ln g + k n 2 V 2 ) t = 0, v = nV ⇒ A =
1
gk
⋅ tan −1 
 g
nV 

1  g + k n2 V 2   −1 k
1 k 
⇒x= ln  . (1) ⇒t= tan nV − tan −1 v  . (2)
2k  g + kv 2   gk g g 
Let h be the distance between the point of projection and the highest point and t1 be the time of
ascent. When the particle reaches its highest point, its velocity is zero. Then v = 0 ⇒ from (1)
1  k 2 2 1 k
h= ln 1 + n V  , and from (2) t = tan −1 nV .
2k  g  gk g

Problem MEC2_12.
A particle of mass 1 kg is projected vertically upward under gravity with speed 2c in a
g
medium in which the resistance to motion is 2 times the square of the speed, where c is a
c
positive constant. Find the speed with which the particle returns to its starting point.
 2c
Answer: .
5

Solution: Upward motion. Choose a point of projection as origin and ↑ as positive.

Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = 2 c .
g dv g
Equation of motion: && x = − g − 2 v 2 . Expression relating x and v . v = − g − 2 v2 ,
c dx c
v dv c 2
 v  2
− gdx = , − gx + A = ln 1 + 2  , A constant;
v 2
2  c 
1+ 2
c
c2 c2 5 c2
x = 0, v = 2 c ⇒ A = ln 5 ⇒ x = ln 2 . (1)
2 2 g c + v2
When the particle reaches its highest point, its velocity is zero. So v = 0 ⇒ from (2)
c ⋅ tan −1 2
t= is the time of ascent.
g
Let h be the distance between the point of projection and the highest point. Then v = 0 ⇒ from
c2
(1) h = ln 5 .
2g
Downward motion. Origin at highest point and ↓ as positive direction.
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, v = 0.
g
Equation of motion: && x = g − 2 v2 .
c
x → 0, v → (c ) ⇒ v < c .
−
Terminal velocity: as &&
dv g v dv −c 2  v 2 
Expression relating x and v : v = g − 2 v 2 ⇒ gdx = ⇒ gx + A = ln 1 − 2  , A
dx c v2 2  c 
1− 2
c
2 2
c c
constant; x = 0, v = 0 ⇒ A = 0 ⇒ x = ln 2 . (2)
2 g c − v2
c2 c2
When the particle returns to its starting point, x = h . Hence from (2) h = ln 2 . But
2 g c − v2
c2 c2 2c
h= ln 5 ⇒ 5 = 2 ⇒v= .
2g c −v 2
5

Problem MEC2_13.
A particle is moving vertically downward in a medium which exerts a resistance to the motion
which is proportional to the square of the speed of the particle. It is released from rest at O and
its terminal velocity is V. Find the distance it has fallen below O and the time taken when its
velocity is one-half of its terminal velocity.

V2 4 V
Answer: ln ; ln 3 .
2 g 3 2g

Solution: Choose point 0 as origin and ↓ as positive direction.

Equation of motion: ν& = g − kν2 .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, ν = 0 .
Terminal velocity V hence g = kV 2 ⇒ k = g / V 2 .
Relation between ν and x : Relation between ν and t :
ν& = g − kν2 , ν& = g − kν2 ,
1 dν2 dν
= g − kν2 , = g − kν2 ,
2 dx dt
− k dν2 k dν
−2 k dx = , k dt = ,
g − kν2
( )
2
g− k ν
 k  dν
k
−2 kx + C = ln g − kν2 C constant, k dt =  +  ,
 g − k ν g + k ν  2 g
g+ kν
x = 0, ν = 0 ⇒ C = ln g , 2 kg t + C = ln ,
g− kν
1 g
x= ln . (1) t = 0, ν = 0 ⇒ C = 0 ,
2 k g − k ν2
1 g + kν
t= ln . (2)
2 kg g − kν
V V2 4 V
If ν = and k = g / V , then from (1) x =
2
ln and from (2) t = ln 3 .
2 2g 3 2g

Problem MEC2_14.
A particle of mass m is projected vertically upward under gravity with speed u in a medium in
which the resistance is mk times the speed, where k is a positive constant. If the particle reaches
its greatest height H in time T, show that u = gT + kH .

Solution: Choose initial position as origin and initial direction ↑ as positive.

Equation of motion: ν& = − g − kν .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, ν = u .
Relation between x and ν : Relation between ν and t :
dν dν
ν = −( g + kν) , = −( g + kν) ,
dx dt
νdν dν
− dx = , − dt = ,
g + kν g + kν
k ν dν k dν
− k dx = , − k dt = ,
g + kν g + kν
 g 
− k dx = 1 −  dν , − kt + C = ln g + kν ,
 g + k ν
 k 
− k 2 dx =  k − g  dν , t = 0, ν = u ⇒ C = ln g + ku ,
 g + kν 
−1 g + k ν
− k 2 x + C = kν − g ln g + kν , t= ln . (2)
k g + ku
x = 0, ν = u ⇒ C = ku − g ln g + ku ,
u−ν g g + kν
x= + 2 ln . (1)
k k g + ku
If the particle reaches its greatest height H at a time T , its speed ν is equal to zero.
u g g 1 g
Hence from (1) H = + 2 ln . And from (2) T = − ln .
k k g + ku k g + ku
g u gkT
From here ln = − kT ⇒ H = − 2 ⇒ u = k H + gT .
g + ku k k

Problem MEC2_15.
A particle of mass m is projected vertically upward under gravity in a medium in which the
resistance is mk times the square of the speed, where k is a positive constant. If its speed of
projection is equal to the terminal velocity V in the medium, show that when it returns to the
point of projection its speed is

V
Answer: .
2

Solution: Upward motion.

