ULTRATECH SUMMER

INTERNSHIP, 2019

PROJECT REPORT :
Comparison of compressive strength of
concrete made of
aggregates from different sources and
exploring the
prospective of using stone dust as a
replacement for sand
Supervisor
MR. ANKUSH SRIVASTAVA
TECHNICAL SERVICES MANAGER
ULTRATECH PVT LTD.

SUBMITTED BY:
AVINASH KUMAR
DEVASANI RAKESH
SHUBHAM KAURAV
SIMENDRA K. CHAUDHARY
BASANTA KUMAR BARIK
KULBHOOSHAN SINGH POYA
KAPIL DEV

1
2
Index
Content Page No.

1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4

2. INTRODUCTION 5

3. MATERIAL USED 6
7
4. TESTS PERFORMED ON MATERIALS

5. SIEVE ANALYSIS 8-12

6. CEMENT AND WATER 13

7. WATER ABSORPTION TEST 14-15

8. FINENESS MODULUS AND IMPACT VALUE TEST 16

9. SLUMP TEST 17

10. MIX DESIGN DATA 18

11. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 19-23

12. CONCLUSION 24

13. REFERENCES 24

3
 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
We will use Coarse aggregate from various sources such as places
like Dala & Chhattisgarh and fine fine aggregate (Stone dust &
Sand from Ganga River ) making in total 4 combinations of
concrete mix .

Stone dust is formed during the process of comminution of rock into

crushed sand which act as an alternative of sand. Substitution of
normal sand by stone dust will serve both solid waste minimization
and waste recovery. Since it is an industrial waste and is available
at nominal price.

The 4 combination should be as follows:

1. Sand + Dala coarse aggregate
2. Sand + Chhattisgarh coarse aggregate
3. Stone dust + Dala coarse aggregate
4. Stone dust + Chhattisgarh coarse aggregate

 All these concrete mix will have Ultratech PCC cement and
tap water.
 Coarse aggregate will be 10 mm and 20 mm in ratio (40:60).

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 2. INTRODUCTION

 Concrete is a composite material, composed of fine and

coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement
(cement paste) that hardens over time.

 Concrete is the favourite choice as a construction

material for civil engineers around the globe for
decades due its better performance, longer life and low
maintenance cost.

 Compressive strength is one of the main factors to

decide the acceptance of concrete i.e., with the help of
compressive strength test results we can check whether
the concrete mixture meets the requirements of target
strength or not.

 Based on this result design engineers design any

structure. So, it is important to find out the
compressive strength of a concrete.

5
 3. MATERIAL USED

Chattisgarh coarse aggregate

Dala coarse aggregate

Stone dust sand

6
 TESTS PERFORMED ON MATERIALS : -

We need to check whether the materials meet the

requirements or not, for that we need to perform some
tests on materials. They are –

For fine aggregate

Sieve Analysis
Water Absorption Test
Silt Content Test
Fineness Modulus Test
Specific Gravity

For coarse aggregate

Sieve Analysis
Water Absorption Test
Fineness Modulus Test
Impact Value Test
Specific Gravity

For water
pH test
Turbidity test

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 SIEVE ANALYSIS

• It is a procedure used to assess the particle size

distribution of a granular material by allowing the
material to pass through a series of sieves of
progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the
amount of material that is stopped by each sieve
as a fraction of the whole mass.
• From below results we got the following zones
Sand …………………… zone 3
Stone Dust ………………..zone 1
Silt content is the fine material which is less
than 150 micron

For : Sand = 2.81% stone dust = 8.44 %

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 For sand

Sieve weight Cumulative % %

size retained weight cumulative weight
retained weight passing
retained
4.75mm 1.43g 1.43 0.286 99.714
2.36mm 7.04g 8.47 1.694 98.306
1.18mm 47.42g 55.89 11.178 88.822
600µm 119.58g 175.47 35.094 64.906
300µm 194.86g 370.33 74.066 25.934
150µm 113.64g 483.97 96.794 3.206
pan 14.039g 499 99.8 0.200

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 For stone dust

Sieve weight Cumulative % %

size retained weight cumulative weight
retained weight passing
retained
4.75mm 39.08g 39.08 7.816 92.184
2.36mm 126.5g 165.58 33.116 66.884
1.18mm 116.6g 282.18 56.436 43.564
600µm 57.8g 339.98 67.996 32.004
300µm 42.95g 389.93 77.986 22.014
150µm 72.4g 455.53 91.066 8.934
pan 41.99g 497.32 99.464 0.536

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 Sand and stone dust

Sand used in the experiments was of Grade Zone 3.

