GSM

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems
Mobil Communication Systems
Second-Generation Third-Generation
ETSI TIA TIA MPT ITU

GSM, GSM2+ IS-95 IS-136 PDC IMT-2000
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute

ITU: International Telecommunications Union
TIA: Telecommunication Industries Associations (USA)
MPT: Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (Japan)
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
IMT-2002: International Mobile Communications 2000
Fig. 1.0a Mobil communication standards

Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 0
Mobil Communication Systems
Second-Generation Third-Generation
ITU
3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project
IMT-2000
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
ETSI/3GPP ETSI TIA/3GPP2

UMTS EDGE cdma2000
Fig. 1.0b Mobil communication standards

1992 2002 2003-2005 2007 2010?
IMT-2000
IS-136 IS-136+
EDGE
HSCSD
GSM
UMTS UMTS+
GPRS
?
PDC
IS-95 cdma2000 cdma2000

cdmaOne 1x 3x MC
2G evolved 2G 3G evolved 3G 4G
max 28.8 kbps max 144 kbps max 2 Mbps max 20 Mbps max 100 Mbps?
Fig. 1.0c Evolution of mobil communication standards

1979: the first analog mobile system (Advanced Mobile Phone Service, AMPS)
went pre-operational in Chicago, USA, based on the cellular concept developed
by the Bell Laboratories
Early 1980s: several incompatible analog mobile cellular systems were
operational in Western Europe (NMT, TACS, C-450, ....)
1982: the main governing body of the European PTTs (CEPT) set up a
committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to define a digital mobil
cellular system that could be introduced across Europe by the 1990s. The CEPT
allocated the neccesary duplex radio frequency in the 900 MHz region.
1987: the main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype evaluation
1990: the Phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen, DCS1800 adaptation begins
1992: GSM (renamed Global System for Mobile Communications) went
operational in various European countries
At present: more than 200 million subscribers in 130 countries use GSM-based systems
Fig. 1.1 History

BSC
EIR VLR HLR AuC
BTS
Cell
BTS BSC MSC
MS BTS
BSS
BTS OMC
GMSC External
MS Network
BTS
BSC MSC
BTS
MS BTS
VLR
BSC
Fig. 1.2a GSM network structure (infrastructur hierarchy)

Switching and
Radio Subsystem Operation Subssytem External Network
EIR AuC HLR telephone network
PSTN/ISDN
MS BTS
MS BSC
MS MSC GMSC
BS
Um Abis A PSDN/CSDN
(air interface)
data network
OMC VLR
MS: Mobile Station MSC: Mobile Switching Centre AuC: Authentication Centre
BTS: Base Transceiver Station GMSC: Gateway MSC EIR: Equipment Identity Register
BSC: Base Station Controller OMC:Operation&Maintenance Centre HLR: Home Location Register
BS: Base Station VLR: Visitors Location Register
Fig. 1.2b GSM reference model (network elements)
Mobile TA
TE MT
Station
Um
(air interface)
TE: terminal equipment with non-GSM functions (e.g. facsimile machine)

TA: terminal adaptor or interworking function
MT: mobile termination carrying out all functions related to the
transmission on the air interface including a SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module), which contains all the subscriber-related information (smart card)
Note: mobile phone = mobile termination
Base BTS BSC

Station
Um Abis A
(air interface)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio transmission and reception unit,

up to and including the antennas, and also all the signal processing specific
to the radio interface
Base Station Controller (BSC): management of the radio resources
(e.g. allocation and release of radio channels, handover and paging
management). One BSC can control more than one BTS
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): BSC plus several BTSs

VLR HLR
Switching
Subsystem MSC GMSC
A
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): coordination and setting up of calls to and
from GSM users (e.g. signalling for connection establishment, release,
management and handover). Ordinary ISDN exchange.
Home Location Register (HLR): static subscriber information relevant to the
provision of services (e.g. phone number, device data, security key, services)
independently of the actual location of the subscriber.
Visitors Location Register (VLR): temporarily subscription data for those
subscribers currently situated in the service area of the corresponding MSC(s),
as well as location information.
Gateway MSC (GMSC): routing of incoming calls to the MSC, to which the
subscriber is currently associated to.
EIR HLR AuC
Operating &
Maintenance BSC MSC GMSC
Subsystem
OMC
Authentication Centre (AuC): contains subscriber data related to security

functions (access rights, encryption, identity protection), involves the SIM
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): contains data related to the mobile
equipment (e.g., search for stolen equipment, monitoring MS misbehaviour)
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC): deals with network behaviour
monitoring (e.g., system load, blocking rates, handovers) and maintenance
(detection, location and correction of faults and breakdowns)