Choose the point of projection as origin and ↑ as positive direction.
Equation of motion: ν& = − g − k ν2 .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, ν = V .
Expression relating x and ν :
1 dν2 dν2 − k dν2
= −( g + k ν2 ) ⇒ −2 dx = ⇒ −2 k dx = ⇒ −2 kx + C = ln g + kν2 ;
2 dx g + kν 2
g + kν 2

x = 0, ν = V ⇒ C = ln g + k V 2 ⇒
1 g + kV 2
x= ln . (1)
2k g + k ν2
At maximum height, ν = 0 . Let the maximum height be h . From (1)
1 k
h= ln 1 + V 2 . (2)
2k g
Downward motion.
Choose origin at maximum height and ↓ as positive direction.
Equation of motion: ν& = g − kν 2 .
Initial conditions: t = 0, x = 0, ν = 0 .
g
Terminal velocity: as ν& → 0. ν → =V .
k
Expression relating x and ν :
1 dν2 dν2 − k dν2
= g − kν ⇒ 2 dx =
2
⇒ −2 k dx = ⇒ −2 kx + C = ln g − kν2 .
2 dx g − kν 2
g − kν 2

1 g
x = 0, ν = 0 ⇒ C = ln g ⇒ x = ln ⇒
2 k g − k ν2
 1 1
x= ln . (3)
2k 1 − k ν2
g
g
As the terminal velocity V = , it follows from (2) that
k
1
h= ln 2 . (4)
2k
Let the speed of the particle when it returns to its projection point be u . Then from (3)

1 1
h= ln . From here and from (4)
2k 1 − k u2
g
1 g 1 g 1 V
= 2 ⇒ u2 = ⋅ ⇒ u = ⋅ = .
k k 2 k 2 2
1 −  u 2
g

Problem MEC2_16.
A particle is projected with speed V and the angle of elevation α from a point O on level
V2
ground. The horizontal range is R where R < . Show that there are two possible angles of
g
π
projection for a given R and that if α1 and α 2 are these two angles, then α1 + α 2 = .
2

Solution: Axes and origin:

O is the point of projection.

After t seconds the particle is at position:
x (t ) = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
gt 2
y (t ) = V sin α ⋅ t − . (2)
2
As the particle hits the ground, its coordinates are x = R,
2
y = 0 ; y = 0 ⇒ from (2) t = V sin α ;
g
 2 gR
x = R ⇒ from (1) R = V cos α ⋅ t ⇒ R = V cos α ⋅ V sin α ⇒ sin 2α = 2 ;
g V
V2 gR
R< ⇒ sin 2α < 1 ⇒ 2α = ( −1)k arcsin 2 + πk , k ∈ Z .
g V
π gR gR
But 0 < α < ⇒ 0 < 2α < π , hence 2α = arcsin 2 or 2α = π − arcsin 2 .
2 V V
1 gR
So there are two possible angles of projection for a given R : α1 = arcsin 2 and
2 V
π 1 gR π
α 2 = − arcsin 2 . Obviously, α1 + α 2 = .
2 2 V 2

Problem MEC2_17.
Two particles are projected with speed V and the angle of elevation α1 and α 2 from a point O
V2
on level ground. The horizontal range is R where R < . Show that if t1 and t 2 are the
g
respective times of flight, and h1 and h2 are the greatest height reached, then
1
R = g t1 t 2 = 4 (h1 h2 ) .
2

Solution: After t seconds the particle is at position:

x (t ) = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
gt 2
y (t ) = V sin α ⋅ t − . (2)
2

x R R
From (1) t = , hence t1 = and t2 = . So we have
V cos α V cos α1 V cosα 2

R2 R2 2
t1 ⋅ t2 = = ;
V cos α1 cos α 2 V cos(α 2 − α1 ) + cos(α 2 + α1 )
2 2

R2 2 R2 2 2 1
t1 ⋅ t2 = ⋅ = ⋅ = R ⇒ R= gt t .
V2 π gR  2
V gR g 2 1 2
cos − arcsin 2 
2 V  V2

Problem MEC2_18.
A particle is projected with speed V and angle of elevation α from a point O on the edge of a
cliff of height h. When the particle hits the ground at the point P its path makes an angle
tan −1 (2 tan α) with the horizontal. Find its speed of projection and OP in terms of h and α .

