Volume Level 2

Topic 8. Volumes.
Level 2.
Problem VOL2_01.
By taking slices perpendicular to the axis of rotation, use the method of slicing to find the
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 3 } about the x-
axis.
128
Answer: π.
7
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δx and radius r ( x ) = x 3 .
The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δx ⇒ δV = πx 6 δx .
2 2
2
πx 7 128
∴ V = lim ∑ πx δx = ∫ πx dx =
6 6
= π.
δx →0
x =0 0
7 0
7
128
∴ the volume of the solid is π cubic units.
7
Problem VOL2_02.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 3 } about the line
x = 2.
16
Answer: π.
5
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δy and radius 2 − x . But
2
. The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δy ⇒ δV = π 2 − y 3  δy .

1 1
y = x , hence r ( y ) = 2 − y
3 3
 
8 2 8 2 8
∑ π 2 − y 3  δy = ∫ π1 − y 3  dy = ∫ π 4 − 4 y 3 + y 3 dy

1 1 1 2
∴ V = lim
y=0      
δx →0
0 0
8
 4 5


= π 4y −
4y 3
+
y 3  = π 32 − 3 ⋅ 2 4 + 3 ⋅ 2 5  = 16 π .
 3/2 5 3   5  5
 0
16
5
Problem VOL2_03.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the parabola y = 4 ax between
its vertex (0,0) and its latus rectum about its latus rectum.
32 πa
3
Answer: .
15
Solution:
Latus rectum of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is the line x = a . A slice taken perpendicular to the axis
y2
of rotation is a disk of thickness δy and radius r ( y ) = a − . The slice has volume
4a
2
 y2 
δV = πr ( y ) δy = π a −  δy .
2
 4a 
2 2

2a
y2 
2a
 y2 
Hence V = lim ∑ π a −  δy = π ∫  a −  dy .
y=-2a  4a  −2 a 
4a 
δy → 0
Substitution y = 2az , dy = 2a dz gives

1
1 1
 z 3 z5  32πa 3
∫ (1 − z ) ∫( )
2 2
V = 2πa 3
dz = 4πa 3
1 − 2 z + z dz = 4πa  z − 2 ⋅ +  =
2 4 3
.
−1 0  3 50 15
32 πa
3
∴ the volume of the solid is cubic units.

15
Problem VOL2_04.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 } about the line
y = −1 .
13
Answer: π.
15
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δx with radii
r1 = 1 and r2 ( x ) = 1 + x . The slice has volume δV = π( r2 − r1 ) δx
2 2 2
= π[(1 + x 2 ) 2 − 1]δx = π( 2 x 2 + x 4 ) δx .
1
 2 3 x5 
∑ π(2 x ) δx = ∫ π(2 x ) ( )
1 1 1
13
dx = ∫ π 2 x + x dx = π x +
2 2
∴ V = lim 2
−x 4 2
+x 4 2 4
 = π .
δx →0
x=0 0 0 3 5 
0
15
13
15
Problem VOL2_05.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ x 3 } about the y-
axis.
64
Answer: π.
5
Solution:
1 2
r1 ( y ) = y and r2 = 2 . The slice has volume δV = π( r2 − r1 ) = π( 4 − y ) δy .
3 2 2 3
8 8
 4 − y 2 3 δy = π 4 − y 2 3  dy = π 4 y − 3 y 5 3  = π( 32 − 3 ⋅ 2 5 ) = 64 π .
8
∴ V = lim
δy → 0
∑ π
y=0   ∫0    5 0 5 5
64
5
Problem VOL2_06.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , y + x ≤ 1} about the line
x = 1.
2π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δy with radii
r1 = 1 − x and r2 = 1 . But y + x = 1 , hence r1 ( y ) = y . The slice has volume δV = π( r2 − r1 ) δy
2 2
= π(1 − y 2 ) δy .
1
 y  2π
( ) ( )
1 1 3
∴ V = lim ∑ π 1 − y δy = ∫ π 1 − y dy = π y −  =
2 2
.
δy → 0
y=0 0  3  3
0
2π
3
Problem VOL2_07.
π
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ , 0 ≤ y ≤ cos x} about the
2
line y = 1 .
π2
Answer: 2π − .
4
Solution:
( ) ( )
r1( x ) = 1 − cos x and r2 = 1 . The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δx = π 2cos x − cos2 x δx .
π/ 2 π/ 2
(
∴ V = lim ∑ π 2 cos x − cos 2 x δx =
δx → 0
x=0
) ∫ π(2 cos x − cos x )dx
2
0
π/ 2 π/ 2
 1 + cos 2 x   x sin 2 x  π2
= ∫ π  2 cos x −  dx = π  2 sin x − −  = 2π − .
0
 2   2 4 0 4
π2
∴ the volume of the solid is 2π − cubic units.
4
Problem VOL2_08.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 4 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4} about the
x- axis.
224π
Answer: .
15
Solution:
( ) ( )
r1( x ) = 4 − x 2 and r2 = 4 . The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δx = π 8 x 2 − x 4 δx .
2
2
 8x 3 x 5  224π
( ) ( )
2
∴ V = lim ∑ π 8 x − x δx = ∫ π 8 x − x dx =π
2 4 2
−  =
4
.
δx →0
x=0 0  3 50 15
224π
15
Problem VOL2_09.
1
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ } about the y-
1+ x
2
axis.
Answer: π ln 2 .
Solution:
It is convenient to split volume V of the solid into volumes V1 and V2 (see figure).
1) volume V1 :
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δy and radius r ( y ) .
1
Deduce the equation of r ( y ) : y =
1
⇒ r= −1 .
1 + r2 y
1 
The slice has volume δV1 = πr 2 ( y ) δy = π  − 1 δy .
y 
1  1   1
1 1
Hence V1 = lim ∑ π  − 1 δy = π ∫  − 1 δy = π(ln y − y ) 1 = π ln 2 −  .