Control Plane User Plane

Layers 4-7 Higher Layers
CM
Layer 3 MM Network Layer
RR
Layer 2 DLC Data Link Layer

Logical channels
(information type)
Layer 1 PHY Physical Layer

Physical channels
(time slot, carrier frequency)
Fig. 1.3a GSM protocol architecture (MS)
Communication Management (CM): control of end-to-end

(user-to-user) connections (call establishment/release),
little GSM specificity supplementary services (e.g. call forwarding, call waiting),
and short message service (SMS, up to 160 ASCII characters)
Mobility Management (MM): routing of calls towards mobile

cellular network specific subscribers with varying locations (e.g. location updating,
roaming, security)
Radio Resource Management (RR): management of the

ressources specific to the radio interface in the case of
wireless transmission specific nonpermanent connections and varying transmission conditions
(e.g. dynamic channel allocation, handover, power control)
Fig. 1.3b GSM network layer functions

Three different protocols

LAPDm (MS-BTS, GSM-specific)
LAPD (BTS-BSC, adapted from ISDN)
MTP 2 (BSC-MSC, SS7)
Basic functions
message segmentation and reassembly
data framing
error control (LAPDm uses "Stop-and-Wait" ARQ protocol)
support of unacknowledged and acknowledged mode
LAPD: Link Access Procedure D Channel
Fig. 1.3c GSM data link control layer

Layer Higher Higher

Layers Layers
4-7
CM CM
MM Transfer Functions MM
Layer 3
Transfer Functions RR BSSAP BSSAP
RR
RR' BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
Layer 2 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP MTP
Layer 1 PHY PHY PCM PCM PCM PCM
16/64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s/2.048 Mbit/s
MS BTS BSC MSC
Fig. 1.3b GSM protocol architecture (Control Plane)

Group Channel Service Net bit rate Gross bit rate Interleaving Remarks
[kbit/s] [kbit/s] [#bursts]
TCH TCH/F Speech 13 22.8 8 BS↔MS
(Traffic TCH/H 5.6 11.4 4
Channel) TCH/F9.6 Data 12 22.8 19 BS↔MS
ISDN B TCH/F4.8 (user) 6 22.8 19
TCH/F2.4 3.6 22.8 8
TCH/H4.8 6 11.4 19
TCH/H2.4 3.6 11.4 19
BCCH FCCH Data 0.782 1.932 4 Frequency Correction
(Broadcast SCH (control) “ “ “ Synchronisation
Control BS→MS
mobile- Channel)
specific CCCH PCH Data 0,782 1.932 4 Paging, BS→MS
(Common RACH (control) 0.034 0.084 1 Random Access, MS→BS
Control AGCH 0.782 1.932 4 Access Grant, BS→MS
Channel)
DCCH SDCCH Data 0.782 1.932 4 Stand-Alone (SMS)
(Dedicated SACCH (control) 0.382 0.95 4 Slow Associated (HO meas. data)
ISDN D Control FACCH 9.2 22.8 8 Fast Associated (TCH, HO
Channel) command)
BS↔MS
Fig. 1.4 GSM logical channels


Frequency
f124 0 7
Carrier Frequency Time Slot

TDMA Frame
FDMA
f2 0 7
f1 0 7 200 kHz
15/26 ms∼0.577 ms Time
60/13 ms~4.615 ms
Power TDMA
Fig. 1.5 GSM multiple access scheme

45 MHz
25 MHz 25 MHz
890 915 935 960 MHz
GSM900 MS-BS BS-MS
200 kHz 124x200 kHz 124x200 kHz 200 kHz
95 MHz
75 MHz 75 MHz
1710 1785 1805 1880 MHz
DCS1800 MS-BS BS-MS
200 kHz 374x200 kHz 374x200 kHz 200 kHz
80 MHz
60 MHz 60 MHz
1850 1910 1930 1990 MHz
PCS1900 MS-BS BS-MS
(USA)
200 kHz 299x200 kHz FDD 299x200 kHz 200 kHz

Fig. 1.6 Main GSM frequency bands
3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms
Hyperframe 0 1 i 2047
6.12 s
Superframe
(e.g. TCH/F) 0 1 i 50
120 ms
Multiframe
(e.g. TCH/F) 0 1 i 25
4.615 ms
TDMA Frame 0 1 i 7
577 µs
Time slot TB Speech/Data SF TS SF Speech/Data TB GP