2 gh
Answer: cos ec α ; 2h cot α .
3

Solution: Axes, origin and path:

After t seconds the particle is at the position

x = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
2
gt
y = h + V sin α ⋅ t − . (2)
2

O is the foot of the cliff. OH = h . OP is the distance from the foot of the cliff to the hit place.

As the particle hits the ground, y = 0 ;

gt 2
y = 0 ⇒ from (2) − V sin α ⋅ t − h = 0 .
2
Solving this quadratic, we obtain the time of flight
V sin α + V 2 sin 2 α + 2 gh
t= . (3)
g
Hence from (1) we get
 V sin α + V 2 sin 2 α + 2 gh 
OP = V cos α ⋅  
 (4)
 g 
y& y&
Since tan β = y x′ = , but tan β = −2 tan α ⇒ − 2 tan α = .
x& x&
V sin α − gt
Hence from (1) and (2) we get − 2 tan α = ⇒ − 2V sin α = V sin α − gt ⇒
V cos α

3sin α
t= ⋅V . (5)
g

Equating (5) and (3), we get

3 sin α V sin α + V 2 sin 2 α + 2 gh

⋅V = ; 2 sin α V = V 2 sin 2 α + 2 gh ;
g g
2 gh 1
V= . (6)
3 sin α

Now we can express the distance OP in terms of h and α . Substituting (6) into (4), we obtain
  2 gh 2 gh 
 + + 2 gh 
2 gh cos α  3  = cot α  2 gh + 4 g h + 4 g h 
2 2 2 2
3 ⇒
OP =
3 sin α  g  g  3 9 3 

 
 
OP = 2h cot α .

Problem MEC2_19.
A particle is projected from a point O at time t = 0 with speed V and angle of elevation α . It
moves under gravity and reaches its horizontal range R at time t = T . If the line OP at a certain
1
point P on its trajectory makes an angle γ below the horizontal, such that tan γ = tan α , show
3
4
that t = T .
3

Solution: Axes and origin:

O is the point of projection.

After t seconds the particle is at the position:
x (t ) = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
gt 2
y (t ) = V sin α ⋅ t − . (2)
2

y V sin α ⋅ t − ( gt / 2)
2
1 gt 2 / 2 − V sin α ⋅ t 1 gt
tan γ = = ⇒ tan α = ⇒ tan α = − tan α
x V cos α ⋅ t 3 V cos α ⋅ t 3 2V cos α
 4  2V sin α  2V sin α 4
⇒t= ⋅  . But from (2) for y = 0, t = T we have T = ⇒t= T.
3  g  g 3

Problem MEC2_20.
A and B are two points on level ground a distance X apart. A particle is projected from A
towards B with speed V1 and angle of elevation θ1 . Simultaneously another particle is projected
from B towards A with speed V2 and angle of elevation θ 2 .
(a) If the two particles are to collide, show that V1 sin θ1 = V2 sin θ 2 and find a second condition
which must also be satisfied.
4 3
(b) If V1 = 45, V2 = 60 , tan θ1 = , tan θ 2 = and X = 150 , show that the two particles do
3 4
collide and find the time and the height above AB at which this occurs.

Answer: 2s , 52m .

Solution: Axes and origin:

x1 = y1 = 0, x2 = − X, y2 = 0,
Initial conditions: when t = 0 x&1 = V1 cos θ1, x&2 = −V2 cos θ 2 ,
y&1 = V1 sin θ1 , y& 2 = V2 sin θ 2 .

Hence after t seconds, the two particles are at the positions:

x1 = V1 cosθ1 ⋅ t , (1) x 2 = X − V2 cos θ 2 ⋅ t , (3)

y1 = V1 sin θ1 ⋅ t − gt 2 / 2 , (2) y2 = V2 sin θ 2 ⋅ t − gt 2 / 2 . (4)

(a) The two particles collide at a time T if and only if at that moment their coordinates are
equal. Hence

t = T , x1 = x2 and t = T , y1 = y2

from (1) and (3) ⇒ from (2) and (4) ⇒

V1 cos θ1 ⋅ T = X − V2 cos θ2 ⋅ T V1 sin θ1 = V2 sin θ 2 (6)

X = (V1 cos θ1 + V2 cos θ 2 ) ⋅ T (5)

and this is the second condition.

 sin 2 θ1 16
(b) tan θ1 =
4
3
⇒
cos θ1 9
2
= ( 16
9
) 4
5
4
⇒ sin 2 θ1 = 1 − sin 2 θ1 ⋅ ⇒ sin θ1 = ⇒ V1 sin θ1 = 45 ⋅ = 36.
5

3 3 3
tan θ 2 = ⇒ sin θ 2 = ⇒ V2 sin θ2 = 60 ⋅ = 36.
4 5 5

Hence the condition (6) is fulfilled, and so the particles must collide.

