Combustion. Volume Composition Input

Combustion analysis with volume composition [2]
Input data Application to a gas mixture
Ambient conditions Data set selection

Temperature t= 20 ºC 20 This selection is applicable only if o
Pressure p= 101325 Pa 101325 to use the same data used in the re
Relative humidity f= 0 % 0 to be able to obtain its same result
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l. 0 In this case, the literature data is fr
reference [2]
Fuel Volume
components composition Data set selection:
V%
CH4 51.2 80.5
C2H6 2.5 18.2 Combustion with excess air
C3H8 3 0 Exccess air
C4H10 4 0 Exc% =
0 0
C8H18 (gas) 8 0
H2 1.5 0 Stack operation temperature
CO 1.8 0 top =
CO2 2.1 0
S 2.4 0
SH2 2.7 0
SO2 3 0
H2O 3.3 0
N2 3.6 1.3
Ar 3.9 0
O2 7 0 Numbers or text in red are input data from F
100.0
Resume of main res

Stoichiometric combustion with dry air Stoichiometric combustion with wet air
Products of stoichiometric combustion Products of stoichiometric combustion
(with dry air) mass% vol% (with wet air) mass%
% % %
(Table 9) (Table 9) (Table 15)
CO2 16.48 10.55 CO2 #VALUE!
H2O 10.57 16.55 H2O #VALUE!
O2 0.00 0.00 O2 #VALUE!
N2 72.07 72.51 N2 #VALUE!
SO2 0.88 0.39 SO2 #VALUE!
Mass and volume of stoichiometric products Mass and volume of stoichiometric products
with dry air (Table 7) with wet air
mprod/F_st_da = 11.54 kgprod / kgF mprod/F_st_wa = #VALUE!
Vprod/F_st_da = 9.86 m³prod / kgF Vprod/F_st_wa = #VALUE!
Air-fuel mass and volume ratios for stoichiometric Air-fuel mass and volume ratios for stoichiometric
combustion, dry air (Table 5) combustion, wet air
mda/F_st = 10.86 kgda / KgF 16.6
2 mwa/F_st = #VALUE!
Vda/F_st = 12.05 m³da / m³F 10.70 1 Vwa/F_st = #VALUE!
Volume ratio of products stoichiometric Volume ratio of products stoichiometric

Vprod/F_st = 13.18 m³ / m³F Vprod/F_st = #VALUE!
prod
Numbers in red are results from the reference example [2]

To obtain them, the input values shall be those of the reference
Resume of addition
Fuel properties
(Table 1)
Fuel molecular mass Dew point temperature of stoich. p
MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF Dry air: tDP =
Fuel gas constant Wet air: tDP =
RF = 258 J/(kg*K)
Fuel density at ambient conditions
rF = 1.337 kg/m³ Dew point temperature of combust
Fuel specific heat at constant pressure products with excess air
CPF = 1292 J/(kg*K) Dry air: tDP =
Fuel lower heating value Wet air: tDP =
LHVF = 32.7 MJ/kgF
Table 1. Fuel properties

Component i Volume Molecular Volume Mass of comp.per Mass
composition mass fraction kmol of fuel fraction
V%_i MMi Vfrac_i mi_mol-F mfrac
100 * Kmoli /kmolF V%_i / 100 Vfrac_i *MMi mi_mol-F / MMF
% kgi /kmoli kmoli /kmolF kgi /kmolF kgi /kgF
CH4 51.2 16 0.51200 8.1920 0.2547
C2H6 2.5 30 0.02500 0.7500 0.0233
C3H8 3.0 44 0.03000 1.3200 0.041
C4H10 4.0 58 0.04000 2.3200 0.072
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 8.0 114 0.08000 9.1200 0.284
H2 1.5 2.0 0.01500 0.0300 0.001
CO 1.8 28 0.01800 0.5040 0.016
CO2 2.1 44 0.02100 0.9240 0.0287
S 2.4 32 0.02400 0.7680 0.024
SH2 2.7 34 0.02700 0.9180 0.029
SO2 3.0 64 0.03000 1.9200 0.060
H2O 3.3 18 0.03300 0.5940 0.018
N2 3.6 28 0.03600 1.0080 0.0313
Ar 3.9 40 0.03900 1.5600 0.048
O2 7.0 32 0.07000 2.2400 0.070
100.0 1.00 32.17 1
MMF = 32.17
kgF / kmolF
Table 2. Oxigen required for stoichiometric combustion
Combustion til CO2 Combustion til H2O

Number of kmols of Number of kmols of Number of mols of Number of mols of
oxygen required for oxygen required for oxygen required for oxygen required for
combustion til combustion til combustion til water combustion til water
Component i Volume carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide for for componente i for one mol of fuel
fraction componente i one mol of fuel

Vfrac_i NO2_CO2|i NO2_CO2|F NO2_H2O|i NO2_H2O|F
kmoli /kmolF kmolO2 /kmoli KmolO2 /kmolF kmolO2 /kmoli kmolO2 /kmolF
CH4 0.512 1 0.5120 1.0 0.512

C2H6 0.025 2 0.0500 1.5 0.038
C3H8 0 3 0.1 2.0 0.1
C4H10 0 4 0.2 2.5 0.1
C8H18 (gas) 0 8 0.6 4.5 0.4

H2 0 0 0 0.5 0.0
CO 0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0
CO2 0 0 0 0.0 0
S 0 0 0 0.0 0
SH2 0 0 0 0.5 0.0
SO2 0 0 0 0.0 0
H2O 0 0 0 0.0 0
N2 0.036 0 0 0.0 0
Ar 0 0 0 0.0 0
O2 0 -1 -0.0700 0.0 0
1.000 1.391 1.0905
kmolO2 /kmolF kmolO2 /kmolF
Table 5. Air fuel mass ratio for a

stoichiometric combustion (dry air) Table 3 (repeated)
Nitrogen asociated wit the oxygen Number of kmols of oxigen required for stoch.
NN2 = NO2 * VN2/O2 complete combustion for one kmol fuel
NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 = 1.391
Ratio nitrogen/oxigen in dry air (Gas data) H2O = 1.091
VN2/O2 = 3.760 m³N2 / m³O2 O2 = 0.0
NN2 = 9.522 kmolN2 / kmolF SO2 = 0.05
VN2_out = 9.522 m³N2 / m³F NO2 = 2.533
Kilomols dry air per kilomol fuel Nitrogen volume in fuel

Nda = NO2 + NN2 VN2/F_% = 3.6
NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF VN2/F = 0.036
NN2 = 9.52 kmolN2 / kmolF
Nda = 12.055 kmolair / kmolF
Dry air fuel volume ratio in stoichiometric comb.
Stoichiometric dry air/fuel ratio Vda/F_st = mda/F_st / rda * rF
mda/F_st = N * MM / MM mda/F_st = 10.856
da Air F
Nda = 12.055 kmolda / kmolF from Table 4
MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF rda = 1.204373
MMda = 28.97 kgda / kmolda 2 from Table 1
mda/F_st = 10.856 kgda / kgF 16.6 rF = 1.3373
Vda/F_st = 12.055
Stoichiometric fuel/air mass ratio
mF/da_stoich = 1 /mda/F
mda/F_stoich = 10.86 kgda / kgF Vda/F_st = 12.055
mF/da_stoich = 0.0921 kgF / kgda
Table 7. Mass composition of stoichiometric combustion products (dry air)

at ambient conditions
Ratio mass of dry products Molecular Mass of prod. i Mass of prod. i Mass fraction
to mass of fuel mass per kmol fuel per mass fuel of comb. prod.
From Table 6 mi-molF mi-F mfract_i
kmolprod-i-F MMi kmolprod-i-F * MMi mi-molF / MMF kgprod-i / kgF
kmolprod-i/kmolF kgi / kmoli kgi / kmolF kgi / kgF kgi / kgProd
CO2 1.391 44 61.20 1.90 0.1648
H2O 2.181 18 39.26 1.22 0.1057
O2 0.000 32 0 0 0
N2 9.558 28 267.63 8.32 0.7207
SO2 0.051 64 3.26 0.10 0.0088
Nprod-F 13.18 11.544 1.0
mprod-molF 371.4 kgprod / kgF
Kmol products with dry air
Nprod-F = 13.18 kmolprod / kmolF MMF = 32.168
Mass of products of stoichiometric combustion with dry air Volume of products of stoichiometric combustion with dry air
mprod-molF = 371.4 kgprod / kmolF Vprod/kgF_st = mprod-F_st / rprod
mprod-F = 11.54
Mass of products of stoichiometric combustion with dry air rprod = 1.171
mprod-F_st = 11.544 kgprod / kgF Vprod/kgF_st = 9.86
Molecular mass of stoichiometric products with dry air Volume ratio products-fuel (st. and da)
MMprod-da = mprod-molF / Nprod-F Vprod/F_st = Vprod/kgF_st * rF_STP
kgprod / kmolF kmolF / kmolprod Vprod/kgF_st = 9.86
MMprod-da = 371.4 / 13.18 rF_STP = 1.3373
MMprod-da = 28.17 kgprod / kmolprod Vprod/F_st = 13.18
Table 10
Volume composition and Molecular mass of wet air
Ambient conditions
Temperature t= 20 ºC
Pressure p= 101325 Pa
Relative humidity f= 0 %
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Using the Function

WetAirVolComposition_tdb_f_H
tdb = 20 ºC
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Wet air composition

Vi_wa_%
%vol
N2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE!
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE!
#VALUE!
MMwa = #VALUE! kgwa/kmolwa
Table 12
Nitrogen and Inert gases
Usually the inert gases are grouped and treated as they were nitrogen
Defining the inert gases as
Inert = N2 + CO2 + Ar + H2O
For the above given humid air
kmoli/kmolwa kmoli/kmolinert kgli/kmoli kgli/kmolinert

N2 #VALUE! #VALUE! 28 #VALUE!
O2 0.0000 0.00000 32.00 0.000
CO2 #VALUE! #VALUE! 44 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE! #VALUE! 40 #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! 18 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Inert = #VALUE! kmolinert/kmolwa MMinert
O2 #VALUE! kmolO2/kmolwa
Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen

of a given wet air
Vinert/O2 = #VALUE! m³inert/m³O2
This value is used as

VN2/O2 = #VALUE! m³inert/m³O2
Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with
For ambient air with a humidity content, as usually Mass of water in stoichiometric com
the case is, the air moisture is added to the combustion wet air
formed moisture appearing in the products. mw_in wa_st =
(from Table 5)
mda/F_st =
x=
Humid air mw_in wa_st =
temperature t= 20 ºC
pressure p= 101325 Pa Wet air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichi
relative humidity f= 0 % combustion
Height above s.l. H= 0 m.a.s..l. mwa/F_st =
Absolute humidity in ambient air mda/F_st =
x= Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_H mw_in wa_st =
x= #VALUE! kgw / kgda mwa/F_st =
Water in stoichiometric products due to

Kilomol water per kmol dry air Nw-prod_wa =
Nw-da = x * MMda / MMw Nw_da =
W= #VALUE! kgw / kgda MMF =
MMda = 28.97 kgda / kmolda mda/F_st =
MMw = 18 kgw / kmolw MMda =
Nw_da = #VALUE! kmolw / kmolda Nw_wa =
Table 15. Mass composition of stoichiometric combustion products (wet air)

Ratio of kilograms of Molecular Mass of prod. i
products per kmol of fuel mass per kmol fuel
From Table 14 Total mi-molF
kmoli-F products MMi kmoli-F * MMi
kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolF kgi / kmoli kgi / kmolF
CO2 1.391 1.39 44 61.20
H2O 2.181 #VALUE! #VALUE! 18 #VALUE!
O2 0.000 0.00 32 0.00
N2 9.558 9.56 28 267.63
SO2 0.051 0.05 64 3.26
Nprod-F 13.181 #VALUE! kmolprod / kmolF #VALUE!
Volume stoichiometric products with wet air mprod-molF = #VALUE!