1
δy → 0
y= 12  y  1  y  2  2
2
2) volume V2 :
1 π
This volume is a cylinder of radius r = 1 and height 1
2 . Thus V2 = π ⋅12 ⋅ = .
2 2
∴ V = V1 + V2 = π ln 2 .
∴ the volume of the solid is π ln 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL2_10.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , 0 ≤ y ≤ x , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1} about
the y- axis.
2π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
r1 ( y ) = y and r2 ( y ) = 1 − y . The slice has volume δV = π( r2 − r1 ) δy = π(1 − 2 y ) δy .
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
 1 1  2π
( ) 
( 
)
2 2
2 2
∴ V = lim ∑ π 1 − 2 y δy = ∫ π 1 − 2 y dy = π y − y 3 
2 2
= π − = .
δy → 0
y=0 0  3 0  2 3 2 3
2π
3
Problem VOL2_11.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1} about the
line x = 1 .
π 2
Answer: π −  .
2 3
Solution:
r1 = 1 − x and r2 = 1 . But x + y = 1 , hence r1 ( y ) = 1 − 1 − y . The slice has volume
2 2 2
δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[1 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π( y 2 − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 ) δy .
∑ π(y ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim 2
− 1 + 2 1 − y δy = ∫ π y 2 − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 dy
2
δy → 0
y=0 0
1
 y3  1
2π π
2
= π − y  + 2 π ∫ 1 − y 2 dy = − + .
 3 0 0
3 2
π
1
1
∫ 1 − y dy =
2
(since , as the area of a circle of radius 1).
0
4 4
π 2
∴ the volume of the solid is π −  cubic units.
2 3
Problem VOL2_12.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed within the circle ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1
about the y-axis.
Answer: 2π 2 .
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δy with radii r1 ( y ) ,
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of (r − 1) + y 2 = 1 considered as a
2
quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )δy .

(r − 1)
2
+ y2 = 1
r 2 − 2r + y 2 = 0
r1, 2 = 1 m 1 − y 2
r2 + r1 = 2
r2 − r1 = 2 1 − y 2
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 4π 1 − y δy = ∫ 4π 1 − y 2 dy .
2
δy → 0
y=-1 −1
Substitution y = sin ϕ, dy = cos ϕ dϕ gives

