Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LE
LE
(b)
Digital streams
Analog access circuits
Digital Digital
Modem PSTN Modem
device device
Site Site
LAN LAN
Inter-site
backbone
network
Site Site
Server computer LAN LAN Desktop PC or workstation
G/W
Global Internet
backbone network
Home
Desktop PC/workstation
G/W G/W
Server computer
Small business
(a)
Cable STB
Cable distribution
PSTN
head-end network
The
Internet
(b)
STB
Program
PSTN
source
The
Internet
Aggregation electronics
ATM High-speed
LAN LAN
U
IW
IW
U
ATM
MAN
U
IW
IW
U
High-speed ATM
LAN LAN
Analog or digital
access circuits
Voice-
Audio
mail
bridge
server
Cellular
phone network PSTN or ISDN
Private site-wide
telephone network
Voice-
Audio
mail
bridge
server
PBX
PSTN = Public switched telephone network ISDN = Integrated services digital networrk
PBX = Private branch exchange
Packet Packet
G/W G/W
Telephony Telephony
G/W G/W
Packet-mode Packet-mode
Telephony
G/W
Circuit-mode Circuit-mode
PSTN/ISDN
G/W = gateway
PSTN or ISDN
Fax machine
PC fax
(a)
Enterprise-wide private network/intranet
Email
server
G/W
Global Internet
G/W G/W
Desktop
Email Email PCs
server server
G/W = gateway
(b)
Shared whiteboard/workspace
(a)
PSTN/ISDN/Internet/LAN/enterprise network
Multimedia PC/workstation
with video camera,
microphone and speakers
(b)
PSTN/ISDN/enterprise network
Multipoint
control
unit (MCU)
(c)
LAN/Internet
(a)
ISDN/broadband network
Speech, video
and image
VS
VS
Speech only or
speech-and-video
Videoconferencing
studio
(b)
ISDN/broadband network/
dedicated-circuit network
Videoconferencing
VS studio
VS
MCU
Videoconferencing
studio Videoconferencing
VS studio
VS = Videoconferencing system
MCU = Multipoint control unit
Mail header
Hi Tom
If your multimedia mail is working now just click on the following:
Speech part
Sent initially
Image part
Video part
Speech sequence
Video clip
(a)
Internet
Site
PCs/workstations ISPs LAN
with browser World Wide
software Web servers
Intranet
(b)
Home page
S S
Navigation toolset
Movie/video Video
database server
High bit rate channel
for video stream
(b) MOD
Subscriber
5 Movie C
4 Movie A
3 Movie B
2 Movie A
1 Movie A
Time
(c) N-MOD
Subscriber
7,8 Movie C
6 Movie A
3,4 Movie B
1,2 Movie A
Time
(a)
Cable head-end Cable
distribution network
Telephony PSTN
call center
STB
The
Internet
Server
computer
(b)
PSTN/ISDN Telephony
call center
STB
Service provider
base station
The
Internet
Web
server
Multimedia terminology
Canstant Variable
Symmetric Asymmetric bit rate bit rate
Communication channels
Synchronous Asynchronous
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Communications channel
(a)
Simplex: A B
Half-duplex: B Time
Duplex: A B
(b)
B
C
Broadcast: A
D
(c)
B
B, D and F are
Multicast: A D members of the same
multicast group
A B
(a)
PSE1 IN OUT
CO packet-switching routing table: VCI1/Link1 VCI2/Link2
network
VCI2/Link2 VCI1/Link1
PSE2
VCI2 1 2 3 VCI3 PSE2
routing table: VCI2/Link1 VCI3/Link3
VCI1 VCI4 VCI3/Link3 VCI2/Link1
2 1 PSE3
A 1 PSE1 PSE3 2 B routing table: VCI3/Link1 VCI4/Link2
3 3 VCI4/Link2 VCI3/Link1
1 2 3
PSE4
(b)
CL packet-switching
network
Router
2
B
A
A
B
Router Router
A B
1 3
Router
4
CL = connectionless = packet
A, B = full network-wide addresses
information content
source address
destination address
(a)
Conference
server
Circuit-switched network
(PSTN/ISDN)
A B C
(b)
Packet-switched network
supporting multicasting
(LAN/Internet/Intranet)
A B C
(c)
A C
Conference
server
B D
= attached terminal/computer
Received
packet stream
Number of bits
input/output
Packetized
input stream
Time
TP TN TB
TP = packetization delay
TN = mean network packet transfer delay
= transmission delay + mean store-and-forward delay
TB = buffering delay at destination (to overcome worst-case jitter)
TT = total input-to-output delay
= TP + T N + T B
Jitter = variation in store-and-forward delay about the mean
Defined level
before output starts
Multimedia applications
Media types
Analog-to-digital
conversion
Telephone networks
The Internet
Cable networks
Narrowband ISDN
Broadband ISDN
Derive the maximum block size that should be used over a channel
which has a mean BER probability of 10–4 if the probability of a block
containing an error – and hence being discarded – is to be 10–1.
Answer:
PB = 1 – (1 – P )N
Hence 0.1 = 1 – (1 – 10–4)N and N = 950 bits
Alternatively, PB = N × P
Hence 0.1 = N × 10–4 and N = 1000 bits
Assume that the velocity of propagation of a signal in the case of (i) and
(ii) is 2 × 108 ms–1 and in the case of (iii) 3 × 108 ms–1.
Answer:
Propagation delay Tp = physical separation/velocity of propagation
103
(i) Tp = = 5 × 10–6 s
2 × 10 8
200 × 103
(ii) Tp = = 10–3 s
2 × 10 8
5 × 107
(iii) Tp = = 1.67 × 10–1 s
3 × 108
Notice that if the computed packet size exceeds the network maximum
packet size, then the equivalent number of packets must be sent before
playout starts. For example, if the maximum network packet size was
8000 bits, then for case (iii) above playout would not start until two pack-
ets have been received and the FIFO buffer should hold four packets.