Vprod/kgF_st_wa = Vprod/F / rF
Vprod/F = #VALUE! m³prod/m³F mprod_st_wa-F =
rF = 1.3373 kgF/mF³
Vprod/kgF_st_wa = #VALUE! m³ prod
/kg³F Temperature correction factor TCF
Ambient temperature
Density of stoichiometric products tamb = 20
rprod_st_da = 1.1713 kgprod/m³prod Tamb = 293
Operating temperature
Density of products with excess wet air top = 340
rprod_exc_wa = #VALUE! kgprod/m³prod Top = 613
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.092
Table 17. Dew point temperature of stoichiometric products (dry air)
From Table 9
Partial pressure Stoichiometric products (da)
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
Water partial pressure in
CO2 10.55
the products
H2O 16.55
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod O2 0.00
N prod N2 72.51
SO2 0.39
Tot = 99.6
Total pressure Water vapor partial pressure pv

p= 101325 Pa pv = (Nv / Nprod) * Pprod
p= 101.33 kPa Nv = 16.5 kmol
Nprod = 99.6 kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = 16.8 kPa
Saturation temperature at
pv = 16.831 kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC
Dew point temperature
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
Table 19.
Volume percentage of CO2 in a and in dry basis, for stoichiometric combustion with dry air
Wet basis Dry basis

From Table 9, volumetric comp. From Table 9, volumetric composition of
of stoichiometric products with stoichiometric products with dry air
dry air
V in wet basis V in wet basis V in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod m³i / 100 m³prod m³i / 100 m³prod
CO2 10.55 CO2 10.55 10.55
H2O 16.55 H2O 16.55 0.0
O2 0.00 O2 0.00 0.0
N2 72.51 N2 72.51 72.51
SO2 0.39 SO2 0.39 0.39
100.0 100.0 83.45
Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry products

in wet products
CO2% = 10.55 % CO2% = 12.65 %
Table 21. Combustion with excess air (da) Table 3 repeated

Number of mols of oxigen required for
Exccess air stoichiometric, complete combustion,
Exc% = 0 % for one kmol fuel NO2 /kmolF
Percentage of theoric air CO2 1.391
PTA = 100 % H2O 1.091
Excess air factor SO2 0.051
EAF = PTA / 100 NO2 2.533
EAF = 1.0 - kmolO2 / kmolF
Air fuel mass ratio with excess air (da) From Table 6
mda/F_exc = mAir/F_stoich * EAF kgAir / kgF kmols products per kmol fuel for a
mda/F_stoich = 10.86 kgAir / kgF stoichiometric combustion (dry air)
EAF = 1 Combustion Nprod-i_F
mda/F_exc = 10.86 kgda / kgF to kmolprod-i/kmolF
with Exc% = 0 % CO2 1.391
H2O 2.181
Air fuel volume ratio with excess air O2 0.000
Vdr/F_w.exc = mAir/F_w.exc * MMF / MMda NN2 9.522
mda/F_exc = 10.86 kgAir / kgF SO2 0.051
MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF Nprod_F = 13.145
MMda = 28.97 kgda / kmolda
Vda/F_w.exc = 12.05 kmolda / kmolF Nitrogen volume in fuel
Vda/F_w.exc = 12.055 m³da / m³F VN2/F_% = 3.6
VN2/F = 0.036
Table 24. Volumetric composition of products of combustion Table 25. Mass composition of p
with excess air (da)
Ratio of mols of products kmol Volumetric Ratio of kg of products
per mol of fuel fraction percentage per kg of fuel, for
(with excess air) of products of products Exc% =
with exc. & da
rmol_i-F Vf Vf
kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolProd %
CO2 1.391 #VALUE! #VALUE! CO2
H2O 2.181 #VALUE! #VALUE! H2O
O2 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! O2
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! N2
SO2 0.051 #VALUE! #VALUE! SO2
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! molprod / molF =
kmolprod_F = #VALUE! kmolprod /kmolF
Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of compositio

with excess air (dry air) with excess air (da)
Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE! m³prod_da /m³F

rF = 1.3373 kgF / m³F
CO2
Vprod/mF_exc_da = Vprod_exc_da / rF H2O
Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE! m³prod_da /m³F SO2
rF = 1.3373 kgF / m³F O2
Vprod/mF_exc_da = #VALUE! m³prod_da /kgF N2
Table 27. Combustion with wet air (wa) Stoichiometric combustion (wa)
For ambient air with a humidity content, as usually Mass of water in stoichiometric
the case is, the air moisture is added to the combustion combustion air
formed moisture appearing in the products. mw_in air =
(from Table 5)
mda/F_stoich =
W=
Humid air mw_in air =
temperature t= 20.00 ºC
pressure p= 101325 Pa Mass of wet air-fuel ratio for a
relative humidity f= 0 % stoichiometric combustion
absolute humidity W= Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_H mair/F_st =
W= #VALUE! kgw / kgda mw_in air =
mwa/F_st =
Mol of water in air per mol dry air
Nw_da = W * MMair / MMw Water in products due to wet air
W= #VALUE! kgw / kgda Nw_wa =
MMair = 28.97 kgair / kmolair Nw_da =
MMw = 18 kgw / kmolw MMF =
Nw_da = #VALUE! kmolw / kmolda ma/F =
MMda =
Nw_wa =
Water from combustion
Nw_comb =
Water from wet air
Nw_wa =
Table 29. Mass ratio of wet air to fuel, for combustion with excess air Table 30. Mass products, for combu
Mass of water in combustion with excess air MMF =

Air fuel mass ratio with excess air (da)
(from Table 15)
mda/F_exc = 10.856 kgda / KgF .@ ambient cond.
Water content in air

W= #VALUE! kgw / kgda CO2
H2O
Mass of water in combustion with excess air O2
mw_in air with exc = mda/F_exc * W N2
mw_in air with exc = #VALUE! kg / kg SO2
w F

(from Table 15)
mda/F_exc = 10.856 kgda / KgF
Density of products with excess we
Mass of water in combustion with excess air rprod_exc_wa =
mw_in air with exc = #VALUE! kg / kg mprod/F_exc_wa=
w F
(from Table 28)
Wet air/fuel mass ratio with excess Vprod/F_exc_wa=
mwa/F_exc = mda/F_exc + mw_in air w. exc rF =
mwa/F_exc = #VALUE! kgwa / kgF rprod_exc_wa =
Tabla 31. Dew point temperature of combustion products with excess air (da)
Partial pressure
From Table 18
Combustion products with
Water partial pressure in exces air (da)
the products %
Nv
Pv = ⋅P
N prod prod
the products Exc = 0 %
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
Total pressure H2O #VALUE!
p= 101325 Pa SO2 #VALUE!
p= 101.33 kPa O2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Tabla 32. Dew point temperature of combustion products with excess air (wa)
Partial pressure
From Table 22
Water partial pressure in exces air (wa)
Nv
Pv = ⋅P
N prod prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Table 33. Percentage of CO2 in a wet basis,
and in dry basis, for combustion with excess air (da)
Volumetric composition in wet basis Volumetric composition in dry basis
From Table 17, volumetric composition of From Table 9, volumetric composition of

products with excess air products with excess air
V in wet basis V in wet basis
m³i / 100 m³prod m³i / 100 m³prod
CO2 #VALUE! CO2 #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE! H2O #VALUE!
SO2 #VALUE! SO2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE! O2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE! N2 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
a) Percentage of carbon dioxide in wet products b) Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry products
CO2% = #VALUE! % CO2% = #VALUE!
Volume of products at operation temperature

tamb = 20.00 ºC
top = 340.00 ºC
Tamb = 293.2 K
Top = 613.2 K
Temperature correction factor
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.09
Vprod_op = vprod * TCF
Vprod 13.181 m³prod / m³F
TCF = 2.092
Vprod_st_top = 27.57 m³prod / m³F
Volume of products with excess air (wa), at operating temperature

Vprod_exc_top = Vprod_exc_tamb * TCF
Vprod_exc__wa = #VALUE! m³prod_wa /m³F
TCF = 2.092
Vprod_exc__wa_top = #VALUE! m³prod_wa /m³F
Table 34. Data selection Literature
Gas data Literature Selected values Gas constants

MM MM MM Fuel gas constant
kg/kmol kg/kmol kg/kmol RF =
CH4 #VALUE! 16 16 Rg=
C2H6 #VALUE! 30 30 MMF =
C3H8 #VALUE! 44 44 RF =
C4H10 #VALUE! 58 58 Air gas constant (da)
Rda =
C8H18 #VALUE! 114 114 Rg=
H2 #VALUE! 2 2 MMdar =
CO #VALUE! 28 28 Rda =
CO2 #VALUE! 44 44
S #VALUE! 32 32
SH2 #VALUE! 34 34
SO2 #VALUE! 64 64
H2O #VALUE! 18 18
N2 #VALUE! 28 28
Ar #VALUE! 40 40
O2 #VALUE! 32 32
C #VALUE! 12 12
Air #VALUE! 28.97 28.970
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

mN2/O2 = 3.31 3.31 3.31 (da)
a set selection Calculation procedure
s selection is applicable only if one wants
se the same data used in the reference, Complete combustion is considered
e able to obtain its same results.
his case, the literature data is from Combustion is initially calculated
for the stoichiometric case and then
for the excess air case.
Literature Literature
Results are computed initially using
dry ambient air and then considering
mbustion with excess air the humid air case.
0 % 0 Note on temperatures
The analysis is made assuming that
the fuel, the air and the products are
ck operation temperature at the same ambient temperature.
340.0 ºC 20 Later, combustion products at operating
temperature are evaluated.
Input data list:

Gas data
Literature
bers or text in red are input data from Faires [2], Example 21.11, page 587.
Resume of main results at ambient conditions

mbustion with wet air Combustion with excess air and dry air Combustion with excess air an
ucts of stoichiometric combustion Products of combustion with excess air
vol% (with dry air) mass% vol% (with wet air)
% % %
(Table 14 ) (Table 25) (Table 24)
#VALUE! CO2 #VALUE! #VALUE! CO2
#VALUE! H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! H2O
#VALUE! O2 #VALUE! #VALUE! O2
#VALUE! N2 #VALUE! #VALUE! N2
#VALUE! SO2 #VALUE! #VALUE! SO2
stoichiometric products Mass and volume of excess air products Mass and volume of excess air p
(Table 15) with dry air (Table 24) with wet air
kgprod / kgF mprod/F_exc_da = #VALUE! kgprod / kgF mprod/F_exc_wa=
m³prod / kgF Vprod/mF_exc_da = #VALUE! m³prod / kgF Vprod/F_exc_wa=
olume ratios for stoichiometric Air-fuel mass and volume ratios for excess air Air-fuel mass and volume ratios f
(Table 27) combustion, dry air (Table 21 ) combustion, wet air
kgwa / kgF m = 10.86 kgprod / kgF mwa/F_exc=
da/F_exc
m³wa / m³F Vda/F_exc = 12.05 m³Air / m³F Vwa/F_exct =
ucts stoichiometric Volume ratio of productsl for combustion Volume ratio of productsl for com
(Table 14) with excess dry air (Table 24) with excess wet air
m³prod / m³F Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE! m³ prod_da
/m³F Vprod_exc__wa =
se of the reference
Resume of additional results
w point temperature of stoich. products

#VALUE! ºC Volume of stoichiometirc products at operation
#VALUE! ºC temperature
Vprod_st_top = 27.57
w point temperature of combustion

ducts with excess air
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
t= 20 ºC T= 293.15 K
p= 101325 Pa Const = p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04157
Mass Specific Lower heating Density Density Specific
composition Heat value fraction heat fraction
m%_i Cpi LHVi ri rfract CPfrac|i
100 * Kgi /kgF Const * MM ri * Vfrac_i mfrac*Cp
% J/(kgi* K) MJ/kg kgi/mi3 kgi/m3F J/(kgF* K) |i
25.47 2144 50.00 0.6652 0.341 546
2.33 1711 47.80 1.2472 0.031 40
4.10 1631 46.40 1.8292 0.055 67
7.21 1687 45.30 2.4113 0.096 122
28.35 658 44.80 4.7394 0.379 187