π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 4π ∫
− π/ 2
1 − sin 2 ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 4π ∫
− π/ 2
cos 2 ϕ dϕ = 4 π ∫
− π/ 2
2
dϕ
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 2 π ϕ +  = 2π2 .
 2  − π/ 2
∴ the volume of the solid is 2π 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL2_13.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x 2 } about the
line x = −1 .
8
Answer: π.
3
Solution:
r1 = 1 − x 1 and r2 = 1 + x 2 , where x 1 = x 2 > 0 and − x 1 , x 2 are the roots of y = 1 − x considered as
2
a quadratic equation in x.
y = 1 − x ⇒ x = 1 − y ⇒ x 2 = 1 − y , x 1 = 1 − y . Hence r1 ( y ) = 1 − 1 − y and
2 2
r2 ( y ) = 1 + 1 − y .
The slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 + 1 − y ) 2 − (1 − 1 − y ) 2 ]δy = 4 π 1 − y δy .
1 1 1
2 8
∑ 4π 1 − y δy = 4 π 1 − y dy = − 4 π(1 − y )
∫
3
∴ V = lim 2 ⋅ = π.
δy → 0 3 3
y=0 0 0
8
3
Problem VOL2_14.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 x 2 − x 4 } about
the y- axis.
4π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of y = 2r 2 − r 4 considered as a
(
biquadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δy . )
y = 2r 2 − r 4
r 4 − 2r 2 + y = 0
z = r2
z2 − 2z + y = 0
z1, 2 = 1 m 1 − y
r1 = z1 = 1 − 1 − y
r2 = z 2 = 1 + 1 − y .
( )
∴ δV = π r22 − r12 δy = 2π 1 − y δy .
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π 1 − y δy = ∫ 2π 1 − y dy .
δy → 0
y=0 0
0
y ′ 3/ 2 4π
0
Substitution y = 1 − y ′, dy = − dy ′ gives V = −2π ∫ y ′ dy ′ = −2π = .

1
3/ 2 1 3
4π
3
Problem VOL2_15.
the y- axis.
Answer: 36π .
Solution:
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of y = 6r 2 − r 4 considered as a
(
biquadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δy . )
y = 6r − r 2 4
r 4 − 6r 2 + y = 0
z = r2
z2 − 6z + y = 0
z1, 2 = 3 m 9 − y
r1 = z1 = 3 − 9 − y
r2 = z 2 = 3 + 9 − y .
( )
∴ δV = π r22 − r12 δy = 2π 9 − y δy .
9 9
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π 9 − y δy = ∫ 2π 9 − y dy .
δy → 0
y=0 0
0
y ′ 3/ 2
0
Substitution y = 9 − y ′, dy = − dy ′ gives V = −2π ∫ y ′ dy ′ = −2π = 36π .
9
3/ 2 9
∴ the volume of the solid is 36π cubic units.
Problem VOL2_16.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ x} about the y-
axis.
4
Answer: π.
15
Solution:
1
r1 and r2 . Obviously, y = r1 and y = r2 , hence r1 ( y ) = y and r2 ( y ) = y
2 3
. The slice has volume
2
δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π( y 3
− y 2 ) δy .
1 1
1
3 5 1  3 1  4
∴ V = lim ∑ π y 3 − y 2 δy = ∫ π y 3 − y 2  dx = π y 3 − y 3  = π −  = π .
2 2
y=0     5 3 0  5 3  15
δy → 0
0
4
15
Problem VOL2_17.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x } about the line
y =1.
π
Answer: .
6
Solution:
r1 ( x ) = 1 − x and r2 ( x ) = 1 − x .
The slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δx = π[(1 − x ) 2 − (1 − x ) 2 ]δx = π( x 2 − 3 x + 2 x ) δx .
( ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim
δx →0
∑ π x 2 − 3 x + 2 x δx = ∫ π x 2 − 3 x + 2 x dx
x=0 0
1
1 3 3 2 1 3 4  π
= π x 3 − x 2 + 2 x 2 ⋅  = π − +  = .
3 2 30 3 2 3  6
π
6
Problem VOL2_18.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x } about the line
x = 1.
π
Answer: .
5
Solution:
r1 = 1 − x 1 and r2 = 1 − x 2 . But y = x 1 and y = x 2 , hence r1 ( y ) = 1 − y and r2 ( y ) = 1 − y . The
2
slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 − y 2 ) 2 − (1 − y ) 2 ]δy = π( y 4 − 3 y 2 + 2 y ) δy .