X 150
From (5) T = ⇒T = ⇒ T = 2s.
V1 cos θ1 + V2 cos θ 2 45 ⋅ 1 − 16 / 25 + 60 ⋅ 1 − 9 / 25

4 g⋅4
Furthermore t = T = 2 s ⇒ from (2) y = 45 ⋅ ⋅ 2 − ⇒ y = ( 72 − 2 g ) m ⇒ y = 52 m .
5 2

Problem MEC2_21.
150 −1
A particle is projected from a point O with speed ms at an angle of elevation α , where
7
3 225 −1
tan α = . One second later, another particle is projected from O with speed ms at an
4 7
3
angle of elevation β , where tan β = and in the same vertical plane through O as the first
4
particle. Show that the two particles collide, and find when this occurs. (Take g = 10 ms −2 .)

Answer: 1 s after projection of second particle.

Solution: Axes and origin:

150 −1 225 −1
V= ms , U = ms ,
7 7
4 3
tan α = , tan β = .
3 4

Initial conditions:

the first particle when t = 0 the second particle when t = 1

x1 = 0, y1 = 0 , x2 = 0, y2 = 0 ,

x&1 = V cos α , x& 2 = U cos β ,

y&1 = V sin α , y& 2 = U sin β ,

After t seconds the particles are at the positions

x1 = V cos α ⋅ t (1); x2 = U cosβ ⋅ (t − 1) , (3)

g (t − 1)
2

y1 = V sin α ⋅ t − gt / 2
2
(2); y2 = U sin β(t − 1) − . (4)
2

Let us first find the values of cos α, sin α and cos β, sin β :

tan α =
4
3
⇒ sin 2 α =
16
9
( ) 4 3
1 − sin 2 α ⇒ sin α = , hence cos α = 1 − sin 2 α ⇒ cos α = .
5 5

3 3 4
Analogously, tan β = ⇒ sin β = , cos β = .
4 5 5

The particles collide, if and only if at certain moment their coordinates are equal.

Equate x1 to x2 .

U cos β
x1 = x2 ⇒ V cos α ⋅ t = U cos β ⋅ (t − 1) ⇒ t = ⇒
U cos β − V cos α

1 1
t= ⇒t= ⇒ t = 2s.
1 − V cos α / U cos β (150 / 7) ⋅ (3 / 5)
1−
( 225 / 7) ⋅ ( 4 / 5)

150 4 10 ⋅ 4 100
If t = 2 ⇒ from (2) y1 = ⋅ ⋅2− ⇒ y1 = m
7 5 2 7

225 3 10 100
and from (4) y2 = ⋅ − ⇒ y2 = m.
7 5 2 7

Hence, when t = 2 , we have x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 . So the particles must collide at the moment
t = 2 . In other words they collide one second after projection of the second particle.

Problem MEC2_22.
Two particles A and B are projected simultaneously under gravity, A from a point O on
horizontal ground and B from a point 45 m vertically above O. B is projected horizontally with
speed 30 ms −1 . The particles hit the ground simultaneously at the same point. Taking
g = 10 ms −2 , find the magnitude and direction of the velocity with which A is projected.

1
Answer: 15 5 ms −1 , at angle of elevation tan −1 .
2

Solution: Axes and origin:

 U = 30ms −1 , h ≡ AB = 45m.

Initial conditions:

A B

the first particle when t = 0 the second particle when t = 0

x1 = 0, y1 = 0 , x2 = 0, y2 = h ,

x&1 = V cos α , x& 2 = U ,

y&1 = V sin α , y& 2 = 0 ,

After t seconds the particles are at positions.

x1 = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
A: gt 2
y1 = V sin α ⋅ t − , ( 2)
2

x2 = Ut , (3)
B: gt 2
y2 = h − . ( 4)
2

As B reaches the ground, y2 = 0 ;

1/ 2
 2h 
1/ 2
 2 ⋅ 45 
y2 = 0 ⇒ from (4) t =   ⇒t =  ⇒ t = 3s .
 g  10 

Let R be the horizontal distance travelled by B. Hence t = 3, x2 = R ⇒ from (3)

R = U ⋅ 3 ⇒ R = 30 ⋅ 3 = 90 m .

t = 3, x1 = R ⇒ from (1) 3V cos α = R ; (5)

9
t = 3, y1 = 0 ⇒ from (2) 3V sin α = g. (6)
2
 9g 9 ⋅10 1 1
Dividing (6) by (5), tan α = ⇒ tan α = ⇒ tan α = ⇒ α = tan −1 ;
2R 2 ⋅ 90 2 2

R 1
t = 3, x1 = R ⇒ from (1) V = . But tan α = ,
3cos α 2

(
hence 1 − cos 2 α =) 1
4
cos 2 α ⇒ cos α =
2
5
.

90 5
Hence V = ⋅ ⇒ V = 15 5 ms −1 .
3 2

Problem MEC2_23.
O is a point on horizontal ground. D is a point a distance d vertically above O. A particle is
projected from O with speed U at an angle of elevation α . Simultaneously a second particle is
projected horizontally from D with speed V on the same side of OD as A and the same vertical
plane through O as the first particle. If the two particles are to collide, show that V = U cos α
and find a second condition which must also be satisfied.

Answer: (U sin α)T = d , where T is the time to collision.

Solution: Axes and origin:

AD = d .

Initial conditions:

The particle from A The particle from B

when t = 0

x1 = 0, y1 = 0 , x2 = 0, y2 = d ,

x&1 = U cos α , x& 2 = V ,

y&1 = U sin α , y& 2 = 0 .

