SCIENCE REVIEWER

THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS STATES THAT THE EARTH’S CRUST AND ITS
RIGID UPPER MANTLE ARE BROKEN INTO ENORMOUS SLABS CALLED PLATES.

PLATES ARE ALL MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS

THE PLACE WHERE TWO PLATES MEET IS CALLED A PLATE BOUNDARY

BOUNDERIES

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
- IS A FEATURE THAT EXISTS WHEN TWO TECTONIC PLATES MOVE AWAYY
FROM EACH OTHER
- THE RESULT IS VALLEY-LIKE RIFT

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
-DISTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDERY IS A PLACE WHERE TO TECTONIC PLATES
MOVES TOWARD EACH OTHER

IN AN OCEANIC-OCEANIC BOUNDARY, ONE OF THE TWO PLATES IS

DESCENDING BENEATH THE OTHER, IS CALLED SUBDUCTION
- SUBDUCTION OCCURS WHEN AN OCEANIC PLATE CONVERGES WITH A
CONTINENTAL PLATE.

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
-formed when two plates slide past each other, horizontally

CONVECTION
- IS THE TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY BY THE MOVEMENT OF
HEATED MATTER

SLAB PULL AND RIDGE PUSH

- TWO IMPORTANT PROCESSES THAT EXPLAIN THE MOVEMENT OF
PLATES.
RIDGE PUSH
- THE LITOSPHERE THICKENS BECAUSE IT COOLS AS IT MOVES AWAY
FROM THE RIDGE
SLAB PULL
- PORTION OF MOTION OF A TECTONIC PLATE THAT CAN BE ACCOUNTED
FOR BY ITS SUBDUCTION
EARTH’S 4 MAJOR AYERS
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
CRUST
MANTLE

THEIR EDGES ARE CALLED PLATE BOUNDERIES, AND ARE MADE UP OF MANY
SYSTEM FRACTURES CALLED FAULTS.

FAULT ZONE IS USED BY GEOLOGIST TO REFER TO THE COMPLEX SYSTEM OR

FRACTURES OR DEFORMATIONS IN THE FAULT.

NORMAL FAULTS – HANGING WALL DROPS

REVERSE FAULT – HANGING WALL MOVES UP
STRIKE – SLIP WALLS THAT MOVE SIDEWAYS

MORE THAN A MILLION EARTHQUAKES THAT OCCUR EACH YEAR.

MAGNITUDE IS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY RELEASED DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

THE RICHTER SCALE – CHARLES RICHTER (DESCRIBE MAGNITUDE IN TERMS OF

NUMERICAL SCALE)
CRHISTIAN HUYGENS AND ISAAC NEWTON
THAT LIGHT IS A WAVE THAT LIGHT IS MADE UP OF STREAM OF PARTICLES

WAVE – PARTICLE DUALITY - THEORY DESCRIBES LIGHT AND MATTER SHOWING

BOTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE WITH MASS AND WACVE THAT CARRIES
ENERGY.

PHOTON
LIGHT AS A PARTICLE WITH PACKESTS OF ENERGY\

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES OR EM WAVES

ARE TRANSVERE WAVES CONSISTING OF COMBINATION OF OSCILLATING
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS.

SPEED OF LIGHT – 3.0 X 108 M/S

WAVES ARE CLASSIFIED MECHANICAL WAVES OR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.

EM WAVE COMBINATION OF 2 WAVES

ELECTRIC WAVE
MAGNETIC FIELD WAVE

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

EM waves are classified in terms of their frequencies. They cover a wide range of wavelengths
and photon energies.

EM waves have wavelengths raging from kilometer (radio waves) to picometre (gamma rays).
The lower the frequency of the EM wave, the longer is its wavelength

Radio waves
Have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetism spectrum. Within this range are a number
of frequency
The main application of radio waves is in communication because radio waves propagate well
through the atmosphere.
lower frequencies can no longer penetrate the upper atmosphere.

Micro waves
Microwave is a form of EM radiation with very short wavelengths of a few centimeters only.
One of the most important uses of microwaves is RADAR
determine the approximate distance to the surface.
Sir William Herschel

Discovered in 1800 the existence of infrared by passing sunlight through PRISM. As sunlight
passes through the prism, the prism divides it into a rainbow of colors called a SPECTRUM.
he used THERMOMETER with blackened bulbs. temperature increased from blue to the red
part of the spectrum

, Infrared Radiation (IR) is an electromagnetic radiation that occupies the region between
microwaves and visible light
‘’Infra’’ means ‘’beyond’’
temperature increases, the IR wavelength shortens
The unit communicates with the appliance through the IR produced by light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) inside the unit

VISIBLE LIGHT

It is the most familiar EM radiation that can be detected by the human eye, and it is responsible
for the functioning of our sense of sight
Specialized cells in the eye called rods and cones are very sensitive to EM waves in this very
narrow band of frequencies
The lowest frequencies of visible light are perceived as RED, and the highest frequencies are
perceived as VIOLET
White light is produced when equal amounts of frequencies of light are combined
PRISM can be made from any materials that is transparent to the wavelengths
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Is a band of EM waves beyond the violet end of the visible light region.
Gives Vitamin D
Gives tannings or sunburns
Can cause skin cancer

X – rays
High frequency electromagnetic waves / produced when high energy electrons lose energy after
striking into metals
An image of shadows that shows various structures of the body.

Wilhelm C. Roentgen – a print of first medical X-Ray. Shows wife’s hand taken on December
22, 1895

Gamma Rays
Highest frequency EM waves released during nuclear reactions.
Most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, with very short wavelengths
Used for treating cancer

Reflection of light

Brought about by the wind to prevent light from reflecting a clear image
A ray is an idealized model consisting of a thin beam of light that travels in a straight line
A wave front is an imaginary surface that represents points in the wave that vibrate the unison.

Law of Reflection

The absorbed light spreads out on the surface as heat

Law of reflection states that the angle that reflected ray makes with a line normal (perpendicular)
To a surface (angle of reflection) is equal to the angle that the incident ray makes with the same
normal line (angle of incidence)