1
 y5  π
( ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ π y − 3 y + 2 y δy = ∫ π y − 3 y + 2 y dy = π
4 2 4 2
− y 3 + y 2  = .
δy → 0
y=0 0  5 0 5
π
5
Problem VOL2_19.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ x} about the line
y =x.
4 2
Answer: π.
105
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disc of thickness δh and radius r, with h
the distance from O to the centre of the disc. The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δh . At A (1, 1) ,
h = OA = 2.
2 2
Hence V = lim
δh →0
∑ πr 2 δh =
h =0
∫ πr
2
dh .
0
Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x 3 .

3
In order to calculate the integral written above, find the dependence of h and r on x. If OP makes
angle α with the direction of the positive x-axis, then x = l cos α and y = l sin α . Hence we have
π  l cos α l sin α x y
h = l cos  − α  = + = + ,
4  2 2 2 2
π  l cos α l sin α x y
r = l sin  − α  = − = − .
4  2 2 2 2
x+x x−x
3 3
⇒h = and r = .
2 2
Now the substitution h = h ( x ) and r = r ( x ) gives
π( x − x 3 ) 2 (1 + 3 x 2 )
2 1 1
V = ∫ πr dh = ∫ πr ( x ) ⋅ h ′( x ) dx = ∫ ⋅ dx =
2 2
0 0 0
2 2
π π
1 1
= ∫ (x − 2 x 4 + x 6 )(1 + 3 x 2 ) dx = ∫(x + x 4 − 5 x 6 + 3 x 8 ) dx
2 2
2 2 0 2 2 0
1
π x x 5
3
x  π 1 1 5 1  4 2
5 9
=  + − x 7 +  =  + − + = π.
2 2 3 5 7 3 
0
2 2  3 5 7 3  105
4 2
105
Problem VOL2_20.
1
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x 2 } about the line
y =x.
π
Answer: .
30 2
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disc of thickness δh and radius r, with h
the distance from O to the centre of the disc.
The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δh . At A(1,1), h = OA = 2 .
2 2
Hence V = lim
δh → 0
∑ πr 2 δh =
h=0
∫ πr
2
dh .
0
Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x .

In order to calculate the integral written above, find the dependence of h and r on x. If OP make
an angle α with the direction of the positive x-axis, then x = l cos α . Hence we have
π l cos α l sin α x y
h = l cos( α − ) = + = + ,
4 2 2 2 2
π l sin α l cos α x y
r = l sin( α − )= − = − .
4 2 2 2 2
x+ x x− x
⇒h = and r = .
2 2
Now the substitution h = h ( x ) and r = r ( x ) gives
π( x − x ) 2  
2 1 1
1
V = ∫ πr dh = ∫ πr ( x ) ⋅ h ′( x ) dx = ∫ ⋅ 1 + dx =
2 2
0 0 0 2 2  2 x 
π π
1 1
3 −1 3 1
= ∫ (x − 2x + x )( 2 + x ) dx = ∫ (2 x − 3 x + x 2 ) dx
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 0 4 2 0
1
π  2 3 6 52 2 32  π 2 6 2 π
=  x − x + x  =  − + = .
4 2 3 5 3  0 4 2  3 5 3  30 2
π
30 2
Problem VOL2_21.
By taking strips parallel to the axis of rotation, use the method of cylindrical shells to find the
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ 1} about the line
x =1
9π
Answer:
10
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = 1 − x , r2 ( x ) = 1 − x + δx , and height h ( x ) = 1 − x 3 .

The shell has volume δV = π[(1 − x + δx ) 2 − (1 − x ) 2 ]h ( x ) = 2 π(1 − x )(1 − x 3 ) δx (ignoring ( δx ) 2 ).
1 1 1
∴ V = lim
δx →0
∑ 2 π(1 − x )(1 − x
x=0
3
∫
3
∫
) δx = 2 π (1 − x )(1 − x )dx = 2 π (1 − x − x + x ) dx
3 4
0 0
1
 x
2
x
4