After t seconds the particles are at positions

x1 = U cos α ⋅ t , (1) x2 = V t , (3)
2 2
gt gt
y1 = U sin α ⋅ t − , (2 ) y2 = d − , ( 4)
2 2

The particles do collide at a time T if and only if at this moment x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 . Hence

t = T , x1 = x2 ⇒ from (1) and (3) V = U cos α . (5)

t = T , y1 = y2 ⇒ from (2) and (4) U sin α ⋅ T = d . (6)

Problem MEC2_24.
A particle P is projected from a point O and inclined at an angle of 45 0 above the horizontal.
The particle describes a parabola under gravity. Coordinate axes are taken horizontally and
vertically through O. The particle just clears the tops of two vertical poles a distance 40 m apart
and each 15 m above the point of projection. Find the horizontal range of the projectile.

Answer: 80 m.

Solution:

Axes, origin and trajectory x = 0, &&y = − g .

Equation of motion: &&
Initial conditions: when t = 0 , x = y = 0 ;
1 1
x& = V ⋅ , y& = V ⋅ .
2 2
After t seconds the particle is at position:
V V gt 2
x= t (1), y = t− . (2)
2 2 2
2x gx 2
From (1) t = . Substituting this value of t into (2), y=x− ; (3)
V V2
2
r r  g r 
x = − 20, y = 15 ⇒ from (3)  − 20 − 2  − 20 = 15 ; (4)
2 2  V 2 
2
r r  g r 
x = + 20, y = 15 ⇒ from (3)  + 20 − 2  + 20 = 15 ; (5)
2 2  V 2 
g  r  
2 2
 r
(5) - (4) ⇒ 40 − 2  + 20 −  − 20  = 0 ;
V  2  2  

  r r  r r 
40 V 2 = g  + 20 − + 20  + 20 + − 20 
 2 2  2 2 
40 V 2 = g (40r )
V 2 = gr .
Hence, substituting V 2 = gr into (4),
  r2 
2
r  1 r  r r2
 − 20 −  − 20 = 15 ; r − −
20  − + =
20r 400 15r , − 15r − 400 = 0 ,
2  r2  2  4  4
r 2 − 60r − 1600 = 0 , r = 30 ± 900 + 1600 , r = 30 ± 50 ⇒ r = 80 m .

Problem MEC2_25.
A projectile is fired from a point O on level ground with speed 13 ms −1 at an angle of elevation
12
α, where tan α = . The projectile just clears the top of a wall in its path and then reaches a
5
maximum height of twice the height of the wall. Find the distance of the base of the wall from
O.

Answer: 3( 2 − 2 ) m .

Solution: Axes and origin:

Initial conditions when t = 0 :

projectile target

x1 = 0, y1 = 0 , x2 = d , y2 = h ,

x&1 = V cos α , x& 2 = U ,

y&1 = V sin α , y& 2 = 0 .

Equations of motion

x1 = V cos α ⋅ t , (1)
x2 = d + U t , (3)
gt 2
y1 = V sin α ⋅ t − , ( 2) y2 = h, ( 4)
2
Let Tm be the time when the projectile reaches its greatest height. Then t = Tm , y&1 = 0 ⇒ from
V sin α
(2) V sin α − g Tm = 0 ⇒ Tm = ;
g
2
gT2 (V sin α )2 g  V sin α 
t = Tm , y1 = 2h ⇒ from (2) 2h = V sin α ⋅ Tm − m ⇒ 2h = −   ⇒
2 g 2 g 

V 2 sin 2 α
h= . Let T be the time when the projectile reaches the height h . Hence t = T ,
g
gT2 2V sin α 2h
y1 = h ⇒ from (2) V sin α ⋅ T − = h ⇒ T2 − T+ = 0 ; Solving this quadratic,
2 g g

V sin α V 2 sin 2 α 2 h V 2 sin 2 α V sin α  1 

T= ± − , but h = , so we have T = 1 −  or
g g 2
g g g  2

V sin α  1 
T= 1 + .
g  2

V sin α  1 
Here T− : = 1 −  is the time when the projectile just clears the wall. Hence
g  2
V sin α  2 − 1
t = T− , x1 = d ⇒ from (1) d = V cosα ⋅ T− ⇒ d = V cos α ⋅  ;
d  2 
 2 − 1
d = 6
 2 
(
 ⇒ d = 3 2 − 2 m. )
Problem MEC2_26.
A particle is projected from a point O on level ground with speed V at an angle of elevation α .
The particle just clears a wall of height h at a distance d from O. Show that if the angle of
dh
projection is fixed, the particle hits the ground at the distance beyond the wall.
d tan α − h

Solution: Axes and origin

Initial conditions when t = 0

x = 0, y = 0 ;
x& = V cos α, y& = V sin α .
Equation of motion
x = V cos α ⋅ t (1),
 g t2
y = V sin α ⋅ t − . (2)
2
d
x = d ⇒ from (1) t = , then y = h ⇒ from (2)
V cos α
d g d2 g d2 1
h = V sin α ⋅ − ⋅ 2 ⇒ h = d tan α − ⋅ ⋅ 2⇒
V cos α 2 V cos α 2
2 cos α V
2

2
gd 1
V2 = ⋅ . (3)
2 cos α d tan α − h
2

Let T be the time when the particle hits the ground. Then y = 0 ⇒ from (2)
gT 2V sin α
0 = V sin α − ⇒ T= .
2 g
2V 2 cos α sin α
t = T ⇒ from (1) c + d = V cos α ⋅ T ⇒ c + d = . Hence using (3),
g
2 cos α sin α gd 2 1 d 2 tan α dh
c= ⋅ ⋅ −d⇒ c= −d⇒ c= .
g 2 cos α ( d tan α − h)
2
d tan α − h d tan α − h

Problem MEC2_27.
A particle of mass m kg is travelling at constant speed v ms −1 round a circle of radius r m. If
v = 3 , r = 6 , and the force acting towards the centre of the circle is of constant magnitude 6 N,
find the value of m.

Answer: 4 kg.

ν2
Solution: a = is observed acceleration.
r
mν mν
2 2
rF
The resultant force F is m a = . Hence F = ⇒ m = 2 . So we have
r r ν
6⋅6
ν = 3, r = 6, F = 6 ⇒ m = 2 ⇒ m = 4 kg .
3

Problem MEC2_28.
A particle of mass 0.25 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 0.5 m.
The other end is fixed to a point A on a smooth horizontal table. The particle is set in motion in a
circular path. If the speed of the particle is 8 ms −1 , find the tension in the string and the reaction
with the table.

1
Answer: 32 N, gN .
4

Solution: Forces on P
Here T is the tension in the inextensible string whose length is l = 0,5 m, and N is the reaction
ν2
force. Observed acceleration is a = .
l
mν
2

Hence the vector sum of forces on P is towards A .

l
1
The resultant has vertical component zero ⇒ N = mg ; m = 0,25 kg ⇒ N = g N.
4
mν mν
2 2
The resultant has horizontal component m a = ⇒T = ;
l l
0 .25 ⋅ 64
m = 0 .25 , l = 0 .5 , ν = 8 ⇒ T = ⇒ T = 32 N .
0 .5

Problem MEC2_29.
A particle of mass 0.5 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 2 m. The
other end is fixed to a point A on a smooth horizontal table. The particle is set in motion in a
circular peth. If the string breaks when the tension in it exceeds 64 N, find the greatest speed at
which the particle can travel.

Answer: 16 ms −1 .

1/2 1/ 2
m v2  64 ⋅ l   64 ⋅ 2 
Solution: T = 64 ⇒ = 64 ⇒ v =   ⇒ v=  = 16 ms −1 .
l  m   0,5 

Problem MEC2_30.
A mass of 2 kg is revolving at the end of a string 2 m long on a smooth horizontal table with
uniform angular speed. If the string would break under a tension equal to the weight of 20 kg,
find the greatest positive speed of the mass.

−1
Answer: 20 g ms .

Solution: Forces on P
Observed acceleration is a = ml ω 2 , where ω = 2π rad s −1 , and l = 2 m is the length of a string.
2 2
v v
The resultant has horizontal component ma = ml ω 2 = m ⇒T = m ;
l l
1
mν mν  20 ⋅ g ⋅ l 
2 2 2
The string breaks if T > 20 g . As T = we have ≤ 20 g ⇒ ν ≤   ;
l l  m 
l = 2, m = 2 ⇒ ν ≤ (20 g ) 2 .
1

Problem MEC2_31.
A particle moves with constant angular velocity ω in a horizontal circle of radius r on the
g
inside of a fixed smooth hemispherical bowl of internal radius 2r. Show that ω 2 = .
r 3

Solution: Dimension diagram Forces on P

O is the center of the N is normal to the surface at P,

hemispherical bowl. hence directed towards O.

P performs uniform circular motion about C , hence the resultant force is directed towards C .
The resultant has a vertical component zero ⇒ N cosθ = mg . (1)
The resultant has a horizontal component mr ω ⇒ N sin θ = mr ω .
2 2
(2)
r ω2 r 1 g
Dividing (2) by (1), = tan θ . But tan θ = = ⇒ ω2 = .
g 4r 2 − r 2 3 r 3

Problem MEC2_32.
A particle P of mass 0.2 kg moving on a smooth horizontal table with constant speed v ms −1
describes a circle with centre O such that OP = r m . The particle is subject to two forces, one
 k
towards O with magnitude 8v N an one away from O with magnitude 2
N, where k is a
r
positive constant. If r = 1 , find the set of possible values of k.

Answer: 0 ≤ k ≤ 80 .