Stone powder is formed during the process of
comminution of rock into crushed sand which act as
an alternative of sand it comes in grade zone 1.
Substitution of normal sand by stone powder will
serve both solid waste minimization and waste
recovery.

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Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate ( Dala )
Sieve size weight Cumulative % %
retained weight cumulative weight
20mm retained weight passing
10mm 20mm retained 20mm
10mm 20mm 10mm
10mm

20mm 1.924 1.924 96.2 3.8

0g

12.5mm 0.076 2.000 100 0

103g 103 5.15 94.85

10mm - 24
377g 480 76

6mm -
1096g 1576 78.8 21.2

pan -
423g 1999 99.95 0.05

Fineness modulus : for 20mm = 1.962

for 10mm = 1.08

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 CEMENT AND WATER

 Portland Pozzolano Cement (PPC) was used in the casting of

the concrete blocks.
Bulk Density = 1.3
Sp. Gravity = 2.97
 The water used for curing and mixing must be
free from high quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt,
sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth, etc
that might be deleterious to bricks, concrete or iron

Tests for water

pH test
pH of water = 6.75
(as per IS code 2000 pH range is 6-8 )
Turbidity test
turbidity of water = 4 NTU
Conclusion : the pH of of tap water used is slightly towards acidic
side but it will effect the strength and setting time of concrete
considerably
the turbidity value shows that the amount of organic and
suspended matter in the water is low and will not effect the
concrete strength.

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 Water absorption test
Coarse aggregates (using buoyancy)

1. The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and

dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled
water at a temperature between 22C and 32C.
2. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the
basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and
sample should remain immersed for a period of 24 + ½ hrs. afterwards.
3. The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water,
allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregates should be
gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and gently
surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the
first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread
on the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct
sunlight till it appears to be completely surface-dry. The aggregates should
be weighed (Weight ‘A’).
4. The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100
to 110C for 24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and
weighed (Weight ‘B’).

(A) DALA
Absorption (For 10mm) : 0.55%
Absorption (For 20mm) : 0.50%

(B) CHHATISGARH
Absorption (For 10mm) : 0.51%
Absorption (For 20mm) : 0.44%

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For Fine aggregate (Pyconometer test)

Bulk Specific Gravity (G):

G = A / (B-C)
Where: A = Oven dry wt., B = SSD (Saturated, Surface Dry) wt.,
C = Wt. in water
Absorption (% A) = [ (B-A) / A] x 100
Absorption (for Sand) : 2.5%
Absorption (for Stone dust) : 3.0%

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 FINENESS MODULUS OF AGGREGATES :
Fineness Modulus is a term used as an index to the fineness or coarseness
of aggregate.
1 KG of sand is passed through the IS sieve(10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm
,1.18 mm, 600 micron,300 micron,150 micron) and the percentages of
cumulative retained mass in each sieve is calculated.
Fineness modulus = cumulative % of retained mass/ 100
The following limits may be taken as guidance
Fine sand: F.M. : 2.2-2.6
Medium sand: F.M. : 2.6-2.9
Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9-3.2
Fineness modulus of Sand = 2.26 (fine)
Stone dust = 3.32 (coarse)

IMPACT VALUE TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATES:

• The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to

impact of aggregates.
• Dry aggregates passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm
sieve(weight W1) is crushed in the machine.
• The crushed aggregate is allowed to pass through the 2.36mm IS sieve
and weighed as W2
• Aggregate impact value =(W2/W1)x100
•
For dala aggregate = (48/344)x100
=13.6
For chattisgarh aggregate =(52/332)x100
=15.67

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 SLUMP TEST

 Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or

fluidity.
 It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or
stiffness
 The concrete slump test measures the consistency of
fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check
the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore
the ease with which concrete flows.

Concrete mix Slump

measurement
(in mm)

DA+SA 63

CH+SA 56

DA+DU 44

CH+DU 37

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 MIX DESIGN DATA

Target strength = 20+1.65x4.6=27.59 kN/mm2

W/C ratio = 0.50
Water 216 Lit.
Cement =383.10 kg
Required Sand = 35%
Air Entrapped = 2%
Fine Aggregate (stone dust) = 579 kg
Coarse aggregate (Dala) = 507(10mm)+684(20mm) =1191 kg
(10mm:20mm = 40:60)
( materials required for 1 meter cube of mixture )

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 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength is the ability of a material to

resist the loads without any crack or deflection.
It is also can be stated as maximum compressive
stress a material can bear before cracking.
As per Indian standard codes, compressive
strength of a concrete is defined as the
characteristic compressive strength of 150mm size
cubes tested at 28 days (fck).

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

 Concrete designed is of M20

Grade.
 Compressive strength of concrete
cube test provides an idea about all
the characteristics of concrete.
 Compressive strength of concrete
depends on many factors such as
water-cement ratio, cement
strength, quality of concrete
material, quality control during
production of concrete etc.

19
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 7 DAYS
Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate
(sand)
(sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+
+ + +
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
(Dala)
( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5
Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5

SAMPLE 1 26.49 25.78 12.04 15.29

SAMPLE 2 24.98 25.47 11.78 14.53

AVERAGE 25.73 25.62 11.91 14.91

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 14 DAYS

Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate
(sand)
(sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+
+ + +
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
( Dala)
( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5
Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5

SAMPLE 1
30.49 30.76 16.98 16.44

SAMPLE 2
27.20 31.20 16.18 18.22

AVERAGE
28.85 30.98 16.58 17.33

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 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS
Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate
(sand)
(sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+
+ + +
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
( Dala)
( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5
Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.5

SAMPLE 1 32.89 32.09 17.24 21.33

SAMPLE 2 31.64 31.38 21.78 18.04

AVERAGE 32.27 31.74 19.51 19.69

Comparison of compressive strengths

35 31.74
30.98
Compressive strength (MPa)

30 32.27
25.62
28.85

25
25.73
19.69
20 17.33
19.51
14.91
15 16.58
11.91

10

0
7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
Number of days

DA+SA CH+SA DA+DU CH+DU

21
 Compressive strength for similar workability
and varying water content

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 7 DAYS

Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate
(sand) (sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+ + + +
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
( Dala) ( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5 Water content = 0.53 Water content = 0.55 Water content = 0.6

SAMPLE 1 25.7 27.3 13.1 18.3

SAMPLE 2 24.2 26.9 12.8 17.2

AVERAGE 24.95 27.1 12.95 17.75

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 14 DAYS

Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate

(sand)
(sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+
+ + +
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
( Dala)
( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5
Water content = 0.53 Water content = 0.55 Water content = 0.6

SAMPLE 1 30.9 32.5 18 20

SAMPLE 2 26.8 33.1 17.7 20.8

AVERAGE 28.85 32.8 17.85 20.4

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 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS
Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate
(sand)
(sand) (Stone Dust) (Stone Dust)
+
+ + +
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
( Dala)
( Chattisgarh) ( Dala) ( Chattisgarh)
Water content = 0.5
Water content = 0.53 Water content = 0.55 Water content = 0.6

SAMPLE 1
32.1 33.4 19 24.4

SAMPLE 2
33 34.1 24.4 21.6

AVERAGE
32.55 33.75 21.7 23

Comparison of compressive strengths at similar

workability
40
Compressive strength (MPa)

33.75
32.8
35
32.55
30 27.1 28.85

25 24.95
23
20.4

20 17.75 21.7

15 12.95
17.85

10
5
0
7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
Number of days

DA+SA CH+SA DA+DU CH+DU

23
 CONCLUSION

 It is clearly evident from the data that the coarse aggregate of

chattisgarh gives us better compressive strength of concrete
than coarse aggregate from dala although the difference is
small.
 The low value of compressive strength in the samples where
stone dust is used shows us that it cannot be used as an
effective alternative for sand as a fine aggregate.
 The addition of dust to the concrete improves the
impermeability of concrete because it blocks the passages
connecting capillary pores and the water channels. This
blockage is affected by the amount of dust content, and the
more water passages were blocked, the more reduction in the
permeability of concrete specimens is observed

REFERENCES
 Specification for coarse and fine aggregate. IS 383 – 1970.
 Recommended Guide Lines for Concrete Mix Design IS
10262 – 1982.
 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete IS 1199 – 1959
 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete particle size and
shape IS 2386 (Part I) 1963.

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