x
5
 1 1 1 9 9π
= 2 π x − − +  = 2 π1 − − +  = 2 π ⋅ = .
 2 4 5
0  2 4 5 20 10
9π
10
Problem VOL2_22.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ 1} about the line
y =1.
9π
Answer:
14
Solution:
1
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( y ) = 1 − y , r2 ( y ) = 1 − y + δy , and height h ( y ) = y 3
.
1
The shell has volume δV = π[(1 − y + δy ) 2 − (1 − y ) 2 ] h ( y ) = 2 π(1 − y ) y 3 δy (ignoring ( δy ) 2 ).
1 1
∑
1 1
∴ V = lim 2 π(1 − y ) y 3
δy = 2 π ∫ (1 − y ) y 3 dy
δy → 0
y=0 0
1
3 4 3 7  3 3 9 9π
= 2 π y 3 − y 3  = 2 π −  = 2 π ⋅ = .
4 7 0 4 7 28 14
9π
14
Problem VOL2_23.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 1 / 3 ≤ y ≤ 1} about the y-
axis.
π
Answer:
7
Solution:
1
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = x , r2 ( x ) = x + δx , and height h ( x ) = 1 − x 3
. The
1
shell has volume δV = π[( x + δx ) 2 − x 2 ]h ( x ) = 2 πx (1 − x 3 ) δx (ignoring ( δx ) 2 ).
1 1 1
∑
1 1 4
∴ V = lim
δx →0
x=0
2 πx (1 − x 3
∫
) δx = 2 π x (1 − x
0
3
∫
)dx = 2 π ( x − x
0
3
) dx
1
x 3 7
2
 1 3  π
= 2 π − x 3  = 2 π −  = .
 2 7 0 2 7 7
π
7
Problem VOL2_24.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 } the line y = 1 .
7π
Answer: .
15
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( y ) = 1 − y , r2 ( y ) = 1 − y + δy , and height h( y ) = 1 − y .

This shell has volume δV = π (1 − y + δy ) − (1 − y ) h( y ) [ 2 2
]
= 2π(1 − y ) 1 − y δy ( ) (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
( ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π(1 − y ) 1 − y δy = 2π ∫ (1 − y ) 1 − y dy
δy →0
y=0 0
1
1
 y 3/ 2 y 2 y 5/ 2  7π
(
= 2π ∫ 1 − y 1/ 2
− y+ y 3/ 2
) dy = 2π  y −

− +  =
3 / 2 2 5 / 2  0 15
.
0
7π
15
Problem VOL2_25.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 4 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4} about the
x- axis.
224 π
Answer: .
15
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii y , y + δy , and height h( y ) = 2 − 4 − y . This shell has
[ ]
the volume δV = π ( y + δy ) − y 2 h( y ) = 2π 2 − 4 − y y δy
2
( ) (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
( ) ( )
4 4
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π 2 − 4 − y y δy = 2π ∫ 2 − 4 − y y dy .
δy → 0
y =0 0
Substitution y = 4 − y ′ , dy = − dy ′ gives
( )
0 4
(
V = −2π ∫ (4 − y ′ ) 2 − y ′ dy ′ = 2 π ∫ 8 − 4 y ′1/ 2 − 2 y ′ + y ′ 3/ 2 dy ′ )
4 0
4
 4 y ′ 3/ 2 y ′ 5/ 2  224π
= 2 π 8 y ′ − − y′2 +  = .
 3/ 2 5/ 2  0 15
224π
15
Problem VOL2_26.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 4 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4} the line
y = 4.
32 π
Answer: .
5
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1( y ) = 4 − y , r2 ( y ) = 4 − y + δy , and height
[
h( y ) = 2 − 4 − y . This shell has volume δV = π (4 − y + δy ) − (4 − y ) h( y )
2 2
]
(
= 2π(4 − y ) 2 − 4 − y δy ) (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
( ) ( )
4 4
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π(4 − y ) 2 − 4 − y δy = 2π ∫ (4 − y ) 2 − 4 − y dy .
δy → 0
y =0 0
Substitution y = 4 − y ′ , dy = − dy ′ gives
4
( )  y 2 y 5/ 2  32π
0
V = −2π ∫ y ′ 2 − y ′ dy ′ = 2π 2 ⋅ −  = .
4  2 5 / 2  0
5
32π
5
Problem VOL2_27.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 1 ≤ x ≤ e , 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x} about the x-
axis.
Answer: π(e 2 ) .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii y , y + δy , and height h( y ) to be found. We have
y = ln x x = e − h( y ) y = ln (e − h( y ))
∴ h( y ) = e − e y .
[
The shell has volume δV = π ( y + δy ) − y 2 h( y ) = 2π e − e y y δy
2
] ( ) (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
( ) ( )
1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π e − e y y δy = 2π ∫ e − e y y dy
δy →0
y=0 0
 ey 2 1 1  e 1
= 2π 
 2 0 0  2
(
− ∫ y de y  = 2 π  − ye y − e y  = π(e − 2) .
0