Solution: Forces on P

k
F1 = 8 v , F 2 = 2
, OP = r
r
ν2
Observed acceleration is a = .
r
m ν2
Hence the vector sum of forces is ma = and directed to O.
r
m ν2 m ν2
The horizontal component of the resultant force is ⇒ F1 − F2 = ⇒
r r
k m ν2
8ν− 2 = ⇒ k = 8 ν r 2 − m ν2r ; r = 1, m = 0,2 ⇒ k = 8 ν − 0,2 ν2 . The function
r r
k ( ν) = 8 ν − 0,2 ν2 has the derivative k ′( ν) = 8 − 0,4 ν . Hence k ′( ν) = 0 ⇒ ν = 20 . And
k ′′( ν) = −0,4 < 0 ⇒ at the point ν = 20 the function k ( ν) has its maximum value k (20) = 80 .
So 0 ≤ k ≤ 80 .

Problem MEC2_33.
A particle of mass 0.1 kg moving on a smooth horizontal table with constant speed v ms −1
describes a circle with centre O and radius r m. The particle is attracted towards O by a force of
k
magnitude 4v N and repelled from O by a force of magnitude N, where k is a constant. Given
r
that k = 30 and r = 1 , find the possible values of v.

Answer: 10 m s −1 or 30 m s −1 .

Solution: Forces on the particle

k
where T1 = 4 v , T2 = , k >0.
r
 k
The resultant force on the particle is T1 − T2 = 4 v −to O ,
r
k mv 2 k mv 2 4r k
hence 4v − = ⇒ 4v − = ⇒ v2 − v + = 0 ;
r r r r m m
k = 30, r = 1, m = 0,1 ⇒ v − 40 v + 300 = 0 , v = 20 ± 400 − 300 ; v = 30 or v = 10 m s −1 .
2

Problem MEC2_34.
Two light inextensible strings AB and BC each of length l are attached to a particle of mass m
at B. The other ends A and C are fixed to two points in a vertical line such that A is a distance l
above C. The particle describes a horizontal circle with constant angular velocity ω. Find
(a) the tension in the strings
(b) the least value of ω in order that strings are taut.

 l ω2   l ω2   2g 
1 2

Answer: m  − g  , m  + g  ,   .
 2   2   l 

Solution: Dimension diagram Forces on B

The resultant force on B is mr ω 2 horizontally to the left.

(a) The sum of the horizontal components is mr ω 2 ⇒ T1 sin θ + T2 sin θ = mr ω 2 . But
r
sin θ = ⇒ T1 + T2 = ml ω 2 . (1)
l
The sum of vertical components is zero ⇒ T1 cos θ = T2 cos θ + m g . But
1
cosθ = ⇒ T1 − T2 = 2 m g . (2)
2
 l ω2 
(1) + (2) ⇒ T1 = m  + g .
 2 
 l ω2 
From (1) ⇒ T2 = ml ω 2 − T1 ⇒ T2 = m  − g .
 2 
l ω2
12
 2 g
(b) We have T1 > T2 . Hence T2 > 0 ⇒ − g >0⇒ω>  .
2  l 

Problem MEC2_35.
Two particles A and Forces on engineof masses m and µ respectively are attached to the ends
of a light inextensible string which passes over a smooth hook at O which is free to rotate. The
particle A hangs at rest vertically below O while the particle B moves in a horizontal circle with
constant speed v. Find expressions for
(a) the length OB and the angle AOB,
(b) the radius of the circle in which B moves.

m µν −1  µ  µν 2
2

 
( cos
)
Answer: , , .
g m −µ  m  g m 2 − µ2
2 2

Solution: Dimension diagram Forces on A Forces on B

(a) The resultant force on A is zero ⇒ T = m g .

µ ν2
The resultant force on B is horizontally to the left. Its a vertical component is zero
r
µg  µ µ ν2
⇒ T cos θ = µ g ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1   . Its a horisontal component is ⇒
T  m r
µ ν2 µ ν2 µ ν2 m µ ν2
T sin θ = . But r = l sin θ ⇒ l = ⇒ l= ⇒ =
( )
l .
r T sin 2 θ  µ2  g m2 − µ 2
m g 1 − 2 
 m 
µ ν2 µ ν2 µ ν2
(b) r = l sin θ ⇒ r = ⇒r= ⇒r = .
T sin θ µ2 g m2 − µ 2
m g 1− 2
m

Problem MEC2_36.
Two rigid light rods AB and BC, each of length 0.5 m, are smoothly jointed at B and the rod AB
is smoothly jointed at A to a fixed smooth vertical rod. The joint at B has a particle of mass 2 kg
attached. A small ring of mass 1 kg is smoothly jointed to BC at C and can slide on the vertical
3
rod below A. The ring rests on a smooth horizontal ledge at a distance m below A. The
2
system rotates about the vertical rod with constant angular velocity 6 radians per second. Find
(a) the forces in the rod AB and BC,
(b) the force exerted by the ledge on the ring.