0.09 14378 120.00 0.0831 0.001 13
1.57 1033 10.09 1.1641 0.021 16
2.87 1596 0.0 1.8292 0.038 46
2.39 715 9.20 1.3304 0.032 17
2.85 1105 17.40 1.4135 0.038 32
5.97 727 0.0 2.6607 0.080 43
1.85 1974 0.0 0.7483 0.025 36
3.13 1042 0.0 1.1641 0.042 33
4.85 532 0.0 1.6629 0.065 26
6.96 980 0.0 1.3304 0.093 68
100 1.3373 1292
rF = 1.3373 CPF = 1292
18.750394 kgF/mF³ J/(kg*K)
Combustion til SO2 Table 3. Resume of mols of oxigen for stoichiometric combus
Number of mols of Number of mols of Number of kmols and kilograms of oxigen required for complete
oxygen required for oxygen required for stoichiometric combustion, for one kmol fuel
combustion til SO2 combustion til SO2 kmolO2 /kmolF
for componente i for one mol of fuel CO2 1.391
H2O 1.0905
NO2_SO2|i NO2_SO2|F SO2 0.051
kmolO2 /kmoli kmolO2 /kmolF NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF
0 0
0 0 mO2 = NO2 * MMO2 / MMF
0 0 NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF
0 0 MMO2 = 32 kgO2 / kmolO2
MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF
0 0 mO2 = 2.519 kgO2 / kgF
0 0
0 0 Table 4. Dry air density at ambient conditions
0 0 p= 101,325 Pa
1 0.0 t= 20 ºC
1 0.0 T= 293 K
0 0
0 0 rda = P / (R*T)
0 0 P= 101,325 Pa
0 0 Rda = 287.0 [J/(kg*kmol)
0 0 T= 293.15 K
0.0510 rda = 1.204373 kgda/m³da
kmolO2 /kmolF
Table 6. Stoichiometric products (dry air)
oxigen required for stoch. kmols of products per kmol fuel for a
n for one kmol fuel stoichiometric combustion (dry air)
Combustion Oxygen required kmol products
to for complete of combustion
product i combustion (with dry air)
kmolO2/kmolF kmolprod-i/kmolF
kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 1.391 1.391 kmolCO2 / kmolF
H2O 1.091 2.181 kmolH2O / kmolF
O2 0.000 0.00 kmolO2 / kmolF
Vol% N2 0 9.522 kmolN2 / kmolF
m³N2/m³F SO2 0.051 0.05 kmolSO2 / kmolF
Nprod_st_da = 13.09 kmolprod / kmolF
atio in stoichiometric comb. Nitrogen volume in products

F_st
/ rda * rF VN2_fuel = 0.036 m³N2/m³F
kgda/ kgF VN2_outside = 9.522 m³N2/m³F
VN2 = 9.558 m³N2/m³F
kgda / m³da
1 Nitrogen mass in products
kgF / m³F mN2 = NN2 * MMN2 /MMF
m³da / m³F 10.697 NN2 = 9.558 kmolN2 / kmolF
MMN2 = 28 kgN2 / kmolN2
m³air / m³F mN2 = 8.32 kgN2 / kgF
Table 8. Volume composition of stoichiometric combustion products (dry air)

Mass compos. Mass fraction
of products of combustion
mprod_i products mf Vprod_i
kgi / kgprod ri mfract_i mfract_i / ri
% kgi /m³i kgi / kgProd m³i / kgprod
16.48 CO2 1.829 0.1648 0.0901
10.57 H2O 0.748 0.1057 0.1413
0 O2 1.3304 0.0000 0.0000
72.07 N2 1.164 0.7207 0.6191
0.88 SO2 2.661 0.0088 0.0033
100.0 vprod = 0.854 m³prod / kgprod
rprod = 1.171 kgprod / m³prod
Density of stoichiometric products
kgF / kmolF rprod_st_da = 1.1713 kgprod / m³prod
ichiometric combustion with dry air Table 9. Resume of stoichiometric

products composition (da)
kgprod / kgF Mass compos. Vol. compos.
kgprod / m³prod of products of products
m³prod / kgF m% V%
CO2 16.48 10.55
ts-fuel (st. and da) H2O 10.57 16.55
* rF_STP
d/kgF_st O2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / kgF N2 72.07 72.51
kgF / m³F SO2 0.88 0.39
m³prod / m³F 100 100
Table 11. This function uses a standard dry air composition

Wet air density at ambient conditions taken from [5]
p= 101,325 Pa As result, the function gives the wet air volume

t= 20 ºC composition, and the wet air molecular mass
T= 293 K
Nomenclature
Rwa = Rg / MMwa tdb: dry bulb temperature
Rg = 8314 J/(kmol*K) f: relative humidity
MMwa = #VALUE! kgwa/kmolwa H: height above sea level
Rwa = #VALUE! [J/(kg*kmol)
Index wa: wet air
rwa = P / (Rwa*T) Index m.a.s.l. : meters above sea level
P= 101,325 Pa
T= 293.15 K
rwa = #VALUE! kgwa/m³wa
For the function, see
Combustion. Wet air composition and molecular mass.xls
www.piping-tools.net
Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen Equivalent molecular mass of inert gases
of a given wet air MMinert = #VALUE!
Relation between the molecular massses of
Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen nitrogen and the inert gases
of a dry air (from sheet N2-O2 ratio) MMN2 = 28
VN2/O2 = 3.7600 m³N2/m³O2 MMinert = #VALUE!
Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2 = #VALUE! MMinert - MMN2 =

(Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)/VN2/O2 = #VALUE! - (MMinert - MMN2)/MMN2 =
(Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)/VN2/O2 = #VALUE! % (MMinert - MMN2)/MMN2 =
Thus, the error in the ratio involved when using dry air
instead of wet air is a defect of #VALUE! %
ichiometric combustion with wet air Table 14. Volume composition of products in a stoichiometric combustion with wet
ss of water in stoichiometric combustion Due to combustion Due to water in air Total
From Table 7 products
mda/F_st * x kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolF
CO2 1.391 1.391
10.856 kgda / KgF H2O 2.181 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! kgw / kgda O2 0.000 0.00
#VALUE! kgw / KgF N2 9.558 9.558
SO2 0.051 0.05
t air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichiometric 13.181 #VALUE!
Nprod/F = #VALUE!
mda/F_st + mw_in air (wa)
10.856 kgda / KgF Water from combustion
#VALUE! kgw / KgF Nw_comb = 2.18 kmolw/kmolF Water in products dueto wet air
#VALUE! kgwa / KgF
¿
Water from wet air
er in stoichiometric products due to wet air Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF Nw_wa= Nw_da⋅MMF ⋅m¿st/ MMda
Nw_da * MMF * mda/F_st / MMda
#VALUE!
32.17
10.856
kmolw / kmolda
kgF / kmolF
kgda / kgF
Total water content in products
Nw_tot =
Nw_comb =
Nw_comb + Nw_wa
2.181
kmolw/kmolF
kmolw/kmolF
[ ][kmol kg kg kmol kmol kg
¿[ Nw_wa]→ w ⋅ F ⋅ a ⋅ da ¿[Nw_wa] → w ⋅ F ⋅
kmolda kmolF kgF kgda kmolda kmolF
28.97 kgda / kmolda Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF Nw_tot = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF Table 16. Stoichiometric dryt air-fuel ratio
at ambient and operating conditions
Mass of prod. i Mass fraction Mass composit.
per mass fuel of combustion prod. of products (wa) At ambient temperature
mi-F mfract_i mprod_i Volume ratio stoichiometric products-fuel, with da
mi-molF / MMF mi_F / mprod-F kgi / kgprod at ambient temperature
kgi / kgF kgi / kgProd % Vprod/F_st_da = mprod/F_st_da / rprod_st_da
1.90 #VALUE! #VALUE! mprod/F_st_da = #VALUE! kgprod_st_wa / kgF
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! rprod_st_da = 1.171 kgprod / m³prod
0.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! Vprod/F_st_da = #VALUE! m³da / m³F
8.32 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.10 #VALUE! #VALUE! At operating temperature
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Volume ratio stoichiometric products-fuel, with wa
at operating temperature
kgprod / kmolF Vprod/F_st_da_op = Vprod/F_st_da * TCF
Vprod/F_st_da = #VALUE! kgprod_st_wa / kgF
#VALUE! kgprod_st_wa / kgF TCF = 2.0916 kgprod/mprod
Vprod/F_st_da_op = #VALUE! m³wa / m³F
ion factor TCF
ºC
K
ºC
K
Table 18. Dew point temperature of stoichiometric products (wet air)
From Table 14
Partial pressure Stoichiometric products (wa)
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
Water partial pressure in CO2 #VALUE!
the products H2O #VALUE!
Nv O2 #VALUE!
Pv = ⋅P
N prod prod N2 #VALUE!
SO2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

p= 101.33 kPa Nv = #VALUE!
Nprod = #VALUE!
pprod = 101.3
pv = #VALUE!
pv = #VALUE!
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE!
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE!
Data of example is with dry air
Table 20.
n with dry air Volume percentage of CO2 in a and in dry basis, for stoichiometric combustion with wet
Wet basis Dry basis

From Table 11, volumetric comp. From Table11, volumetric composition of
of stoichiometric products with stoichiometric products with wet air
wet air
V in dry basis V in wet basis V in wet basis

% m³i / 100 m³prod m³i / 100 m³prod
12.6452 CO2 #VALUE! CO2 #VALUE!
0.00 H2O #VALUE! H2O #VALUE!
0.00 O2 #VALUE! O2 #VALUE!
86.89 N2 #VALUE! N2 #VALUE!
0.46 SO2 #VALUE! SO2 #VALUE!

in wet products
Table 22 Unburned oxygen Table 23. Products with excess

Number of kmols of unburned oxygen in
the products (da) Mols of products per kmol fuel
NO2_prod = NO2 *(EAF-1)
NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2
Exc = 1.0 The complete combustion of the
NO2_prod = 0.000 kmolO2 / kmolF produces
Total oxigen in air with excess
The complete combustion of the fuel with H2O
excess air requires The complete combustion of the
NO2_exc= NO2 * Exc produces
NO2 = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF
Exc = 1.00 O2
NO2_exc = 2.533 kmolO2 / kmolF Unburned oxygen
Total nitrogen in air with excess NO2_prod =
The nitrogen asociated with this oxigen is
Nexc = VN2/O2 * NO2_exc N2
Nitrogen oxygen ratio , wet air (From Table 12) Nitrogen in products with excess
VN2/O2 = #VALUE! kmolN2/kmolO2 Nexc =
NO2_exc = 2.53 kmolO2 / kmolF
kmolprod/kmolF Nexc = #VALUE! kmolN2 / kmolF SO2
The complete combustion of the
Nexc-tot = = Nexc + VN2/F produces
Vol% Nexc = #VALUE! kmolN2 / kmolF
m³N2/m³F VN2/F = 0.036 m³N2/m³F
Nexc-tot = = #VALUE! kmolN2 / kmolF
le 25. Mass composition of products of combustion with excess air (da)
io of kg of products Molecular Mass of prod. i Mass of prod. i Mass of prod. i Mass Mass
kg of fuel, for mass per kmol fuel per mass fuel per mass fuel fraction percentage
0 % mi-molF mi-mol-F mi-F of products of products
rmol_i_F MMi rmol_i-F * MMi mi-molF * rProd-F mi-mol-F / MMF mfract_i-F m%
kmoli /kmolProd kgi / kmoli kgi / kmolProd kgi / kmolF kgi / kgF kgi / kgProd %
#VALUE! 44 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
molprod / molF kgprod / kmolProd kgprod / kmolF
mprod_exc = #VALUE! kgprod / kgF
le 26. Resume of composition of products

with excess air (da) Mass ratio of productsl for combustion
with excess air (dry air)
Mass compos. Vol. compos. mprod_exc_da = #VALUE! kgprod / kgF
of products of products
m% V%
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
ichiometric combustion (wa) Table 28. Volume composition of products in a combustion with excess air and wet
ss of water in stoichiometric Combustion products