)
∴ the volume of the solid is π(e − 2) cubic units.
Problem VOL2_28.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 1 ≤ x ≤ e , 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x} about the y-
axis.
π
Answer:
2
(e 2
+1 )
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = ln x .
[ ]
This shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx ln x δx (ignoring (δy ) ).
2 2
e e e
x2
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx ln x δx = 2π ∫ x ln x dx = 2π ∫ ln x d
δx → 0 2
x =1 1 1
 e e
1 x2   e2 1 e   x 2  π 2
e
= 2π ln x

x2
2 1 ∫1 x 2 
−
2 21

⋅ dx  = 2π  − ∫ x dx  = π e −

2
= e +1 .
2 1  2
( )
   
π
∴ the volume of the solid is e 2 + 1 cubic units.
2
( )
Problem VOL2_29.
1
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region { ( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ } about the
1+ x
2
y- axis.
Answer: π ln 2 .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) =

1
. This shell has
1 + x2
[
volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) =
2
] 2πx
1 + x2
δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2
2 2
∴ lim ∑ = ∫1 .
x =0 1 +
δ → 2 2
0
2
dz
Substitution z = 1 + x , dz = 2 x dx gives V = π ∫
2
2
= π ln z 1 = π ln 2 .
1
z
∴ the volume of the solid is π ln 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL2_30.
the y- axis.
Answer: 36 π .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = 6 x 2 − x 4 . This shell has
[ ]
volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx 6 x 2 − x 4 δx
2
( ) (ignoring (δx ) ).
2
( ) ( )
6
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx 6 x 2 − x 4 δx = 2π ∫ x 6 x 2 − x 4 dx
δx → 0
x =0 0
6
6
 x4 x6 
( 2
 4
4
60
)
= 2π ∫ x 6 x − x dx = 2π  6 ⋅ −  = 36π .
0
∴ the volume of the solid is 36π cubic units.
Problem VOL2_31.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the parabola y 2 =4ax
between its vertex (0, 0) and its latus rectum about its latus rectum.
32 πa
3
Answer: .
15
Solution:
Latus rectum of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is the line x = a . The typical cylindrical shell has radii
r1 ( x ) = a − x , r2 ( x ) = a − x + δx , and height h( x ) = 2 ⋅ 4 ax . This shell has volume
( )
δV = π r22 − r12 h( x ) = 8π( a − x ) ax δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2
a
a a
 ax 3/ 2 x 5/ 2  32 πa3
∴ V = lim ∑ 8π( a − x ) ax δx = 8π a ∫ ( a − x ) x dx = 8π a  −  = .
δx → 0
x =0 0  3 / 2 5 / 2 0 15
32πa 3
15
Problem VOL2_32.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , x 1 / 2 + y 1 / 2 ≤ a 1 / 2 }
about the y- axis.
πa 3
Answer: .
15
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) .
h( x ) = ( )
2
x+ h= a ⇒ a− x .
[
This shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx ] ( )
a − x δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2 2 2
( ) ( )
a a
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx
2 2
a − x δx = 2π ∫ x a − x dx .
δx →0
x =0 0
Substitution x = az , dx = 2az dz yields