20 20
Answer: 18 + N , 18 − N , 20 − 9 3 N .
3 3

Solution: Dimension diagram

 1 3
AB=BC= , AC= .
2 2

Forces on B Forces on C

N 2 is the force exerted by the rod AC on the ring C, and N1 is the force exerted by the ledge.
(a) The resultant force on B is 2 ω 2 r towards O.
The vertical component is zero ⇒ T2 cos θ − T1 cos θ = 2 g . (1)
The horizontal component is 2 ω 2 r ⇒ T2 sin θ + T1 sin θ = 2 ω 2r (2)
1 AO 3 1
But ω = 6, r = AB2 − AO 2 ⇒ r = , cos θ = ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ sin θ = . Hence from
4 AB 2 2
(1) and (2) we obtain:
4g
T2 − T1 = , (3)
3
T2 + T1 = 36 . (4)
2g 20
(3) + (4) ⇒T 2 = + 18 ⇒ T 2 = + 18 N ;
3 3
2g 20
(4) - (3) ⇒ T1 = 18 − ⇒ T1 = 18 − N.
3 3
(b) The resultant force on C is zero. For its vertical component we have N1 + T1 cosθ = 1 g ⇒
 20  3
N1 = g − 18 −  ⇒ N1 = g + 10 − 9 3 ⇒ N1 = 20 − 9 3 N .
 3 2

Problem MEC2_37.
At what speed should a car travel round a bend of radius 80 m which is banked at an angle of
0
10 .

Answer: 11,8 m s −1 .

Solution: Forces on the car P.

Let R be the radius of a bend. The car has no tendency to slip. Hence:
The vertical components sum to zero ⇒ N cosθ = m g . (1)
m ν2 m ν2
The horizontal components sum to ⇒ N sin θ = . (2)
R R
ν2
⇒ ν = ( R g ⋅ tan θ)
12
Dividing (2) by (1), we obtain tan θ =
Rg
R = 80, g = 9,8, θ = 10°⇒ ν = 11,8 m s −1 .

Problem MEC2_38.
A bend on a racetrack is designed with variable banking so that cars on the inside can corner at
−1
80 kmh and those on the outside can corner at 160 kmh −1 , in both cases without any tendency
to slip. If the inner radius is 200 m and the outer radius is 220 m, find the difference between the
angles of banking at the inside and the outside of the track.

Answer: 28 .4 ° .

Solution: Forces on cars P.

Let θ1 and θ2 be the angles of the inner and outer banking respectively.
The vertical components sum to zero ⇒ N cosθ = m g . (1)
m ν2 m ν2
The horizontal components sum to ⇒ N sin θ = . (2)
R R
ν2
Dividing (2) by (1), we obtain tan θ = ;
Rg
ν = 80 k m h −1 = 22 . 2 m s −1 , R = 200 m , g = 9 .8 m s −2 ⇒ tan θ1 = 0 . 25 ⇒ θ1 = 14 ° .
ν = 160 k m h −1 = 44 . 4 m s −1 , R = 220 m , g = 9 .8 m s −2 ⇒ tan θ 2 = 0 . 916 ⇒ θ 2 = 42 . 4 ° .
Hence the difference between the angles of banking is θ 2 − θ1 = 28 .4 ° .

Problem MEC2_39.
A railway line is taken round a circular bend of radius 1000 m. The distance between the rails
is 1.5 m. At what height above the inner rail should the outer rail be raised in order to eliminate
lateral thrust for an engine travelling at a speed of 40 kmh −1 round the bend?

Answer: 18 ,9 mm .

Solution: Forces on the engine

r
The normal reaction N is a reaction to the force the train exerts at right angles to the rail.
The vertical components sum to zero ⇒ N cosθ = m g . (1)
m ν2
The horizontal components sum to , where R is the radius of a
R
m ν2
circular bend, ⇒ N sin θ = (2)
R
ν2
Dividing (2) by (1), we obtain tan θ= ;
Rg
ν = 40 k m h−1 = 1111
, m s −1 , R = 1000 m, g = 9,8 m s −2 ⇒ tan θ = 0,0126 .
Dimension diagram

If θ is small sin θ ≡ θ ≡ tan θ . Hence for a small θ :

h = l ⋅ tan θ ⇒ h = 1,5 ⋅ 0,0126 = 0,0189 m ⇒ h = 18,9 mm .
Problem MEC2_40.
A railway line has been constructed around a circular curve of radius 500 m. The distance
between the rails is 1.5 m and the outside rail is 0.1 m above the inside rail. Find the speed that
eliminates a sideways force on the wheels for a train on this curve. (Take g = 9 .8 ms −2 .)

Answer: 18 . 1 ms −1 .

Solution: Dimension diagram Forces on train

h = 0 .1; d = 1 . 5; r = 500 .
mv 2
Let v be an unknown velocity. The resultant force is horizontally to the right.
r
Its vertical component is zero, hence T cosθ = mg . (1)
2 2
mv mv
Its horizontal component is , hence T sin θ = . (2)
r r
v2 h h
(2) : (1) ⇒ = tan θ ⇒ v 2 = rg tan θ . But tan θ = . Hence v 2 = rg .
rg d −h
2 2
d − h2
2

500 ⋅ 9 .8 ⋅ 0 .1
Therefore, r = 500 ; h = 0 . 1; d = 1 .5 ; g = 9 .8 ⇒ v 2 = = 327 .395 ⇒ v = 18 .1 ms −1 .
1 .5 − 0 .1
2 2