3 bit 57 bit 1 bit 26 bit 1 bit 57 bit 3 bit 8.25 bit
TS: Training Sequence (channel estimation) SF: Stealing Flag (user/control data)
TB: Tail Bits (MLSE) GP: Guard Period
Fig. 1.7 GSM frame hierarchy and slot structure (normal burst)
Frame #0 ... Frame #11 SACCH Frame #12 ... Frame #23 Idle
Multiframe (120 ms)
multiplex case: TCH/F + SACCH
Fig. 1.8 GSM multiplexing of logical channels

Information
K bit
(user/control data)
Channel Encoding
(code rate R=K/N)
N bit
Channel coded information
(user/control data)
Interleaving
(I: interleaving depth (#bursts), i N
∋
0 1 2 ... I-2 I-1

19i 19i 19i 19i 19i
Fig. 1.9 GSM generalized coding and interleaving scheme

260 bit/20 ms=13 kbit/s
source coded Class Ia Class Ib Class II

speech segment 50 bit 132 bit 78 bit
(53,50) Hamming Code
Class Ia PB Class Ib TB
50 bit 3 bit 132 bit 4 bit
Convolutional Code
(R=1/2, m=4)
channel coded 378 bit Class II

78 bit
speech segment
456 bit/20 ms=22.8 kbit/s
I=8 (delay =8x4.615 ms=36.92 ms, max. 60 ms )
Fig. 1.10a GSM channel coding scheme for speech (TCH/F)

240 bit/20 ms=12 kbit/s
Data Data Data Data TB

60 bit 60 bit 60 bit 60 bit 4 bit
Convolutional Code (R=1/2, m=4)
488 bit
Puncturing (488-32)
456 bit
456 bit/20 ms=22.8 kbit/s
I=19 (delay= 19x4.615ms= 87.685 ms)

Rp=244/(488-32)=0.535
Fig. 1.10b GSM coding scheme for data (TCH/F9.6)

Data
184 bit
(224, 184) Fire Code
Data PB TB
184 bit 40 bit 4 bit
Convolutional Code (R=1/2, m=4)
456 bit
I=4 (delay= 4x26x4.615 ms= 480 ms)
Note: SACCH cycle = 26 TDMA frames
Fig. 1.10c GSM coding scheme for control (e.g., SACCH)

carrier
frequency
f0
Pulse GSMK
Binary shaping FM signal
data signal filter
Gaussian
Lowpass
(f3dBT=0.3)
f3dB: 3 dB frequency of the gaussian filter T: symbol (bit) period
Fig. 1.11 GSM modulator (GMSK)

Sender
Block Convol. Inter- Cypehring Time TS RF

Encoder Encoder leaver Unit Slot (TS) Mux Modulator
Stage
TB TS GP
Antenna
Receiver
Fig. 1.12 GSM reference configuration (PHY layer)

Bearer Services Teleservices Supplementary Services

transparent end-to-end services based bearer and teleservices
connection-oriented on standardised protocols with additional functions
transport services (Layer 1-7) e.g., subscriber
(Layer 1-3) identification, call
e.g., speech (telephony),
e.g., circuit/packet facsimile group 3, short forwarding, call barring,
switched, message service (SMS), multiparty
synchronous/asynchronous voice mailbox
data with data rates up to
9.6 kbit/s

Speech: Full Rate (FR), circuit-switched data

Speech: Half Rate (HR)
Speech: Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)
new full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F14.4)
multislot operation for circuit-switched data services
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
packet-switched data service
multislot operation for packet-switched data services
Speech: Adaptive Multirate (4-12 kbit/s)
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
multilevel modulation scheme (8-PSK) for circuit- and
packet-switched data services (ECSD/EGPRS)
Fig. 1.13a GSM evolution steps (in chronological order)

Circuit-switched services Packet-switched services

user is assigned a channel for the multiple users share a particular channel
duration of the call in certain time slots; however only one
user can be assigned a particulat time
slot at a given time on a packet by
packet basis
optimal for continous data (e.g., speech, optimal for bursty traffic, unbalanced
video) traffic (UL/DL)
billing is based on connection time billing is based on amount of data
number of users which can be supported number of users which can be supported
per carrier is limited per carrier is higher
Fig. 1.13b Circuit-switching vs. packet-switching

MS MS1 ... MSi ... MSN
... ...
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time slot −> time slot −>
Multislot capability Multiplexing
Fig. 1.14 Coallocation and sharing of time slots

12 kbit/s TB CC Puncturing Int.