.@ ambient cond. Due to combustion Due to water in air Total wet prod.
mair/F_st * W kgda / kgF From Table 18 (da) products
kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolF kmoli /kmolF
10.856 kgda / kgF CO2 1.391 1.391
#VALUE! kgw / kgda H2O 2.181 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! kgw / kgF O2 0.000 0.0000
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
ss of wet air-fuel ratio for a SO2 0.05 0.05
chiometric combustion #VALUE! #VALUE!
mda/F_st + mw_in air Vprod_exc__wa = #VALUE!
10.856 kgda / kgF (Products at ambient temperature)
#VALUE! kgw / kgF Total water content in products
#VALUE! kgwa / kgF Nw_tot = Nw_comb + Nw_wa kmolw/kmolF
Nw_comb = 2.18 kmolw/kmolF
ter in products due to wet air Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Nw_da * MMF * ma/F / MMda Nw_tot = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
#VALUE! kmolw / kmolda
32.17 kgF / kmolF Mass of wet air-fuel ratio for a
10.856 kg a
/ kgF stoichiometric combustion
28.97 kgda / kmolda Vwa/F_st = mwa/F_st / rwa * rF
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF mwa/F_st = #VALUE! kgwa / kgF
ter from combustion rwa = #VALUE! kgwa / m³wa
2.181 kmolw/kmolF rF = 1.3373 kgF / m³F
ter from wet air Vwa/F_st = #VALUE! m³wa / m³F
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Vprod_exc__wa =
le 30. Mass products, for combustion with excess air (wa)
32.17 kgF / kmolF
Total wet prod.

products Total products Mass comp. Mass ratio of productsl for combustion
MMi (fromTable 22) with wet air prod. excess (wa) with excess air (wet air)
kgi/kmoli kmoli /kmolF kgi /kgF m% mprod/F_exc_wa= #VALUE!
44 1.391 1.90 #VALUE!
18 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Volume ratio of productsl for combustion
32 0.000 0.00 #VALUE! with excess air (wet air)
28 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Vprod/mF_exc_da = mprod_exc_da / rprod
64 0.051 0.10 #VALUE! Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! rF = #VALUE!
Vprod/mF_exc_da = #VALUE!
mprod/F_exc_wa= #VALUE! kgprod/kgF
nsity of products with excess wet air Wet air/fuel volume ratio with excess
mprod/F_exc_wa / Vprod_exc_wa * rF Vwa/F_exc = mwa/F_exc / MMwa * MMF
#VALUE! kgprod/kgF mwa/F_exc = #VALUE! kg / kg wa F
m Table 28) MMwa = #VALUE! kgwa / kmolwa
#VALUE! m³prod_exc_wa/m³F MMF = 32.17 kgF / kmolF
1.3373 kgF / m³F Vwa/F_exct = #VALUE! m³wa / m³F
#VALUE! kgprod/m³prod
Water vapor partial pressure pv

pv = (Nv / Nprod) * Pprod
Nv = #VALUE! kmol
Nprod = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

sition in dry basis
etric composition of
V in dry basis V in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
bon dioxide in dry products

%
Go to Resume of Main Results
s constants Air composition (dry) [5]

l gas constant (Values adjusted to obtain a total of 100%)
Rg / MMF Mixing ratio
8314 J/(kmol*K) Gas
32.17 kgAir / kmolAir kmoli/kmolda kgi/kmoli
258.5 J/(kg*K) Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.78026 28
gas constant (da) Oxygen (O2) 0.21000 0.21007 32
Rg / MMda Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.00930 40
8314 J/(kmol*K) (CO2) 0.000365 0.00037 44
28.97 kgAir / kmolAir 0.99967 1.00000
287.0 J/(kg*K) MMda = 28.9578
t= 20 ºC ri = Const * MMi
T= 293.15 K Const =
p= 101325 Pa
Air density (dry) Density
(at ambient conditions) fraction
Mixing ratio MMi ri rfract
Const * MMi ri * Vfrac_i
kmoli/kmolda kgi/kmoli kgi/mi3 kgi/m3F
0.78026 28 1.164058 0.908270
0.21007 32 1.330352 0.279468
0.00930 40 1.662940 0.015471
0.00037 44 1.829234 0.000668
1.00000 rda = 1.203876
rev.cjc.18.03.2018
Page 1 of 22
Indexs
da: dry air
exc: excess air
st: stoichiometric
wa: wet air
Page 2 of 22
mbustion with excess air and wet air

Products of combustion with excess air
mass% vol%
% %
(Table 30 ) (Table 28 )
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
ss and volume of excess air products

(Table 30)
#VALUE! kgprod / kgF
#VALUE! m³prod / kgF
fuel mass and volume ratios for excess air
mbustion, wet air (Table 29)
#VALUE! kgair / kgF
#VALUE! m³wa / m³F
ume ratio of productsl for combustion

h excess wet air (Table 28 )
#VALUE! m³ prod_wa
/m³F
Page 3 of 22
metirc products at operation
m³prod/ m³F
Page 4 of 22
Lower heating
value fraction
LHVf
= Mfrac*LHV
MJ/kgF
12.733
1.114
1.904
3.267
12.701
0.112
0.158
0.000
0.220
0.496
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
32.7
LHVF = 32.7
MJ/kgF
Page 5 of 22
n for stoichiometric combustion

xigen required for complete
Page 6 of 22
Page 7 of 22
oducts (dry air)
Mass compos. Volume

of products compos. prod.
mprod_i V%
kgi / kgprod m³i / m³prod
%
16.48 10.55
10.57 16.55
0.00 0.00
72.07 72.51
0.88 0.39
100.0
Page 8 of 22
composition
Page 9 of 22
r mass of inert gases

kginert/kmolinert
he molecular massses of
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! %
Page 10 of 22
iometric combustion with wet air
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprodkmolF
Water in products dueto wet air
¿
Nw_wa= Nw_da⋅MMF ⋅m¿st/ MMda
[ ] [ ] []
kmol kg kg kmol kmol kg kg kmol kmol
¿[Nw_wa]→ w ⋅ F ⋅ a ⋅ da ¿[Nw_wa] → w ⋅ F ⋅ da ⋅ da ¿ [Nw_wa] → w ¿¿
kmolda kmolF kgF kgda kmolda kmolF kgF kga kmolF
Page 11 of 22
Page 12 of 22
pressure pv
/ Nprod) * Pprod
kmol
kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
ºC
ºC
with dry air
Page 13 of 22
metric combustion with wet air
metric composition of
ucts with wet air

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 14 of 22
ble 23. Products with excess air (da)
s of products per kmol fuel
e complete combustion of the carbon

1.391 kmolCO2/kmolF
e complete combustion of the hydrogen

2.181 kmolH2O/kmolF
burned oxygen
0.000 kmolO2 / kmolF
ogen in products with excess air

#VALUE! kmolN2 / kmolF
e complete combustion of the sulfur

0.051 kmolSO2/kmolF
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
ustion with excess air and wet air
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprodexc_wa / kmolF
Page 17 of 22
uctsl for combustion
kgprod/kgF
ductsl for combustion
m³prod_da /m³F
kgF / m³F
m³prod_da /kgF
Page18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21of 22
Page 22 of 22
kgi/kmolda
21.847
6.722
0.372
0.016
28.9578
kgda/kmolda
= Const * MMi
p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04157
kg/m³
Combustion analysis with volume composition [2]
Input data Application to a natural gas

Temperature t= 20 ºC 20 This selection is applicable only if o
Pressure p= 101325 Pa 101325 to use the same data used in the re
Relative humidity f= 0 % 0 to be able to obtain its same result
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l. 0 In this case, the literature data is fr
reference [2]
Fuel Volume
V%
CH4 80.5 80.5
C3H8 0 0 Exccess air
C4H10 0 0 Exc% =
0 0
C8H18 (gas) 0 0
H2 0 0 Stack operation temperature
CO 0 0 top =
CO2 0 0
S 0 0
SH2 0 0
SO2 0 0
H2O 0 0
N2 1.3 1.3
Ar 0 0
O2 0 0 Numbers or text in red are input data from F
100.0
Resume of main res

% % %
CO2 15.72 9.92 CO2 #VALUE!
H2O 11.86 18.29 H2O #VALUE!
O2 0.00 0.00 O2 #VALUE!
N2 72.42 71.79 N2 #VALUE!
SO2 0.00 0.00 SO2 #VALUE!
mda/F_st = 16.57 kgda / KgF 16.6 2 mwa/F_st = #VALUE!
Vda/F_st = 10.70 m³da / m³F 10.70 1 Vwa/F_st = #VALUE!

Vprod/F_st = 11.79 m³ / m³F Vprod/F_st = #VALUE!
prod
Numbers in red are results from the reference example [2]

To obtain them, the input values shall be those of the reference
Resume of addition
Fuel properties
(Table 1)
Fuel molecular mass Dew point temperature of stoich. p
RF = 445 J/(kg*K)
rF = 0.778 kg/m³ Dew point temperature of combust
LHVF = 48.4 MJ/kgF

CH4 80.5 16 0.80500 12.8800 0.6886
C2H6 18.2 30 0.18200 5.4600 0.2919
C3H8 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
C4H10 0.0 58 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 0.0 114 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2 0.0 2.0 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO2 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
S 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SH2 0.0 34 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SO2 0.0 64 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2O 0.0 18 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
N2 1.3 28 0.01300 0.3640 0.0195
Ar 0.0 40 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
O2 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
100.0 1.00 18.70 1
MMF = 18.70
kgF / kmolF


CH4 0.805 1 0.8050 1.0 0.805

C2H6 0.182 2 0.3640 1.5 0.273
C3H8 0 3 0.0 2.0 0.0
C4H10 0 4 0.0 2.5 0.0
C8H18 (gas) 0 8 0.0 4.5 0.0

H2 0 0 0 0.5 0.0
CO 0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0
CO2 0 0 0 0.0 0
S 0 0 0 0.0 0
SH2 0 0 0 0.5 0.0
SO2 0 0 0 0.0 0
H2O 0 0 0 0.0 0
N2 0.013 0 0 0.0 0
Ar 0 0 0 0.0 0
O2 0 -1 0.0000 0.0 0
1.000 1.169 1.0780

NO2 = 2.247 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 = 1.169
VN2/O2 = 3.760 m³N2 / m³O2 O2 = 0.0
NN2 = 8.449 kmolN2 / kmolF SO2 = 0.00
VN2_out = 8.449 m³N2 / m³F NO2 = 2.247

Nda = NO2 + NN2 VN2/F_% = 1.3
da Air F
MMF = 18.70 kgF / kmolF rda = 1.204373
MMda = 28.97 kgda / kmolda 2 from Table 1
Vda/F_st = 10.696

CO2 1.169 44 51.44 2.75 0.1572
H2O 2.156 18 38.81 2.07 0.1186
O2 0.000 32 0 0 0
N2 8.462 28 236.93 12.67 0.7242
SO2 0.000 64 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Nprod-F 11.79 17.492 1.0
mprod-F = 17.49
MMprod-da = 327.2 / 11.79 rF_STP = 0.7776
MMprod-da = 27.76 kgprod / kmolprod Vprod/F_st = 11.79
Table 10
Ambient conditions
Using the Function

tdb = 20 ºC
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Wet air composition

Vi_wa_%
%vol
N2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE!
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 12

O2 0.0000 0.00000 32.00 0.000

of a given wet air

Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with
(from Table 5)
mda/F_st =
x=
pressure p= 101325 Pa Wet air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichi
Water in stoichiometric products due to


CO2 1.169 1.17 44 51.44
O2 0.000 0.00 32 0.00
N2 8.462 8.46 28 236.93
SO2 0.000 0.00 64 0.00

rF = 0.7776 kgF/mF³
Ambient temperature
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.092
From Table 9
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 9.92
the products
H2O 18.29
N
N prod N2 71.79
SO2 0.00
Tot = 100.0

p= 101.33 kPa Nv = 18.3 kmol
Nprod = 100.0 kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = 18.5 kPa
pv = 18.534 kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
Table 19.
Wet basis Dry basis

dry air

CO2 9.92 CO2 9.92 9.92
H2O 18.29 H2O 18.29 0.0
O2 0.00 O2 0.00 0.0
N2 71.79 N2 71.79 71.79
SO2 0.00 SO2 0.00 0.00
100.0 100.0 81.71

in wet products
CO2% = 9.92 % CO2% = 12.14 %

PTA = 100 % H2O 1.078
EAF = PTA / 100 NO2 2.247
with Exc% = 0 % CO2 1.169
H2O 2.156
VN2/F = 0.013
Table 24. Volumetric composition of products of combustion Table 25. Mass composition of p
with exc. & da
rmol_i-F Vf Vf
Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of compositio


rF = 0.7776 kgF / m³F
CO2
rF = 0.7776 kgF / m³F O2
(from Table 5)
mda/F_stoich =
W=
mwa/F_st =
MMda =
Nw_wa =
Nw_comb =
Water from wet air
Nw_wa =
Table 29. Mass ratio of wet air to fuel, for combustion with excess air Table 30. Mass products, for combu

(from Table 15)

H2O
w F

(from Table 15)
Density of products with excess we
w F
(from Table 28)
Partial pressure
From Table 18
the products %
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod
the products %
Exc = 0
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Partial pressure
From Table 22
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
Volume of products at operation temperature

tamb = 20.00 ºC
top = 340.00 ºC
Tamb = 293.2 K
Top = 613.2 K
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.09
Vprod_op = vprod * TCF
Vprod 11.787 m³prod / m³F
TCF = 2.092
Vprod_st_top = 24.65 m³prod / m³F

Vprod_exc_top = Vprod_exc_tamb * TCF
TCF = 2.092
Vprod_exc__wa_top = #VALUE! m³prod_wa /m³F
Table 34. Data selection Literature

C3H8 #VALUE! 44 44 RF =
Rda =
C8H18 #VALUE! 114 114 Rg=
CO2 #VALUE! 44 44
S #VALUE! 32 32
SH2 #VALUE! 34 34
SO2 #VALUE! 64 64
H2O #VALUE! 18 18
N2 #VALUE! 28 28
Ar #VALUE! 40 40
O2 #VALUE! 32 32
C #VALUE! 12 12
Air #VALUE! 28.97 28.970
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

mN2/O2 = 3.31 3.31 3.31 (da)
340.0 ºC 20 Later, combustion products at operating
Input data list:

Gas data
Literature
bers or text in red are input data from Faires [2], Example 21.11, page 587.

% % %
da/F_exc
m³prod / m³F Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE! m³ prod_da
/m³F Vprod_exc__wa =
se of the reference


#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
t= 20 ºC T= 293.15 K
p= 101325 Pa Const = p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04157
68.86 2144 50.00 0.6652 0.535 1477
29.19 1711 47.80 1.2472 0.227 500
0.00 1631 46.40 1.8292 0.000 0
0.00 1687 45.30 2.4113 0.000 0
0.00 658 44.80 4.7394 0.000 0

0.00 14378 120.00 0.0831 0.000 0
0.00 1033 10.09 1.1641 0.000 0
0.00 1596 0.0 1.8292 0.000 0
0.00 715 9.20 1.3304 0.000 0
0.00 1105 17.40 1.4135 0.000 0
0.00 727 0.0 2.6607 0.000 0
0.00 1974 0.0 0.7483 0.000 0
1.95 1042 0.0 1.1641 0.015 20
0.00 532 0.0 1.6629 0.000 0
0.00 980 0.0 1.3304 0.000 0
100 0.7776 1996
rF = 0.7776 CPF = 1996
18.750394 kgF/mF³ J/(kg*K)
H2O 1.0780
0 0
0 0 mO2 = NO2 * MMO2 / MMF
0 0 NO2 = 2.247 kmolO2 / kmolF
0 0 MMO2 = 32 kgO2 / kmolO2
0 0 mO2 = 3.844 kgO2 / kgF
0 0
0 0 Table 4. Dry air density at ambient conditions
0 0 p= 101,325 Pa
1 0.0 t= 20 ºC
1 0.0 T= 293 K
0 0
0 0 rda = P / (R*T)
0 0 P= 101,325 Pa
0 0 Rda = 287.0 [J/(kg*kmol)
0 0 T= 293.15 K
0.0000 rda = 1.204373 kgda/m³da
kmolO2 /kmolF
O2 0.000 0.00 kmolO2 / kmolF

F_st
VN2 = 8.462 m³N2/m³F
kgda / m³da
1 Nitrogen mass in products
m³da / m³F 10.697 NN2 = 8.462 kmolN2 / kmolF

15.72 CO2 1.829 0.1572 0.0859
11.86 H2O 0.748 0.1186 0.1585
0 O2 1.3304 0.0000 0.0000
72.42 N2 1.164 0.7242 0.6221
0.00 SO2 2.661 0.0000 0.0000

m³prod / kgF m% V%
CO2 15.72 9.92
* rF_STP
d/kgF_st O2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / kgF N2 72.42 71.79
kgF / m³F SO2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / m³F 100 100


T= 293 K
Nomenclature
Index wa: wet air
P= 101,325 Pa
T= 293.15 K

CO2 1.169 1.169
#VALUE! kgw / KgF N2 8.462 8.462
SO2 0.000 0.00
Nprod/F = #VALUE!
#VALUE! kgwa / KgF
¿
Water from wet air
er in stoichiometric products due to wet air Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF Nw_wa= Nw_da⋅MMF ⋅m¿st/ MMd
#VALUE!
18.70
16.566
kmolw / kmolda
kgF / kmolF
kgda / kgF
Nw_tot =
Nw_comb =
Nw_comb + Nw_wa
2.156
kmolw/kmolF
kmolw/kmolF
[ ][
kmolw kgF kga kmolda kmolw kgF
¿[ Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅
MMF = 18.70 kgF / kmolF Table 16. Stoichiometric dryt air-fuel ratio
mi-F mfract_i mprod_i Volume ratio stoichiometric products-fuel, with da
ion factor TCF
ºC
K
ºC
K
From Table 14
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
Nv O2 #VALUE!
Pv = ⋅P
SO2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

Nprod = #VALUE!
pprod = 101.3
pv = #VALUE!
pv = #VALUE!
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE!
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE!
Table 20.
Wet basis Dry basis

wet air


in wet products

Exc = 1.00 O2
m³N2/m³F VN2/F = 0.013 m³N2/m³F


m% V%
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

16.566 kgda / kgF CO2 1.169 1.169
#VALUE! kgw / kgF O2 0.000 0.0000
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
16.566 kg a
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Vprod_exc__wa =
18.70 kgF / kmolF
Total wet prod.

44 1.169 2.75 #VALUE!

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
sition in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

%

8314 J/(kmol*K) Gas
444.5 J/(kg*K) Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.78026 28
Rg / MMda Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.00930 40
8314 J/(kmol*K) (CO2) 0.000365 0.00037 44
28.97 kgAir / kmolAir 0.99967 1.00000
287.0 J/(kg*K) MMda = 28.9578
T= 293.15 K Const =
p= 101325 Pa
0.78026 28 1.164058 0.908270
0.21007 32 1.330352 0.279468
0.00930 40 1.662940 0.015471
0.00037 44 1.829234 0.000668
1.00000 rda = 1.203876
#REF!
Page 1 of 22
put data list: Indexs

da: dry air
exc: excess air
st: stoichiometric
wa: wet air
Page 2 of 22

mass% vol%
% %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
ass and volume of excess air products

(Table 30)
-fuel mass and volume ratios for excess air
#VALUE! kgair / kgF
lume ratio of productsl for combustion

#VALUE! m³ prod_wa
/m³F
Page 3 of 22
m³prod/ m³F
Page 4 of 22
Lower heating
value fraction
LHVf
= Mfrac*LHV
MJ/kgF
34.431
13.954
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
48.4
LHVF = 48.4
MJ/kgF
Page 5 of 22

oxigen required for complete
olO2 / kmolF
olO2 / kmolF
Page 6 of 22
Page 7 of 22
roducts (dry air)
Mass compos. Volume

mprod_i V%
%
15.72 9.92
11.86 18.29
0.00 0.00
72.42 71.79
0.00 0.00
100.0
Page 8 of 22
r composition
air volume
Page 9 of 22
ar mass of inert gases

kginert/kmolinert
the molecular massses of
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! %
Page 10 of 22
hiometric combustion with wet air
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprodkmolF
¿
[ ] [ ] []
kmolw kgF kga kmolda kmolw kgF kgda kmolda kmolw
¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ¿¿
Page 11 of 22
Page 12 of 22
al pressure pv
/ Nprod) * Pprod
kmol
kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
ºC
ºC
s with dry air
Page 13 of 22
umetric composition of
ducts with wet air

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 14 of 22
ols of products per kmol fuel

1.169 kmolCO2/kmolF

2.156 kmolH2O/kmolF
burned oxygen
rogen in products with excess air


0.000 kmolSO2/kmolF
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 17 of 22
kgprod/kgF
oductsl for combustion
m³prod_da /m³F
kgF / m³F
m³prod_da /kgF
Page18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21of 22
Page 22 of 22
kgi/kmolda
21.847
6.722
0.372
0.016
28.9578
kgda/kmolda
= Const * MMi
p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04157
kg/m³
Faires [2], Example 21.11, page 587.
1
MM
kg/kmol
CH4 80.5 16
C2H6 18.2 30
C3H8 0 44
C4H10 0 58
C8H18 (gas) 0 114

H2 0 2
CO 0 28
CO2 0 44
S 0 32
SH2 0 34
SO2 0 64
H2O 0 18
N2 1.3 28
Ar 0 40
O2 0 32
C 12
Air 28.970
Air fuel volume ratio

Vair-Fuel = 10.697 m³Air / m³Fuel
Air fuel mass ratio

mair / mFuel = 16.6 kgAir / kgFuel
t= 20 ºC
p= 101,325 Pa
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Combustion with excess air

Exccess air
Exc% = 0 %
Operation temperature
toperation = 20 ºC
2
Combustion analysis with volume composition
Input data Application to a natural gas

Temperature t= 16 ºC 15.56 This selection is applicable only if on
Pressure p= 101325 Pa 101325 to use the same data used in the ref
Relative humidity f= 40 % 0 to be able to obtain its same results.
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l. 0 aplication example, select "Literature
For a general case, select "Gas data
Fuel Volume
Note 1 V%
CH4 92.1 92.1
C3H8 0 Exccess air
C4H10 0 Exc% =
0
C8H18 (gas) 0
H2 0 Stack operation temperature
CO 0 top =
CO2 0.4 0.4
S 0
SH2 0
SO2 0
H2O 0
N2 3.4 3.4
Ar 0 Numbers or text in red are input data from Ty
O2 0
100.0
Resume of main resu

% % %
CO2 15.24 9.58 CO2 #VALUE!
H2O 12.22 18.77 H2O #VALUE!
O2 0.00 0.00 O2 #VALUE!
N2 72.54 71.65 N2 #VALUE!
SO2 0.00 0.00 SO2 #VALUE!
with dry air (Table 7) 3 with wet air
mprod/F_st_da = 16.94 kgprod / kgF 16.80 mprod/F_st_wa = #VALUE!
combustion, dry air (Table 5) 2 combustion, wet air
mda/F_st = 16.02 kgda / KgF 16.13 mwa/F_st = #VALUE!
Vda/F_st = 9.45 m³da / m³F Vwa/F_st = #VALUE!
Volume ratio of products stoichiometric 4a Volume ratio of products stoichiometric

