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The simple form of the verb is used to form the imperative. The simple form is the infinitive
without the particle to:
to shift shift
Review: Imperatives
Also, with the imperative the understood subject of the sentence is always
This happens because the command or instruction is for the person the sp
talking to, and that person is you.
See how in the following sentences, the speaker is talking to you, you are t
of the command, instruction or request:
Imperative sentences are the only sentences in the active voice in English that do not require a subject (it is
understood).
Practice 3
Imagine you are a driving instructor. Complete the following set of instructions with a verb from the list. Pay s
attention to those sentences where a negative is indicated (-).Use each verb only once.
Possible answers :
The Modal verb should id used to give recommendations, that is, to indicate that it is a good idea or conveni
something.
When you give a recommendation, you normally start with I think...or I believe...or she thinks...or someon
believes... For example:
The mechanic believes we should buy new tires for our van.
As it happens with all modal verbs, should is always followed by a main verb in s
form. Look at the following example:
Before you take the driving test, you should breathe deeply and relax.
Practice 5
Pronunciation Practice: Final [s] sounds after the consonant sounds [f], [k], [p], [t]
( *NOTE: These 4 voiceless sounds can be easily remembered if you memorize "Frank Pritchett" which is a very c
name in English culture and contains the [f] and [k] as the first and final sounds in "Frank" and [p] and [t] as the firs
sounds in "Pritchett.")
LISTENING
Practice 6
Listening
Final [iz] sounds after fricative sounds: ch, sh, s, z, tch, x, etc
Modals of advice are used to give recommendations or make suggestions. Modals of advice include: should, ough
better. As with other modal verbs, plan are always followed by a main verb in simple form. Look at the following ex
Note: had better and ought to are two-word verbs. These two words always go together. Both w
up the modal verb itself. The modal had better can be used in contracted form as follows:
You had better put your passport away before you lose it!
or
You'd better put your passport away before you lose it!
If you take a look to the sentences above (a, b and c) you will see that the sentences with should and ought to are
recommendations while the sentence with had better sounds like a warning of a bad consequence:
You'd better slow down! That car up ahead must only be going 15 miles an hour!
What this sentence implies is that if you don't slow down you will hit the car ahead of you. There is a sense of urge
request that makes it sound more like a warning than a simple recommendation.
Practice 3
Select the right modal verb of advice to provide a solution for the following problems. Pay
special attention to the context and the urgency on each situation.
Negative Forms of Modal Verbs of Advice
This is how you make negative sentences with should and had better:
Practice 4
Louisa is leaving on vacation in two days. She and her sister Sophie are making final arrangements to make sure
Choose one verb from the following list and use the modal verb of advice as indicated. The symbol - indicates that
Example:
You (should -) buy those expensive ticke
The Subjunctive
The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like
weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows:
sunblock lotion
It is important people use
at the beach
headlights for
It is essential Your father turn on driving in the
that fog
boots and
It is advisable children wear
raincoats
It is
roads be Salted.
recommended
windows and
It is better we shut doors during a
hurricane.
Model sentences:
It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog.
(simple form)
To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:
When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella.
(simple form)
Comparative Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns, they describe how things are (animate and inanimate). In the specific
context of mailing a letter or package, four kinds of adjectives come in handy. These are:
Adjectives Adjectives
Adjectives Adjectives
describing describing
describing size describing price
dimension weight
small reasonable
undersized expensive
Comparative Adjectives
When you make comparisons using these adjectives you must use their comparative forms. Let's review how
Note: in a setence, when the second term of the comparison (second object being compared) is included, yo
omparative Adjectives
The combination Go + gerund (ing form) is used to refer to recreational activities, including hobbies and some s
people enjoy when they go on a short trip or vacation.
These activities are usually outdoor and entail some contact with nature.
went swimming
We nearly everyday
(past tense of go) + gerund
went hunting
We for seashells
(past tense of go) + gerund
Practice 3
Regular Verbs
The simple past is created simply by adding -ED to regular verbs. Regular verbs have the same form for both, the
Some regular verbs, however, require additional changes to their ending. These is how they create their simple pa
Examples:
live lived
Examples:
Verbs ending in consonant+y Drop the y and add ied Carry carried
Copy copied
question queue
vanish visit
x-ray
yawn yell
zip zoom
Irregular Verbs
Forming the past form of irregular verbs is not as easy as it is with regular verbs. What makes these verbs irregula
Simple form
Come
Go
Do
Of course, the most famous irregular verb in the English language is 'be'. This is how it forms its past tense:
This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the more common
do did done
go went gone
Practice 4
Practice 5
The simple past tense is used to refer to events in the past. It is usually accompanied with some expressions that
indicatewhen things happened. These expressions are called time markers. Look at the following example:
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week
The expression last week is a time marker. Many other words are used following last to indicate when something o
the past:
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last summer
Or you can use words like: yesterday, the day/night before, the week before, a day of the week, month, year or da
Or
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach in July
You can also use the word ago with to indicate the amount of time that has passed since something happened:
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach two weeks ago
UNIT 6
In week 5 you learned about forming the simple past tense form of regular verbs. You also learned that irregular ve
different verb form for the simple past. In this week you will learn to make negative statements in the past tense.
Changing from an affirmative to a negative statement in the past tense is very simple, all you have to do is use the
auxiliarydid + not, or its contracted form, didn't + the simple form of your verb:
This is true with all subjects, singular and plural, and all verbs, regular and irregular:
You came You didn't come You didn't come to the movies
She went She didn't go She didn't go dancing on Friday
We were We weren't
You were You weren't
They were They weren't They weren't at the game on Sunday
Practice 3
To make a yes / no question, start with did, then the subject, then the simple form of your verb:
Came Did you come? Did you come home late on Saturday?
Went Did you go? Did you go to the movies last weekend?
Stay Did you stay? Did you stay home on Friday night?
Sometimes, you also have to change the subject, to do this, what you normally do is use a different noun or prono
The team lost the game Did they lose the game?
I had fun at the game Did you have fun at the game?
Practice 4
Complete the following yes/no questions. Fill in the blanks with did + subject + simple form of the verb in parenth
Yes, + affirmative
No, + negative
A short answer is also possible, and very common when speaking:
Wh- questions are also called information questions, and they are used to get information that you don't know. Wh
You can make a Wh- question to get information that is either in the subject or the predicate of your answer.
To make a question about the subject, simply add who to the beginning of your y
Note: the subject becomes part of your answer. Look at the following example:
Note: the rest of your yes / no question disappears and becomes part of your ans
at the following examples:
Practice 5
Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple
Practice 5
Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple
the answers carefully to get clues about what to ask.
Practice 6
Anna is talking to her friend Martha about what she did over the weekend. Fill in the blanks
with the verb in parenthesis in affirmative, negative or question form.
1. Modals of Advice
2. Modals of Advice
Complete the following sentences with a modal of advice and a verb from the list:
(-) indicates the modal verb is in negative form: shoudn't / 'd better not
5. Past Tense
Complete the following conversation. Use affirmative past tense verbs and questions with the auxiliary Did / did +
form of the verb: