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Figure 1.

1 Telephone networks: (a) network components; (b)


digital transmission using modems; (c) multiple services via an
H-S modem.

(a) Radio access Analog access Home/small National PSTNs


circute business

LE

GMSC PSTN IGE IGE PSTN IGE

LE

Cellular phone Digital interconnection


network circuits
PBX
Private site-wide
telephone network

Analog access circuit

PSTN = public switched telephone network LE = local exchange/end office


GMSC = gateway mobile switching center PBX = private branch exchange
IGE = international gateway exchange

(b)
Digital streams
Analog access circuits

Digital Digital
Modem PSTN Modem
device device

(c) Analog access


Low bit rate circuit
telephone channel
H-S H-S
modem modem
STB
PSTN
High bit rate
channel
Server

H-S = high-speed STB = set-top box

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Figure 1.2 A selection of the network types connected to the
Internet.

Enterprise–wide private network/intranet

Site Site
LAN LAN
Inter-site
backbone
network
Site Site
Server computer LAN LAN Desktop PC or workstation

G/W

Global Internet
backbone network
Home
Desktop PC/workstation

G/W G/W

Access via the


Internet service Site/campus
PSTN with modems
provider (ISP) network LAN
or the ISDN

Server computer
Small business

LAN = local area network G/W = gateway


ISDN = integrated services digital network

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Figure 1.3 Broadcast television networks: (a) cable networks;
(b) satellite/terrestrial broadcast networks.

(a)

Cable STB
Cable distribution
PSTN
head-end network

The
Internet

(b)

Satellite (or terrestrial)


broadcast network

STB
Program
PSTN
source

The
Internet

STB = set-top box with integral modem

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Figure 1.4 Alternative services provided by an ISDN.

Digital subscriber line


(DSL)

p × 64 kbps Single 128 kbps


switched channel switched channel

Aggregation electronics

Integrated services Two independent


Single 1.5/2.0 Mbps channel
digital network
(primary rate access) 64 kbps channels
(ISDN)
(basic rate access)

Single 64 kbps p × 64 kbps


switched channel switched channel

Conventional analog phone

= network termination equipment

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.5 Example of an ATM broadband multiservice network.

ATM High-speed
LAN LAN
U

IW
IW

U
ATM
MAN
U
IW

IW
U

High-speed ATM
LAN LAN

ATM = asynchronous transfer mode LAN = local area network


MAN = metropolitan area network
IWU = interworking unit

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Figure 1.6 Speech-only interpersonal communications: public
and private switched telephone networks.

Analog or digital
access circuits
Voice-
Audio
mail
bridge
server

Cellular
phone network PSTN or ISDN

Private site-wide
telephone network
Voice-
Audio
mail
bridge
server

PBX

PSTN = Public switched telephone network ISDN = Integrated services digital networrk
PBX = Private branch exchange

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.7 Telephony over the Internet.

Internet service provider


Site/campus LAN Global Internet (ISP) network

Packet Packet
G/W G/W

Telephony Telephony
G/W G/W

Packet-mode Packet-mode
Telephony
G/W

Circuit-mode Circuit-mode

PSTN/ISDN
G/W = gateway

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Figure 1.8 Image-only interpersonal communications: facsimile
(fax) examples.

PSTN or ISDN

Fax machine

Analog or digital access circuits

PC fax

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Figure 1.9 Text-only electronic mail: (a) email transfer
examples; (b) example email message format.

(a)
Enterprise-wide private network/intranet

Email
server

G/W

Global Internet

Home Access via either a PSTN


(with modems) or an ISDN

G/W G/W
Desktop
Email Email PCs
server server

Internet service provider (ISP) network Site/campus LAN


Small business

G/W = gateway

(b)

Control: Bin, Reply, Forward, Send etc.

From: Name and address of sender


To: Name and address of recipient
Cc: List of other recipients (optional) Header fields
Subject: Title of mail (optional)
Date: Day, date and time mail sent

Body, possibly with a file attachment Body/Message content

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.10 Text-and-image computer-supported cooperative
working (CSCW).

Change Update Shared whiteboard


notification control program

Enterprise-wide private network,


LAN or the Internet

Shared whiteboard/workspace

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.11 Speech-and-video interpersonal communications:
(a) two-party video telephone call; (b) videoconferencing using
an MCU; (c) videoconferencing using a broadcast network.

(a)
PSTN/ISDN/Internet/LAN/enterprise network

Multimedia PC/workstation
with video camera,
microphone and speakers

Two-way simultaneous integrated


speech-and-video information stream

(b)
PSTN/ISDN/enterprise network

Multipoint
control
unit (MCU)

Two-way simultaneous integrated


speech-and-video information streams

(c)
LAN/Internet

Two-way simultaneous integrated


speech-and-video information streams
to/from all parties

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.12 Speech-and-video interpersonal communications:
(a) remote lecture; (b) multiparty (group) videoconferencing.

(a)
ISDN/broadband network

Speech, video
and image

VS
VS
Speech only or
speech-and-video
Videoconferencing
studio

(b)
ISDN/broadband network/
dedicated-circuit network
Videoconferencing
VS studio

VS
MCU

Videoconferencing
studio Videoconferencing
VS studio

VS = Videoconferencing system
MCU = Multipoint control unit

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.13 Multimedia electronic mail structure.

Mail header

Hi Tom
If your multimedia mail is working now just click on the following:

Speech part

Sent initially
Image part

Video part

Otherwise the text version is in the attached file.


Regards
Fred

Speech sequence

Image/picture Sent on request

Video clip

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.14 Interactions with a World Wide Web server: (a)
schematic; (b) hypertext linkages between the pages of a set of
documents.

(a)
Internet

Site
PCs/workstations ISPs LAN
with browser World Wide
software Web servers

Intranet

Multimedia information servers (some with transaction capabilities)


connected to a site LAN, an intranet, or an ISP network

(b)
Home page

Navigation toolset Navigation toolset

S S

Navigation toolset

Hyperlinks Navigation toolset

= text string containing uniform resource locator (URL)

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.15 Interactions with a video server: (a) networking
schematic; (b) movie-on-demand; (c) near movie-on-demand.

(a) Set-top box with


PSTN/cable access network integral high bit
rate modem

Low bit rate


STB
interaction channel

Movie/video Video
database server
High bit rate channel
for video stream

(b) MOD
Subscriber
5 Movie C

4 Movie A

3 Movie B

2 Movie A

1 Movie A
Time

1(A) 2(A) 3(B) 4(A) 5(C) Subscriber (requests)

(c) N-MOD
Subscriber
7,8 Movie C

6 Movie A

3,4 Movie B

1,2 Movie A
Time

1(A) 2(A) 3(B) 4(A) 5(C) Subscriber (requests)


Playout intervals
MOD = movie-on-demand N-MOD = near movie-on-demand

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.16 Interactive television: (a) cable distribution
network; (b) satellite/terrestrial broadcast network.

(a)
Cable head-end Cable
distribution network
Telephony PSTN
call center

STB

The
Internet

Server
computer

(b)

Satellite (or terrestrial)


broadcast network

PSTN/ISDN Telephony
call center

STB

TV program Satellite Server


source interface computer

Service provider
base station
The
Internet

Web
server

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.17 A selection of the terms used with multimedia.

Multimedia terminology

Communication modes Media types

Simplex Half-duplex Duplex Broadcast Continuous Block-mode


and
Multicast

Canstant Variable
Symmetric Asymmetric bit rate bit rate

Communication channels

Synchronous Asynchronous

Constant bit rate Variable bit rate

Circuit-switched networks Packet-switched networks

Connection-oriented Connectionless

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.18 Communication modes: (a) unicast; (b) broadcast;
(c) multicast.

Communications channel
(a)
Simplex: A B

Half-duplex: B Time

Duplex: A B

(b)
B

C
Broadcast: A
D

(c)
B

B, D and F are
Multicast: A D members of the same
multicast group

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.19 Circuit-switched network schematic.

Circuit through the network


set up using the unique
Circuit-switched number/address of A and B
network

A B

Bit rate of the connection determined by


the bit rate of the access circuits

= subscriber terminal/computer = switching office/exchange

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.20 Packet-switching network principles: (a) connection-
oriented; (b) connectionless.

(a)
PSE1 IN OUT
CO packet-switching routing table: VCI1/Link1 VCI2/Link2
network
VCI2/Link2 VCI1/Link1
PSE2
VCI2 1 2 3 VCI3 PSE2
routing table: VCI2/Link1 VCI3/Link3
VCI1 VCI4 VCI3/Link3 VCI2/Link1
2 1 PSE3
A 1 PSE1 PSE3 2 B routing table: VCI3/Link1 VCI4/Link2
3 3 VCI4/Link2 VCI3/Link1

1 2 3
PSE4

CO = connection-oriented VCI = virtual circuit identifier


= virtual circuit PSE = packet-switching exchange

(b)

CL packet-switching
network
Router
2
B
A

A
B

Router Router
A B
1 3

Router
4

CL = connectionless = packet
A, B = full network-wide addresses
information content
source address
destination address

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.21 Multipoint conferencing modes of operation:
(a) centralized; (b) decentralized; (c) hybrid.

(a)
Conference
server

Circuit-switched network
(PSTN/ISDN)

A B C

(b)

Packet-switched network
supporting multicasting
(LAN/Internet/Intranet)

A B C

(c)

A C

Conference
server

B D

Circuit-switched Packet-switched network


network with multicasting

= attached terminal/computer

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.22 Transmission of a constant bit rate stream over a
packet-switched network: (a) timing schematic; (b) FIFO buffer
operation.

(a) Constant bit


Constant bit rate Mean packet
input stream transfer delay rate output
stream

Received
packet stream
Number of bits
input/output

Packetized
input stream

Time
TP TN TB

TP = packetization delay
TN = mean network packet transfer delay
= transmission delay + mean store-and-forward delay
TB = buffering delay at destination (to overcome worst-case jitter)
TT = total input-to-output delay
= TP + T N + T B
Jitter = variation in store-and-forward delay about the mean

(b) First-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer


Input from network
at a variable bit rate Output at a constant bit rate

Effect of early arrival Effect of late arrival

Defined level
before output starts

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Summary

Figure 1.23 Alternative types of media used in multimedia


applications.

Multimedia applications

Media types

Text Images Audio Video

Unformatted Formatted Computer- Digitized Speech General Video- Movies,


text text generated documents, audio clips films
pictures

Digital form Analog form


of representation of representation

Analog-to-digital
conversion

Text and Image compression Audio and video compression


(Chapter 3) (Chapter 4)

Integrated multimedia information streams

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.24 Multimedia communication networks.

Multimedia communication networks

Telephone Data Broadcast television Narrowband Broadband


networks networks networks ISDN ISDN

PSTN PBX X.25 Internet Cable Satellite/terrestrial

LANs ISPNs Intranets

Multimedia communication services

PSTN = public switched telephone network LANs = local area networks


PBX = private branch exchange ISPNs = internet service provider networks
ISDN = integrated services digital network

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Figure 1.25 Multimedia communication networks and their
services.

Telephone networks

Telephony Voice-mail Facsimile Access to the Video Speech and Entertainment


(fixed and mobile) (fax) Internet telephony videoconferencing (video-on-demand,
interactive TV)

The Internet

Email and Multimedia Speech and video Videoconferencing Information retrieval


file transfers mail telephony and electronic
commerce

Cable networks

Analog/digital CD and video/movie Interactive TV Access to the Access to the


audio and on demand PSTN Internet
television

Satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks

Analog/digital audio Near video/movie- Interactive


and television broadcast on-demand television

Narrowband ISDN

Digital telephony Video telephony LAN Access to the


and fax and conferencing interconnection Internet

Broadband ISDN

ATM LANs ATM MANs ATM backbone networks

All interpersonal and High-speed network


interactive applications interconnection

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Example 1.1

Derive the maximum block size that should be used over a channel
which has a mean BER probability of 10–4 if the probability of a block
containing an error – and hence being discarded – is to be 10–1.
Answer:
PB = 1 – (1 – P )N
Hence 0.1 = 1 – (1 – 10–4)N and N = 950 bits
Alternatively, PB = N × P
Hence 0.1 = N × 10–4 and N = 1000 bits

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Example 1.2

Determine the propagation delay associated with the following commu-


nication channels:

(i) a connection through a private telephone network of 1 km,


(ii) a connection through a PSTN of 200 km,
(iii) a connection over a satellite channel of 50 000 km.

Assume that the velocity of propagation of a signal in the case of (i) and
(ii) is 2 × 108 ms–1 and in the case of (iii) 3 × 108 ms–1.
Answer:
Propagation delay Tp = physical separation/velocity of propagation
103
(i) Tp = = 5 × 10–6 s
2 × 10 8

200 × 103
(ii) Tp = = 10–3 s
2 × 10 8

5 × 107
(iii) Tp = = 1.67 × 10–1 s
3 × 108

© Pearson Education Limited 2001


Example 1.3

A packet-switched network with a worst-case jitter of 10 ms is to be used


for a number of applications each of which involve a constant bit rate
information stream. Determine the minimum amount of memory that is
required at the destination and a suitable packet size for each of the fol-
lowing input bit rates. It can be assumed that the mean packet transfer
rate of the network exceeds the equivalent input bit rate in each case.
(i) 64 kbps
(ii) 256 kbps
(iii) 1.5 Mbps.
Answer:
(i) At 64 kbps, 10 ms = 640 bits
Hence choose a packet size of, say, 800 bits with a FIFO buffer of
1600 bits – 2 packets – and start playout of the bitstream after the
first packet has been received.
(ii) At 256 kbps, 10 ms = 2560 bits
Hence choose a packet size of, say, 2800 bits with a FIFO buffer of
4800 bits.
(iii) At 1.5 Mbps, 10 ms = 15000 bits
Hence choose a packet size of, say, 16 000 bits with a FIFO buffer of
32 000 bits.

Notice that if the computed packet size exceeds the network maximum
packet size, then the equivalent number of packets must be sent before
playout starts. For example, if the maximum network packet size was
8000 bits, then for case (iii) above playout would not start until two pack-
ets have been received and the FIFO buffer should hold four packets.

© Pearson Education Limited 2001

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