Vprod/F_st = 10.47 m³prod / m³F 10.60 Vprod/F_st = #VALUE!
Resume of additiona
Fuel properties
(Table 1)
Fuel molecular mass Dew point temperature of stoich. pro
RF = 486 J/(kg*K)
rF = 0.722 kg/m³ Dew point temperature of combustio
LHVF = 46.5 MJ/kgF
CO2% in products of stoichiometric combustion CO2% in products of stoichiometric com

with dry air with wet air
Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of carbon dioxide

5a
in wet basis (with dray air) in wet products (with wet air)
CO2wb = 9.58% 9.47 CO2% =
Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry basis Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry

(with dry air) (with wet air)
CO2db = 11.64
5b
11.80% CO2% =

CH4 92.1 16 0.92100 14.7360 0.8621
C2H6 4.1 30 0.04100 1.2300 0.0720
C3H8 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
C4H10 0.0 58 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 0.0 114 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2 0.0 2.0 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO2 0.4 44 0.00400 0.1760 0.0103
S 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SH2 0.0 34 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SO2 0.0 64 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2O 0.0 18 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
N2 3.4 28 0.03400 0.9520 0.0557
Ar 0.0 40 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
O2 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
100.0 1.00 17.09 1
MMF = 17.09
kgF / kmolF


CH4 0.921 1.0 0.9210 1.000 0.9210

C2H6 0.041 2.0 0.0820 1.500 0.0615
C3H8 0.000 3.0 0.0000 2.000 0.0000
C4H10 0.000 4.0 0.0000 2.500 0.0000
C8H18 (gas) 0.000 8.0 0.0000 4.500 0.0000

H2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
CO 0.000 0.5 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
CO2 0.004 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
S 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
SH2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
SO2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
H2O 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
N2 0.034 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
Ar 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
O2 0 -1.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
1.000 1.003 0.9825

NO2 = 1.986 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 = 1.003
VN2/O2 = 3.760 m³N2 / m³O2 O2 = 0.0
NN2 = 7.465 kmolN2 / kmolF SO2 = 0.00
VN2_out = 7.465 m³N2 / m³F NO2 = 1.986

Nda = NO2 + NN2 VN2/F_% = 3.4
da Air F
MMF = 17.09 kgF / kmolF rda = 1.222914
MMda = 28.97 kgda / kmolda from Table 1
mda/F_st = 16.017 kgda / kgF 2 rF = 0.7216
Vda/F_st = 9.451

CO2 1.003 44 44.13 2.58 0.1524
H2O 1.965 18 35.37 2.07 0.1222
O2 0.000 32 0 0 0
N2 7.499 28 209.99 12.28 0.7254
SO2 0.000 64 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Nprod-F 10.47 16.935 1.0
mprod-F = 16.94
MMprod-da = 289.5 / 10.47 rF_STP = 0.7216
MMprod-da = 27.66 kgprod / kmolprod Vprod/F_st_da = 10.47
Table 10
Ambient conditions
Using the Function

tdb = 16 ºC
f= 40 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Wet air composition

Vi_wa_%
%vol
N2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE!
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 12

O2 0.0000 0.00000 32.00 0.000

of a given wet air

Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with w
(from Table 5)
mda/F_st =
x=
pressure p= 101325 Pa Wet air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichio
Water in stoichiometric products due to w


CO2 1.003 1.00 44 44.13
O2 0.000 0.00 32 0.00
N2 7.499 7.50 28 209.99
SO2 0.000 0.00 64 0.00

rF = 0.7216 kgF/mF³
Ambient temperature
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.135
From Table 9
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 9.58
the products
H2O 18.77
N
N prod N2 71.65
SO2 0.00
Tot = 100.0

p= 101.33 kPa Nv = 18.8 kmol
Nprod = 100.0 kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = 19.0 kPa
pv = 19.021 kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
Table 19.
Wet basis Dry basis

dry air

CO2 9.58 CO2 9.58 9.58
H2O 18.77 H2O 18.77 0.0
O2 0.00 O2 0.00 0.0
N2 71.65 N2 71.65 71.65
SO2 0.00 SO2 0.00 0.00
100.0 100.0 81.23

in wet products (with dray air) (with dry air)
CO2% = 9.58 % CO2% = 11.80 %

PTA = 120 % H2O 0.983
EAF = PTA / 100 NO2 1.986
EAF = 1.2 Combustion Nprod-i_F
with Exc% = 20 % CO2 1.003
H2O 1.965
VN2/F = 0.034
Table 24. Volumetric composition of products of combustion Table 25. Mass composition of pro
with exc. & da
rmol_i-F Vf Vf
O2 0.3971 #VALUE! #VALUE! O2
Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of composition


rF = 0.7216 kgF / m³F
CO2
rF = 0.7216 kgF / m³F O2
(from Table 5)
mda/F_stoich =
W=
mwa/F_st =
MMda =
Nw_wa =
Nw_comb =
Water from wet air
Nw_wa =
Table 29. Mass ratio of wet air to fuel, for combustion with excess air Table 30. Mass products, for combust

(from Table 15)

H2O
w F

(from Table 15)
Density of products with excess wet
w F
(from Table 28)
Partial pressure
From Table 18
the products %
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod
the products %
Exc = 20
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Partial pressure
From Table 22
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
Volume of stoichiometric products at operation temperature (da)

tamb = 15.56 ºC
top = 343.33 ºC
Tamb = 288.7 K
Top = 616.5 K
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.14
Vprod/F_st_op = Vprod/F_st * TCF
Vprod/F_st_da = 10.467 m³prod / m³F
TCF = 2.135
4
Vprod_st_da_top = 22.35 m³prod / m³F 4

Vprod_exc_top = Vprod_exc_wab * TCF
TCF = 2.14
Vprod_exc_wa_top = #VALUE! ft³prod / ft³F
Table 34. Data selection

C3H8 #VALUE! 44 44 RF =
Rda =
C8H18 #VALUE! 114 114 Rg=
CO2 #VALUE! 44 44
S #VALUE! 32 32
SH2 #VALUE! 34 34
SO2 #VALUE! 64 64
H2O #VALUE! 18 18
N2 #VALUE! 28 28
Ar #VALUE! 40 40
O2 #VALUE! 32 32
C #VALUE! 12 12
Air #VALUE! 28.97 28.970
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

mN2/O2 = 3.31 3.31 3.31 (da)
e able to obtain its same results. For the
cation example, select "Literature" Combustion is initially calculated
a general case, select "Gas data" for the stoichiometric case and then
343 ºC 343.3 Later, combustion products at operating
Input data list:

Gas data
Literature
bers or text in red are input data from Tyler [6], Example, page 5.

% % %
(Table 15) with dry air (Table 24) 7 with wet air
kgprod / kgF mprod/F_exc_da = #VALUE! kgprod / kgF 20.03 mprod/F_exc_wa=
(Table 27) (Table 21 ) 6
combustion, dry air combustion, wet air
kgwa / kgF mda/F_exc = 19.22 kgda / kgF 19.36 mwa/F_exc=
m³prod / m³F Vprod_exc_da = #VALUE! m³prod_da /m³F Vprod_exc__wa =

#VALUE! ºC temperature 4
Vprod_st_top = 22.35 m³prod/ m³F 23.88
Error in TCF. Wrong
temperature used
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
2% in products of stoichiometric combustion
centage of carbon dioxide

wet products (with wet air)
#VALUE! %
centage of carbon dioxide in dry products
#VALUE! %
t= 15.55555556 ºC T= 288.7055556 K
p= 101325 Pa Const = p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04221
86.21 2144 50.00 0.6754 0.622 1848
7.20 1711 47.80 1.2664 0.052 123
0.00 1631 46.40 1.8574 0.000 0
0.00 1687 45.30 2.4484 0.000 0
0.00 658 44.80 4.8123 0.000 0

0.00 14378 120.00 0.0844 0.000 0
0.00 1033 10.09 1.1820 0.000 0
1.03 1596 0.0 1.8574 0.007 16
0.00 715 9.20 1.3508 0.000 0
0.00 1105 17.40 1.4353 0.000 0
0.00 727 0.0 2.7017 0.000 0
0.00 1974 0.0 0.7598 0.000 0
5.57 1042 0.0 1.1820 0.040 58
0.00 532 0.0 1.6885 0.000 0
0.00 980 0.0 1.3508 0.000 0
100 0.7216 2046
rF = 0.7216 CPF = 2046
kgF/mF³ J/(kg*K)
H2O 0.9825
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 mO2 = NO2 * MMO2 / MMF
0.000 0.000 NO2 = 1.986 kmolO2 / kmolF
0.000 0.000 MMO2 = 32 kgO2 / kmolO2
0.000 0.000 mO2 = 3.717 kgO2 / kgF
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 Table 4. Dry air density at ambient conditions
0.000 0.000 p= 101,325 Pa
1.000 0.000 t= 15.56 ºC
1.000 0.000 T= 289 K
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 rda = P / (R*T)
0.000 0.000 P= 101,325 Pa
0.000 0.000 Rda = 287.0 [J/(kg*kmol)
0.000 0.000 T= 288.71 K
0.0000 rda = 1.222914 kgda/m³da
kmolO2 /kmolF
O2 0.000 0.00 kmolO2 / kmolF

F_st
VN2 = 7.499 m³N2/m³F
kgda / m³da
Nitrogen mass in products
m³da / m³F NN2 = 7.499 kmolN2 / kmolF

15.24 CO2 1.857 0.1524 0.0821
12.22 H2O 0.760 0.1222 0.1608
0 O2 1.3508 0.0000 0.0000
72.54 N2 1.182 0.7254 0.6137
0.00 SO2 2.702 0.0000 0.0000

m³prod / kgF m% V%
CO2 15.24 9.58
* rF_STP
d/kgF_st O2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / kgF N2 72.54 71.65
kgF / m³F SO2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / m³F 100 100


T= 289 K
Nomenclature
Index wa: wet air
P= 101,325 Pa
T= 288.71 K

CO2 1.003 1.003
#VALUE! kgw / KgF N2 7.499 7.499
SO2 0.000 0.00
Nprod/F = #VALUE!
#VALUE! kgwa / KgF
¿
Water from wet air
#VALUE!
17.09
16.017
kmolw / kmolda
kgF / kmolF
kgda / kgF
Nw_tot =
Nw_comb =
Nw_comb + Nw_wa
1.965
kmolw/kmolF
kmolw/kmolF
[ ][
¿[ Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅
MMF = 17.09 kgF / kmolF Table 16. Stoichiometric wet air-fuel ratio
mi-F mfract_i mprod_i Volume ratio stoichiometric products-fuel, with wa
ion factor TCF
ºC
K
ºC
K
From Table 14
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
Nv O2 #VALUE!
Pv = ⋅P
SO2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

Nprod = #VALUE!
pprod = 101.3
pv = #VALUE!
pv = #VALUE!
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE!
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE!
Table 20.
Wet basis Dry basis

wet air


in wet products (with wet air) (with wet air)

Exc = 1.20 O2
m³N2/m³F VN2/F = 0.034 m³N2/m³F


Mass compos. Vol. compos. mprod_exc_da = #VALUE! kgprod / kgF 7
m% V%
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

16.017 kgda / kgF CO2 1.003 1.003
#VALUE! kgw / kgF O2 0.397 0.3971
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
16.017 kg a
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Vprod_exc__wa =
17.09 kgF / kmolF
Total wet prod.

44 1.003 2.58 #VALUE!