TCH/F9.6
240 bit (4) (R=1/2, m=4) (488-32) (I=19)
R=61/114∼0.535
22.8 kbit/s=
456 bit/20 ms
14.5 kbit/s TB CC Puncturing Int.

TCH/F14.4 (4) (R=1/2, m=4) (588-132) (I=19)
290 bit
R=49/76∼0.645
Note: higher troughput, but less reliabel transmission
TB:Tail Bits CC: Convolutional Encoder Int.: Interleaver
Fig. 1.15a HSCSD channel coding scheme

Net bit rate [kbit/s] # TCH/F9.6 # TCH/F14.4

9.6 1 --
14.4 -- 1
19.2 2 --
28.8 3 2
38.4 4 --
43.2 -- 3
57.6 -- 4
Note: maximum of 4 out of 8 channels, otherwise high blocking probability !
Fig. 1.15b HSCSD data rates vs. number of coallocated traffic channels
Radio Subsystem Switching Subsystem External Network
VLR
PSTN/
MSC GMSC ISDN
BS EIR
MS HLR AUC
MS
MS
MS MS GR
Um
PDN
SGSN
MS GGSN
MS (IP/X.25)
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node GR: GPRS Register
Fig. 1.16 GSM-GPRS network architecture

Control Plane User Plane

Layers Higher layers
4-7
IP/X.25
Layer 3 GMM/SM Network Layer
SNDCP
LLC
Layer 2 Data Link Layer

RLC
MAC
Logical channels
Layer 1 PHY Physical Layer
Physical channels
Fig. 1.17a GPRS protocol architecture (MS)

GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM):

GPRS-specific mobility management
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP): mapping of IP/X.25

packets to GPRS packets, multiplexing of Layer 3 message onto a single
virtual logical connection, encryption, compression (e.g. IP header)
Logical Link Control (LLC): provides a reliable logical link between the
MS and its assigned SGSN (adapted LAPDm)
Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a reliable link between the MS and the
BSS
Medium Access Control (MAC): procedures for transmission medium sharing

in the case of multiple MSs (contention resolution based on slotted Aloha,
prioritised scheduling of multiple service requests based on the negotiated
QoS, reservation-based allocation of time slots)
Fig. 1.17b GPRS protocol architecture (MS)

Group Channel Service Remarks

Packet Traffic PDTCH Data MS↔BS
Channels
Packet Broadcast PBCCH Signalling System Info BS→MS
Control Channel
Packet Common PRACH Signalling Random access, MS→BS
Control Channel PAGCH Access grant, BS→MS
PPCH Paging, BS→MS
PNCH Notification (multicast/group), BS→MS
Packet Dedicated PACCH Signalling Associated (PDTCH) control
Control Channel (e.g. PC info, ACK)
PTCCH Timing advance (adaptive frame synchr.)
MS↔BS
Fig. 1.18 GPRS logical channels

CS1 9.05 kbit/s BC PUSF TB CC

(221,181) (3) (4) (R=1/2, m=4)
181 bit
13.4 kbit/s BC PUSF TB CC Puncturing

CS2 (284,268) (6) (4) (R=1/2, m=4) (588-132)
268 Bit
R∼2/3 22.8 kbit/s=
456 bit/20 ms
15.6 kbit/s BC PUSF TB CC Puncturing
CS3
312 bit (328,312) (6) (4) (R=1/2, m=4) (676-220)
R∼3/4
21.4 kbit/s BC PUSF

CS4 (444,428) (12)
428 bit R=1 456 bit
Information (Layer 2): BC: Block Encoder TB:Tail Bits CC: Convolutional Encoder
RLC Header + RLC Data PUSF (DL): Pre-coded Uplink State Flag (Mux of up to 7 MS (UL))
Fig. 1.19 GPRS channel coding schemes (GMSK)

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
8-PSK modulation and new channel coding schemes
support of
circuit switched services (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data, ECSD)
packet switched services (Enhanced GPRS, EGPRS)
link adaptation for optimal connection performance

selective retransmission of error corrupted data packets
incremental redundancy based on Type II Hybrid ARQ
Fig. 1.20 EDGE features

Im{.}
011
3π/8
Re{.}
Binary Pulse 8-PSK

data Mapper baseband
shaping
signal (M-ary) signal
filter
3π/8-shifted Linearised
8-PSK Gaussian pulse
(f3dBT=0.3)
1 1 1
=
Tb T log2 (M) Tb
f3dB: 3 dB frequency of the gaussian filter T: symbol period
Fig. 1.21a EDGE modulator (8-PSK)