2
1
1 1
 z4 z5 z 6  πa3
V = 4πa ∫ (1 − z ) z dz = 4πa ∫( )
1 − 2 z + z z dz = 4πa  − 2 ⋅ +  =
3 2 3 3 2 3 3
.
0 0 4 5 6  0 15
πa3
15
Problem VOL2_33.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : ( x − 1) 2 = y 2 ≤ 1} about the y – axis.
Answer: 2 π 2 .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx . Height of the shell is obtained from
( x − 1)
2
+ y2 = 1
y 2 = 1 − ( x − 1)
2
h( x ) = 2 y = 2 1 − ( x − 1) .
2
[
The shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 4πx 1 − ( x − 1) δx
2
] 2
(ignoring (δx ) ).
2
2 2
∴ V = lim ∑ 4πx 1 − ( x − 1) δx = 4π ∫ x 1 − ( x − 1) dx .
2 2
δx → 0
x =0 0
Substitution x = x ′ + 1, dx = dx ′ gives
1 1 1
V = 4π ∫ ( x ′ + 1) 1 − x ′ dx ′ = 4π ∫ x ′ 1 − x ′ dx ′ + 4π ∫ 1 − x ′ 2 dx ′ .
2 2
−1 −1 −1
The first integral is equal to zero since the integrand is odd. Substitution x ′ = sin ϕ ,
dx ′ = cos ϕ dϕ into the second integral gives
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 4π ∫
− π/ 2
1 − sin 2 ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 4π ∫
− π/ 2
cos 2 ϕ dϕ = 4 π ∫
− π/ 2
2
dϕ
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 2 π ϕ +  = 2π2 .
 2  − π/ 2
∴ the volume of the solid is 2π 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL2_34.
The base of a particular solid is the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . Every cross-section perpendicular to
the x- axis is a square with one side in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
3
16 a
Answer: .
3
Solution:
The slice is a square with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

A( x ) = s 2 ( x ) s( x ) = 2 a 2 − x 2
∴ A( x ) = 4 a 2 − x 2 . ( )
( )
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 4 a 2 − x 2 δx . Then the volume of the solid is
a
a
 x3 
∑ 4(a ) ( )
a
16 a3
V = lim 2
− x δx = 4 ∫
2
a − x dx = 4 a 2 x −  =
2 2
.
δx → 0
x =− a −a  3  −a 3
16 a3
3
Problem VOL2_35.
The base of a particular solid is the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . Every cross-section perpendicular to
the x- axis is a semicircle with diameter in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
2 πa
3
Answer: .
3
Solution:
The slice is a semicircle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .
πr 2 ( x )
A( x ) = r( x ) = a2 − x 2
2
∴ A( x ) =
π a2 − x 2 (
.
)
2
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx =

π a2 − x 2 ( )
δx . Then the volume of the solid is
2
( )δx = π (a
a
π a2 − x2 π x  2 πa
)
a a 3 3
V = lim
δx →0
∑
x =− a 2 2 ∫
2
− x dx =  a 2 x −  =
2
2 3  3
.
−a −a
2πa3
3
Problem VOL2_36.
The base of a solid is a segment of the parabola y 2 = x cut of by the line x = a . Cross-sections
taken perpendicular to the axis of the parabola are right-angled isosceles triangles with
hypotenuse in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
2
a
Answer: .
2
Solution:
The slice is a right-angled isosceles triangle with area of cross-section A, thickness δ x.
1
A( x ) = s( x) ⋅ 2 x = s( x) ⋅ x s( x) = x
2
∴ A( x ) = x.
The slice has volume δV = A ( x ) δx = x δx .
Then the volume of the solid is
a a
a 2 2
x a
V = lim
δx →0
∑ x δx = ∫ xdx
x =0
=
2
=
2
.
0 0
2
a
2
Problem VOL2_37.
2 2
x y
The base of a particular solid is the ellipse + = 1 . Every cross-section perpendicular to
16 4
the major axis of the ellipse is an equilateral triangle with one side in the base of the solid. Find
the volume of the solid.
64
Answer: .
3
Solution:
The slice is an equilateral triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .
3 s2 ( x ) x2
A( x ) = s( x ) = 2 ⋅ 2 1 −
4 16
 x2 
∴ A( x ) = 4 31 −  .
 16 
 x2 
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 4 3 1 −  δx .
 16 
4
4
 x2  4
 x2   x3  64
V = lim ∑ 4 3 1 −  δx = 4 3 ∫ 1 −  dx = 4 3  x −  = .
δx → 0
x =−4  16  −4 
16   3 ⋅ 16  −4 3
64
3
Problem VOL2_38.
2 2
x y
The base of a particular solid is the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 . Every cross-section perpendicular to
a b
the x- axis is an isosceles right-angled triangle with hypotenuse in the base of the solid. Find the
volume of the solid.
2
4 ab
Answer: .
3
Solution:
The slice is an isosceles right-angled triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .
x2
A( x ) = s ( x ) s( x ) = b 1 − 2
2
a
 x  2
∴ A( x ) = b2 1 − 2  .
 a 
 x2 
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = b2 1 − 2  δx .
 a 
a
a
 x2  2 
a
x2  2 x3  4ab2
V = lim ∑ b 1 − 2  δx = b ∫ 1 − 2  dx = b  x − 2  =
2
.
δx → 0
x =− a  a  − a
a   3a  − a 3
4 ab2
3
Problem VOL2_39.
A hemisphere has radius r. By considering cross-sections parallel to the base of the hemisphere,
2
show that its volume is given by V = πr 3 .
3
2 πr
3
Answer: .
3
Solution:
Slicing the hemisphere parallel to its base x 2 + y 2 = r 2 gives circular slices of radius ρ ,
thickness δz , and z is the height of the slice above the base. The area of cross-section of the
slice is
A( z ) = πρ2 ( z ) ρ( z ) = r 2 − z 2
(
∴ A( z ) = π r 2 − z 2 . )
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δz = π r 2 − z 2 δz . ( )
r
r
 z3  2πr 3
( ) ( )
r
V = lim ∑ π r − z δz = π ∫ r − z dz = π  r 2 z −  =
2 2 2 2
.
δz → 0
z =0 0  30 3
2 πr
3