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 101.3 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
sition in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

%

8314 J/(kmol*K) Gas
486.4 J/(kg*K) Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.78026 28
Rg / MMda Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.00930 40
8314 J/(kmol*K) (CO2) 0.000365 0.00037 44
28.97 kgAir / kmolAir 0.99967 1.00000
287.0 J/(kg*K) MMda = 28.9578
T= 288.705555556 K Const =
p= 101325 Pa
0.78026 28 1.181978 0.922252
0.21007 32 1.350832 0.283770
0.00930 40 1.688540 0.015709
0.00037 44 1.857394 0.000678
1.00000 rda = 1.222409
#REF!
Page 1 of 22

da: dry air
exc: excess air
st: stoichiometric
wa: wet air
Page 2 of 22

mass% vol%
% %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

(Table 30)
#VALUE! kgair / kgF

#VALUE! m³prod_wa /m³F
Page 3 of 22
ror in TCF. Wrong

mperature used
Page 4 of 22
Lower heating
value fraction
LHVf
= Mfrac*LHV
MJ/kgF
43.103
3.439
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
46.5
LHVF = 46.5
MJ/kgF
Page 5 of 22

olO2 / kmolF
olO2 / kmolF
Page 6 of 22
Page 7 of 22
roducts (dry air)
Mass compos. Volume

mprod_i V%
%
15.24 9.58
12.22 18.77
0.00 0.00
72.54 71.65
0.00 0.00
100.0
Page 8 of 22
r composition
air volume
Page 9 of 22

kginert/kmolinert
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! %
Page 10 of 22
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprodkmolF
¿
[ ] [ ] []
¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ¿¿
Page 11 of 22
Page 12 of 22
al pressure pv
/ Nprod) * Pprod
kmol
kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
ºC
ºC
s with dry air
Page 13 of 22
ducts with wet air

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 14 of 22

1.003 kmolCO2/kmolF

1.965 kmolH2O/kmolF
burned oxygen


0.000 kmolSO2/kmolF
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 17 of 22
kgprod/kgF
m³prod_da /m³F
kgF / m³F
m³prod_da /kgF
Page18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21of 22
Page 22 of 22
kgi/kmolda
21.847
6.722
0.372
0.016
28.9578
kgda/kmolda
= Const * MMi
p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04221
kg/m³
Natural gas, volume composition Tyler [6], page 5
2. Stoichiometric air fuel mass ratio

Complete combustion and dry air
3.- Mass of products of stoiquiometric complete combustion

Mass of products per kilogram fuel
4.- Volume of combustion products

Volume at ambient and opertaion conditions conditions
5.- CO2 content in flue gas in a stoichiometric combustion, in a wet and in a dry basis
In wet and dry basis
6.- Air requirement for a combustion with excess air
7. Mass of products
Nat. gas_2.pdf'!A457
with excess air
8.- Volume of products

Nat. gas_2.pdf'!A486
with excess air
9.- CO2 content in wet and dry products

For excess air combustion
Table 3
lbF / ft³F kgF / m³F
Table 3
0.01026
0.8625
0.0718
0.0554
Table 4
Table 5 Oxigen requirements

0.2920
3.7420
In Table 6, the correct calculation for ethane gives

0.0718 * 112 / 30 = 0.2681
The value shown in the table is 0.2920
The oxygen requirements are

mO2 = moxygen-CH4 + moxygen-C2H6
moxygen-CH4 3.45 kgO2-CH4 / kgF
moxygen-C2H6 0.2681 kgO2-C2H6 / kgF From Table 3, Nat. gas_2.xls
mO2 = 3.7181 kgO2 / kgF mO2 = #REF!
The result shown in the table is 3.7420
Stoichioimetric air fuel mass ratio (da)

Table 6
Nitrogen associated wit the
mN2 =
2. Stoichiometric air fuel m

mda/F_stoich =
From Table 5 From Table 5 corrected

mO2 = 3.742 kgO2 / kgF mO2 = 3.718 kgO2 / kgF
Nitrogen associated with the stoich. oxigen Nitrogen associated with the stoich. oxigen
Table 6a (without correction) Table 6b (with correction)
mN2 = mO2 * r-mN2/mO2 mN2 = mO2 * r-mN2/mO2
mO2 = 3.742 mO2 = 3.718
r-mN2/mO2 = 3.310 kgN2 / kgO2 r-mN2/mO2 = 3.310 kgN2 / kgO2
mN2 = 12.39 kgN2 / kgF mN2 = 12.307 kgN2 / kgF
Stoichiometric dry air Stoichiometric dry air (corrected)

mda/F_stoich = mO2 + mN2 mda/F_stoich = mO2 + mN2
mO2 = 3.74 kgO2 / kgF mO2 = 3.718 kgO2 / kgF
mN2 = 12.39 kgN2 / kgF mN2 = 12.307 kgN2 / kgF
mda/F_stoich = 16.128 kgda / kgF mda/F_stoich = 16.025 kgda / kgF
From Table 3
C2H6 0.0720 kgC2H6 / kgF
Table 7, shows
C2H6 0.003247 kgC2H6 / kgF
Table 7
Table 7
Tables 8 and 9. CO2 in products

from Table 8 mCO2-prod = 0.11688 lbCO2/ft³F
mCO2-prod = 1.8629 kgCO2/m³F
Table 11. Water in products
Water produced in the combustion

mH2O-CH4 = 0.03896 36 16 = 0.0877 kgwater / kgF
mH2O-C2H6 = 0.003247 54 30 = 0.005845 kgwater / kgF
mH2O-tot = 0.0877 + 0.005816 = 0.0935 kgwater / kgF
from Table 11 mH2O-prod = 0.0933 lbCO2/ft³F
mH2O-prod = 1.4943 kgCO2/m³F
Table 10
From Table 1
mCO2 = 0.007 kgCO2/ m³F
mCH4 = 0.622 kgCH4 / m³F
mC2H6 = 0.052 kgC2H6 / m³F
mN2 = 0.040 kgN2 / m³F
0.722 kgF / m³F
Products of combustion
From #2
Nitrogen associated with the stoich. oxigen. Without correction mN2-VF = 0.56
mN2 = 12.39 kgN2 / kgF
Nitrogen associated with the stoich. oxigen. Corrected value
mN2 = 12.308 kgN2 / kgF
Fuel density (from Table 1) Specific volume

rF = mcomp = 0.722 kgF / m³F vF = 1 / rF
rF = mcomp = 0.04505 lbF / ft³F vF = 1.386 m³F / kgF
vF = 0.629 m³F / lbF
vF = 22.20 ft³F / lbF
Temperature correction factor In the example, the ambie

The previous calculation have been done for ambient conditions tamb =
tamb = 15.56 ºC tamb =
Tamb = 288.71 K
p= 101325 Pa but the TCF is calculated w
tamb =
Also, the molar volume is calculated at these conditions. Tamb =
The stack operating conditions are So, the resulting TCF is

top = 343.33 ºC TCF =
Top = 616.48 K Top =
p= 101325 Pa Tamb =
TCF =
To obtain the results at stack operating temperature, a Temperature
Correction Factor has to be applied. In Table 12, it is used
TCF = Top / Tamb TCF =
Top = 616.48 K
Tamb = 288.71 K
TCF = 2.135
Table 12. Volume of products of combustion
ft³prod/ft³F
Table 12b
mi MMi Ni Vi_std Vi
mi/MMi vmol * Ni Vi_std * TDF
lbprod-i /ft³F lbi/lbmoli lbmoli / ft³F ft³i / ft³F ft³i / ft³F
CO2 0.11658 44 0.0026 1.0052 2.267
H2O 0.09332 18 0.0052 1.9669 4.435
N2 tot 0.56250 28 0.0201 7.6215 17.186
V= 23.89 ft³prod/ ft³F@650ºF
4. Volume at 650 ºF
Vprod_st_top = 23.88 ft³prod/ ft³F 4 Error in TCF. Wrong
temperature used
Vprod_st_top = 23.88 m³prod/ m³F
4.Flue gas weight to volume

From Table 2
Fuel components
mi
lbi / ft³F
CH4 0.038832
C2H6 0.003241
5.- CO2 content in flue gas in a stoichiometric combustion, in a wet and in a dry basis
CO2wb = 9.47 %
5a
Wet basis
From Table 12c

Vi
Vi_std * TDF
ft³i / lbF
CO2 2.267
H2O 4.435
N2 tot 17.186
V= 23.89 ft³/lbF @ 650 ºF
Wet basis %
CO2wb = 9.49
6.- Air requirement for a combustion with excess air
mda/F_exc = 19.36 kgda / kgF
Air requirement for a combustion with excess air
Excess air factor

EAF = 1.2
Stoichiometric air fuel mass ratio [6]

mda/F_stoich = 16.132 kgAir / kgF
Air fuel ratio with excess

mda/F_exc = mda/F_stoich * EAF
mda/F_stoich = 16.132
EAF = 1.2
mda/F_exc = 19.36 kgAir / kgF
Mass of products with excess air
mprod_exc = 20.03 kgprod / kgF

7
Combustion products Vprod_exc = 28.19 ft³prod / ft³F

from Table 8 mCO2-prod = 0.11688 lbCO2/ft³F
from Table 11 mH2O-prod = 0.0933 lbCO2/ft³F
8
from Table 11a mN2-VF = 0.5579 lbN2 / ft³F
Temperature Corection Factor
From Table 12a (Table 8b) TCF = 2.255
Product volumes @ 343 ºC
(stoichiometric products)
Vi
ft³i / ft³F
CO2 2.273
H2O 4.434
N2 tot 17.186
Vprod_st = 23.893 ft³prod/ ft³F @ 650 ºF
Vprod_st = 23.893 m³prod/m³F @ 650 ºF 8.- Volume of products with excess air
9.- CO2 content in wet and dry products
From Table 12a (Table 8b)

Product volumes @ 343 ºC
(stoichiometric products)
Vi
ft³i / ft³F
CO2 2.273
H2O 4.434
N2 tot 17.186
Vprod_st = 23.893 ft³prod/ ft³F @ 650 ºF
Vprod_st = 23.893 m³prod/m³F @ 650 ºF
Air density at operation temperature Air density at ambient temperature

t= 343.33333333 ºC t= 15.55555556 ºC
T= 616.48333333 kg/kmol T= 288.7055556 kg/kmol
r= P * M / (Rg * T) r= P * M / (Rg * T)
P= 101325 Pa P= 101325 Pa
Mair = 28.97 kg/kmol Mair = 28.96972771 kg/kmol
Rg = 8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)] Rg = 8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)]
T= 616.48333333 kg/kmol T= 288.7055556 kg/kmol
r= 0.573 kg/m³ r= 1.223 kg/m³
Ambient temperature
t= 60 ºF General gas constant
t= 15.56 ºC Rg = 8314.41
T= 288.7 K
Density equation of an ideal gas
Ambient data r= P / (R*T)
P= 101325 Pa r= P / (Rg/M*T)
f= 0 % r= P * M / (Rg * T)
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Volume compostion
Vfraction % vol Densities of some gases at ambient conditions
CO2 0.004 0.4 M
CH4 0.921 92.1 kg/kmol
C2H6 0.041 4.1 CO2 44
N2 : 0.034 3.4 CH4 16
1 100 C2H6 30
Excess air perentage N2 28
Exc = 20 %
Excess air factor
EAF = 1.2 r-mN2/mO2 = 3.310
Stack operation temperature

