Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
( ) 1 ( ) i 2 ( )
Electric field E
Polarization P (electric dipole moment per unit
volume inside the material)
P 0 E
Dielectric displacement
D 0E P 0 (1 )E 0E
P ( ) D ( )
( ) 1
0 E ( ) 0 E ( )
Paolo Biagioni
Relation between and n
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 3
() n () 2
2 1 1
n1 1 2
2 2
2 2
n2 2
2n1
Paolo Biagioni
Influence of () on wave propagation
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 4
2f
2 () c k
2 2 2
k
(dispersion relation)
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 5
2) Drude-Sommerfeld model
3) Drude-Lorentz model
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 6
Free electron Fermi gas (1)
it
Look for solutions
E (t ) E0e
x(t ) x0eit
d 2x
me 2 qe E (t )
dt qe
x(t ) E (t )
me 2
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 8
Free electron Fermi gas (3)
free
So what about the dielectric constant?
p
P( ) nq 2
2
free ( ) 1 1 1 2
e p
nqe2
0 E ( ) 0 me 2
with
2
0 me
p
(plasma frequency)
Li Na K Rb Au Ag Cu Al
p(nm) 155 210 315 340 136 138 134 80
free ( ) c k c k
2 2 2 2 2
p
2 2
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 10
Bulk plasma oscillations (plasmons)
d 2x
2
px 0
2
dt
(longitudinal mode
at p )
s = -nqex
E=s/0
s = nqex
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 11
Drude-Sommerfeld model (1)
p2 p2 p2
Drude ( ) 1 1 i
i
2
2 2
( 2 2 )
Missing offset
Integrated
Au
contribution from core
electrons
Drude-Lorentz
model
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 13
Drude-Lorentz model (1)
• Describe interband transitions as oscillations
of bound electrons:
Effective mass of bound electrons
Spring constant
d 2x dx
m 2 qe E (t ) m x
dt dt
Damping of bound electrons
Re()
~ n~qe2
p 0
m 0
with
0 m
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 14
Drude-Lorentz model (2)
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 15
Drude-Lorentz model (3)
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 16
Optical properties of gold
1
2
Nearly-free Drude
Onset of interband
behavior above 600 nm
transitions around
500-550 nm
Good for red and near-IR photons
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 17
Optical properties of silver
1
2
Nearly-free Drude
Onset of interband behavior above 450 nm
transitions around
400 nm Better than Au for green spectral region,
but degradation in air
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 18
Optical properties of copper
1
2
1
2
Interband transition
Larger (negative) around 800 nm
real part
Paolo Biagioni
NFO-9, Lausanne – September 10-15, 2006 21
References
• S. A. Maier
Plasmonics – Fundamentals and Applications (Springer),
Ch. 1 “Electromagnetics of metals”
• C. Kittel
Introduction to Solid State Physics – 7th ed. (John Wiley & Sons),
Ch. 6 “Free electron Fermi gas”, Ch. 10 “Plasmons, polaritons, and
polarons”
Paolo Biagioni