3
Problem VOL2_40.
2 2
x y
The base of a particular solid is the region bounded by the hyperbola − = 1 between its
4 12
vertex (2, 0) and the corresponding latus rectum. Every cross-section perpendicular to the major
axis is an isosceles right-angled triangle with hypotenuse in the base of the solid. Find the
volume of the solid.
2 2
x y
Hint: The latus rectum of the hyperbola − = 1 is the line x = 4 .
4 12
Answer: 32.
Solution:
x2 y2
The latus rectum of the hyperbola − = 1 is the line x = 4 . The slice is an isosceles right-
4 12
angled triangle with area of cross-section A , and thickness δx .
 s( x ) 
2
x2
A( x ) =   s( x ) = 2 ⋅ 12 −1
 2  4
 x2 
∴ A( x ) = 12 − 1 .
 4 
 x2 
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 12 − 1 δx .
 4 
 x2 
Then the volume of the slice is δV = A( x ) δx = 12 − 1 δx .
 4 
4
4
 x2  4
 x2   x3 
∴ V = lim ∑ 12 − 1 δx = 12∫  − 1 dx = 12  − x  = 32 .
δx → 0
x =2  4  2
4   4 ⋅3  2
∴ the volume of the solid is 32 cubic units
.

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Volume Level 2

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Topic 8. Volumes.

. The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δy ⇒ δV = π 2 − y 3  δy .

∑ π 2 − y 3  δy = ∫ π1 − y 3  dy = ∫ π 4 − 4 y 3 + y 3 dy

Substitution y = 2az , dy = 2a dz gives

∴ the volume of the solid is cubic units.

Hence V1 = lim ∑ π  − 1 δy = π ∫  − 1 δy = π(ln y − y ) 1 = π ln 2 −  .

δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[1 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π( y 2 − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 ) δy .

quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )δy .

Substitution y = sin ϕ, dy = cos ϕ dϕ gives

Substitution y = 1 − y ′, dy = − dy ′ gives V = −2π ∫ y ′ dy ′ = −2π = .

slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 − y 2 ) 2 − (1 − y ) 2 ]δy = π( y 4 − 3 y 2 + 2 y ) δy .

Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x 3 .

Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x .

The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = 1 − x , r2 ( x ) = 1 − x + δx , and height h ( x ) = 1 − x 3 .

The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( y ) = 1 − y , r2 ( y ) = 1 − y + δy , and height h( y ) = 1 − y .

The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = ln x .

The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) =

∴ the volume of the solid is 36π cubic units.

The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) .

Substitution x = az , dx = 2az dz yields

∴ the volume of the solid is 2π 2 cubic units.

The slice is a square with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx =

∴ the volume of the solid is cubic units.

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