Parameter GPRS EGPRS (EDGE)

Modulation scheme GMSK 8-PSK
Modulation symbol rate 270.833 ksym/s 270.833 ksym/s
Modulation bit rate 270.833 kbit/s 812.499 kbit/s
Gross bit rate per TS 22.8 kbit/s 69.2 kbit/s*
Max user data rate per TS 20 kbit/s (CS4) 59.2 kbit/s (MCS9)
TS: Time Slot
* 3x(114 bit/4.615 ms)(24/26)=69.2 kbit/s
Fig. 1.21b GPRS and EGPRS data rates

E-TCH/F28.8
29 kbit/s RB RS TB CC Puncturing Int.
580 bit (4) (85,73)8 (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1372-4) (I=19)
R=686/1368∼0.501
E-TCH/F32.0
32.0 kbit/s RS TB CC Puncturing Int.
640 bit (92,80)8 (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1484-116) (I=19)
R=742/1368∼0.542
E-TCH/F43.2
43.5 kbit/s TB CC Puncturing Int.
870 bit (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1752-384) (I=19)
R=876/1368∼0.640
68.4 kbit/s=
1368/20 ms
Note: 57.6 kbit/s service with 2 TS x 28.8 kbit/s instaed of 4 TS x 14.4 kbit/s
TB:Tail Bits RB: Repetition Bits RS: Reed-Salomon Encoder CC: Convolutional Encoder Int.: Interleaver
Fig. 1.22 ECSD channel coding schemes (8-PSK)
Scheme Code rate Modulation RLC blocks Max. net bit

(Data) per Radio rate per TS*
block (20 ms) [kbit/s]
MCS-1 0.53 GMSK 1 8.8
Transmission link quality
MCS-2 0.66 1 11.2

MCS-3 0.80 1 14.8
MCS-4 1.0 1 17.6
MCS-5 0.37 8-PSK 1 22.4
MCS-6 0.49 1 29.6
MCS-7 0.76 2 44.8
MCS-8 0.92 2 54.4
MCS-9 1.0 2 59.2
* RLC/MAC payload
Note: MCS-9 yields the highest throughput, while MCS-1 yields the most reliable connection
Fig. 1.23a EGPRS channel coding schemes

RLC/MAC Block
USF RLC/MAC H.' Data (incl. E/FBI) 176/20ms=8.8 kbit/s
3 bit 28 bit 176 +2=178 bit
BC BC BC
(R=0.25) (R=0.77) (R=0.93)
USF PB RLC/MAC H.' PB TB Data (incl. E/FBI) PB TB
3 bit 9 bit 28 bit 8 bit 6 bit 176 +2=178 bit 12 bit 6 bit
CC CC
(R=1/3, m=6) (R=1/3, m=6)
108 bit 588 bit
Puncturing Puncturing: P1, P2

(108-40) (588-216)
SB 12 bit 68 bit 372 bit
4 bit
Interleaving (I=4 bursts)
2x57 bit 2x57 bit 2x57 bit 2x57 bit
456/20ms=22.8 kbit/s
Fig. 1.23b EGPRS channel coding (MCS-1 DL, GMSK)
RLC/MAC Block
USF RLC/MAC H.' Data (incl. E&FBI) 448/20ms=22.4 kbit/s
3 bit 25 bit 448+2=450 bit
BC BC BC
(R=0.08) (R=0.75) (R=0.97)
36 bit RLC/MAC H.' PB TB Data (incl. E/FBI) PB TB
25 bit 8 bit 6 bit 450 bit 12 bit 6 bit
CC CC
(R=1/3, m=6) (R=1/3, m=6)
99 bit SB 1404 bit

1 bit
Puncturing: P1, P2
(1404-156)
SB 36 bit 100 bit 1248 bit
8 bit
Interleaving (I=4 bursts)
2x174 bit 2x174 bit 2x174 bit 2x174 bit
1392/20ms=69.6 kbit/s
Fig. 1.23c EGPRS channel coding (MCS-5 DL, 8-PSK)
Several puncturing schemes per MCS (incremental redundancy)

MCS-1,2,4,5,6: 2 subblocks punctured with P1 and P2, respectively
MCS-3,4,7,8: 3 subblocks punctured with P1, P2 and P3, respectively
Subblock punctured with P1 is send first
In the case of a decoding failure (errors are detected after error correction)
subblocks punctured with P2 and P3 are additionally transmitted (successive
repetition of the same data block but with different redundancy)
Decoding process is enhanced through combination of the soft bits of the

received blocks (soft-combining)
Note: incremental redundancy does not rely on information about the radio link
quality; it adapts automatically to it
Fig. 1.24 EDGE incremental redundancy (Type II Hybrid ARQ)

Parameter GSM DCS1800 GSM 2+ IS-95 IS-136 PDC

Frequency 880-915 (UL) 1710-1785 (UL) 824-849 (UL) 824-849 810-826 (DL)
Band [MHz] 925-960 (DL) 1805-1880 (DL) 869-894 (DL) 869-894 940-956 (UL)
Region Europe Europe World USA USA Japan
(World)
Tx Power [W] 0.8/1/2/5/8/20 0.25-1 0.5/2/6.3 0.6/1.2/3/6
Multiple Access/ TDMA-FDMA/ TDMA-FDMA/ TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA/ TDMA-FDMA/ TDMA-FDMA/
Duplex Scheme FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD
Modulation GMSK GMSK - GMSK QPSK π/4-DQPSK π/4-DQPSK
Scheme (f3dBT=0.3) (f3dBT=0,.3) (f3dBT=0,.3)
- 8-PSK
Net Data Rate S: 6.5/13 S: 13 S: 22.4 S: 13 S: 13 S: 5.6/11.2
[kbit/s] D: 2.4-9.6 D: 2.4-9.6 D: ≤64 (HSCSD) D: ≤9.6 D: ≤9.6 D: ≤4.8
≤115 (GPRS)
≤384 (EDGE)
Fixed Network PSTN PSTN PSTN
ISDN ISDN ISDN
Internet
Mobility [km/h] ≤250 ≤250 ≤250 ≤100 ≤100 ≤100
Receiver MLSE MLSE MLSE RAKE
Structure
S: Speech, D: Data
Fig. 1.25 Standards for 2G mobile communication systems
various regional digital cellular standards in the world

no global roaming capabilities
dedicated mobile terminals (phones) necessary
mainly mobile telephony, low-speed data services are supported
system bandwidth is a limiting factor
Fig. 1.26 Drawbacks of 2G systems


GSM

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Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Mobil Communication Systems

ETSI TIA TIA MPT ITU

ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute

Fig. 1.0a Mobil communication standards

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Mobil Communication Systems

ETSI/3GPP ETSI TIA/3GPP2

Fig. 1.0b Mobil communication standards

1992 2002 2003-2005 2007 2010?

IS-95 cdma2000 cdma2000

Fig. 1.0c Evolution of mobil communication standards

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Fig. 1.1 History

Fig. 1.2a GSM network structure (infrastructur hierarchy)

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

EIR AuC HLR telephone network

TE: terminal equipment with non-GSM functions (e.g. facsimile machine)

Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 6

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Base BTS BSC

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio transmission and reception unit,

Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 7

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

EIR HLR AuC

Authentication Centre (AuC): contains subscriber data related to security

Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 9

Control Plane User Plane

Layer 3 MM Network Layer

Layer 2 DLC Data Link Layer

Layer 1 PHY Physical Layer

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Communication Management (CM): control of end-to-end

Mobility Management (MM): routing of calls towards mobile

Radio Resource Management (RR): management of the

Fig. 1.3b GSM network layer functions

Three different protocols

LAPD: Link Access Procedure D Channel

Fig. 1.3c GSM data link control layer

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Layer Higher Higher

Layer 2 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP MTP

Layer 1 PHY PHY PCM PCM PCM PCM

16/64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s/2.048 Mbit/s

MS BTS BSC MSC

Fig. 1.3b GSM protocol architecture (Control Plane)

Fig. 1.4 GSM logical channels

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Carrier Frequency Time Slot

15/26 ms∼0.577 ms Time

Fig. 1.5 GSM multiple access scheme

GSM900 MS-BS BS-MS

200 kHz 124x200 kHz 124x200 kHz 200 kHz

DCS1800 MS-BS BS-MS

200 kHz 374x200 kHz 374x200 kHz 200 kHz

200 kHz 299x200 kHz FDD 299x200 kHz 200 kHz

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Time slot TB Speech/Data SF TS SF Speech/Data TB GP

Multiframe (120 ms)

multiplex case: TCH/F + SACCH

Fig. 1.8 GSM multiplexing of logical channels

Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems

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