top = 650 ºF
top = 343.33 ºC
Return to top of sheet
Table 1
Fuel components SI
Vfraction ri mi mfraction
m³i / m³F kgi / m³i kgi / m³F kgi / kgF
CO2 0.004 1.857 0.0074 0.01030
CH4 0.921 0.675 0.6220 0.86206
C2H6 0.041 1.266 0.0519 0.07196
N2 : 0.034 1.182 0.0402 0.05569
1.0 0.722 1.0
rF = 0.722 kgF / m³F
0.04505 lbF / ft³F
1 kg =
Table 2 1 m³ =
Fuel components Imperial system
Vfraction ri mi mfraction
ft³i / ft³F lbi / ft³i lbi / ft³F kgi / kgF
CO2 0.004 0.1159 0.0004638 0.01030
CH4 0.921 0.0422 0.038832 0.86206 CH4
C2H6 0.041 0.0791 0.003241 0.07196 C2H6
N2 : 0.034 0.0738 0.002509 0.05569
1.0000 0.04505 1.0
lbF / ft³F
Table 3
Mass composition of components
kgCO2 / kgF mi mfraction m%
kgCH4 / kgF (fom Table 1)
kgC2H6 / kgF kgi / m³F kgi / kgF %
kgN2 / kgF CO2 0.0074 0.01030 1.0296
CH4 0.6220 0.8621 86.2057
C2H8 0.0519 0.0720 7.1955
N2 0.0402 0.0557 5.5692
0.722 1.0 100.0
kgF/ m³F
mCH4 0.622 kg / m³F

mC2H8 0.052 kg / m³F

Oxigen required for the combustion from carbon to obtain CO2 and hydrogen
to H2O
Methane
Oxigen required for the combustion of 1 kmol CH4 to CO2 and H2O
1 + 1
0.8625 32 / 16 2 =
kgCH4 kgO2 kgF kmolO2
kgF kmolO2 kgCH4 kgF
0.2681
moxygen-CH4 3.45
3.7181
Ethane
Oxigen required for the combustion of 1 kmol C2H6 to CO2 and H2O
2 + 1.5
0.0718 32 / 30 3.5 =
kgC2H6 kgO2 kgF kmolO2
kgF kmolO2 kgC2H6 kgF
moxygen-C2H6 0.2681
Table 5 corrected
Total oxigen requirements for stoichiometric complete combustion
mO2 = moxygen-CH4 + moxygen-C2H6
at. gas_2.xls moxygen-CH4 3.4500 kgO2-CH4 / kgF
kgO2 / kgF moxygen-C2H6 0.2681 kgO2-C2H6 / kgF
mO2 = 3.718 kgO2 / kgF Corrected value
0.768 / 0.232 = 3.31 kgN2 / kgO2
trogen associated wit the stoichiometric oxygen

12.39 lbN2 / lbF N2 outside (corrected values)
(outside N2, acompaning the combustion oxigen)
Stoichiometric air fuel mass ratio mN2 = mO2 * 0.768 / 0.232
16.132 kgda / kgF 2 mO2 = 3.718 kg O2
/ kg F
mN2 = 12.308 kgN2 / kgF
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio (corrected value)

mda/F_stoich = mO2 + mN2
oich. oxigen mO2 = 3.718 kgO2 / kgF
mN2 = 12.308 kgN2 / kgF
mda/F_stoich = 16.026 kgair / kgF
Corrected Table 7, Fuel + air = products

mi_comp_i mO2-i mprod-i
kgi / kgF kgoxygen-i / kgF kgprod-i / kgF
(from Table 3) (from Table 6) mi_comp_i + mO2-i
CO2 0.0103 0.0103

CH4 0.8621 3.450 4.3121
C2H6 0.0720 0.2681 0.3400
N2 fuel 0.0557 0.0557 mN2 = 12.36
N2 outside 12.3080
mprod_st = 17.03
kgprod_st / kgF
Table 7
Fuel moxygen-i mN2-outside mprod-i
kgi / kgF kgoxygen-i / kgF kgN2/ kgF kgprod-i / kgF
CO2 0.0103 0.0103
CH4 0.8625 3.45 4.3125 Two errors in the Ethane
C2H6 0.003247 0.292 0.295247 See Table 7 corrected
N2 fuel 0.0554 0.0554
N2 outside 12.39 12.390 Value without correction

mprod_st = 17.0634
3.- Mass of stoichiometric products per kilogram fuel 3.- Mass of products per kilogram fuel
(dry air) (some corrections included)
mprod_st = 16.80 kgprod_st / kgF 3 (Two errors) mprod_st = 17.03
CO2 in products
Table 8. CO2 Imperial system

lbi/ft³F lbmolCO2/lbmolCH4 lbCO2/lbmolCO2 (lbCH4/lbmolCH4)^-1
CH4 0.03883 1 44 / 16 0.1068

(Table 2)
lbC2H6/ft³F lbmolCO2/lbmolC2H6 lbCO2/lbmolCO2 (lbC2H6/lbmolC2H6)^-1
C2H6 0.0032 2 44 / 30 0.00951

mCO2-prod = 0.11630
mCO2-prod = 1.8629
Table 9 CO2 SI system
kgCH4/m³F kmolCO2/kmolCH4 kgCO2/kmolCO2 (kgCH4/kmolCH4)^-1

/
CH4 0.622 1 44 16 1.7106
kgC2H6/m³F kmolCO2/kmolCH4 kgCO2/kmolCO2 (kgC2H6/kmolC2H6)^-1
C2H6 0.0519 2 44 / 30 0.15230
mCO2-prod = 1.8629
1 kg =
1 m³ =
Table 11. H2O
kgCH4/m³F kmolH2O/kmolCH4 kgH2O/kmolH2O (kgCH4/kmolCH4)^-1
CH4 0.622 2 18.016 / 16 1.4008
kgC2H6/m³F kmolCO2/kmolçCH4 kgCO2/kmolCO2 (kgC2H6/kmolC2H6)^-1
C2H6 0.0519 3 18.016 / 30 0.09354
mH2O-prod = 1.4943
mH2O-prod = 0.0933
Molar volume SI Molar volume Imperial

t= 15.5 ºC t= 60
vmol = Rg * T /P vmol = Rg * T /P
Molar volume at Standard Temperature Molar volume at Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP) and Pressure (STP)
Molar volume in SI units Molar volume in SI units

T= 288.65 K T= 519.67
p= 101,325 Pa p= 14.7
Rg = 8314.41 J / (kmol*K) Rg = 10.73159
vmol = 23.69 m³ / kmol vmol = 379.38
Table 11a Table 11b

lbN2 / ft³F Mass of nitrogen per volume of fuel Total mass of combustion products
mN2-VF = mN2 * VF mprod-VF = mCO2-prod + mH2O-prod + mN2-prod
mN2 = 12.39 kgN2 / kgF mCO2-prod = 0.1163
vF = 1.386 m³F / kgF mH2O-prod = 0.0933
mN2-VF = 8.94 kgN2 / m³F mN2-VF = 0.56
mN2-VF = 0.5579 lbN2 / ft³F mprod-VF = 0.7675
1 kg =
1 m³ =
the example, the ambient temperature used is

60.00 ºF
15.56 ºC
t the TCF is calculated with

0.00 ºC
273.15 K
o, the resulting TCF is

Top / Tamb
616.48 K
273.15 K
2.257 calculated with tamb = ºC
Table 12, it is used

2.255
vmol = 379.38 ft³/lbmol

vmol = 23.69 m³ / Kmol
TCF = 2.255 Error (see ptevious page)
Table 12a
Volume of stoichiometric products of combustion
Products mi MMi Ni Vi_std
mi/MMi vmol * Ni
lb-i / ft³F lbi/lbmoli lbmoli / ft³F ft³i / ft³F
CO2 0.11688 (Table 8) 44 0.0027 1.0078
H2O 0.09329 (Table 11) 18 0.0052 1.9662
N2 tot 0.56250 (Table 11a) 28 0.0201 7.6215
0.7727 10.60
Density Stoichiometric volume ratio at Amb. conditions (da)
rprod_st = 0.773 lbprod / ft³F Vprod/F_st = 10.60
Table 12c Volume ratio at operating conditions (da)

Vi Vprod_st_top = 23.893
Vi_std * TDF Vprod_st_top = 23.893
ft³i /ft³F
CO2 2.267
H2O 4.435
Error in TCF. Wrong N2 tot 17.186 1 kg = 2.20462
temperature used
V= 23.89 ft³prod/ ft³F @ 650 ºF 1 m³ = 35.3147

Table 8 (repeated)
Combustion to CO2
Cobustion of methane to CO2

CO2CH4 0.038832 * 1 * 44 / 16
= 0.1068
lbCH4 / ft³F lbmolCO2/lbmolCH4 lbCO2/lbmolCO2 lbCH4/lbmolCH4
Cobustion of ethane to CO2
C2H6 0.003241 * 2 * 44 / 30
= 0.00951
lbC2H6 / ft³F lbmolCO2/lbmolC2H6 lbCO2/lbmolCO2 lbC2H6/lbmolC2H5
CO2 = CO2CH4 + CO2C2H6

CO2CH4 = 0.1068 lbCO2 / ft³F
CO2C2H6 = 0.0095 lbCO2 / ft³F
CO2 = 0.11630 lbCO2 / ft³F
11.64 %
CO2db = 11.64 %
5b
Dry basis
From Table 12c, modified

Vi
Vi_std * TDF
ft³i / lbF
CO2 2.267
H2O 0.000
N2 tot 17.186
V= 19.45 ft³/lbF @ 650 ºF
Dry basis %
CO2db = 11.65
Air requirement for a combustion with excess air

(with corrected values)
Excess air factor

EAF = 1.2
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio (corrected value)

mda/F_stoich = 16.026 kgAir / kgF
Air fuel ratio with excess

mda/F_exc = mda/F_stoich * EAF
mda/F_stoich = 16.026
EAF = 1.2
mda/F_exc = 19.23 kgAir / kgF
Mass of products with excess

mprod_exc = mprod_st + mda/F_st * Exc
Mass of stoichiometric products

mprod_st = 17.03 kgprod / kgF
Excess air
Exc = 0.2
Stoichiometric air
mda/F_st= 16.026 kgAir / kgF
mprod_exc = 20.23 kgprod / kgF
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio (corrected value) from #2 Excess air

mda/F_stoich = 16.026 kgair / kgF Vda/F_exc= Vair/F_st * Exc
Vair/F_st = 9.46 m³air / m³F
Air density at ambient temperature Exc = 0.2
r= 1.223 kgair/m³air Vda/F_exc= 1.89 m³air / m³F
Vda/F_exc= 1.89 ft³air /ft³F
Air volume at ambient temperature
Vda/F_stoich = mda/F_stoich / r Excess air at operation temperature
mda/F_stoich = 16.026 kgair / kgF Vda/F_ex_op = Vda/F_exc * TCF
r= 1.223 kgair/m³air Air at ambient temperature
Vda/F_stoich = 13.11 m³air / kgF Vda/F_exc= 1.89 m³air / m³F
TCF = 2.26
Air density at operation temperature Vda/F_ex_op = 4.26 m³air / m³F
rF = 0.722 kgF / m³F
Volume of products with excess air (da)
Air fuel volume ratio, stoichiometric Vprod_exc = Vprod_st + Vda/F_exc
Vair/F_st = Vda/F_stoich * rF Vair/F_st = 23.893 m³air / m³F
Vda/F_stoich = 13.11 m³air / kgF Vda/F_exc= 4.26 m³air / m³F
rF = 0.722 kgF / m³F Vprod_exc = 28.158 m³prod / m³F
Vair/F_st = 9.456 m³air / m³F
1 kg = 2.20462 lb
1 m³ = 35.3147 ft³
CO2 in wet basis CO2 in dry basis
Product volumes with excess air Product volumes with excess air
Product volumes @ 343 ºC Product volumes @ 343 ºC
Vi Vi
m³i / m³F m³i / m³F
CO2 2.273 CO2 2.273
H2O 4.434 H2O 0.000
N2 tot 17.186 N2 tot 17.186
Excess air 4.26 Excess air 4.26
Vprod_exc = 28.158 m³prod/m³F @ 343 ºC Vprod_exc = 23.724 m³prod/m³F @ 343 ºC
CO2wb = 2.273 / 28.158 CO2db = 2.273 / 23.724

CO2wb = 8.07 % CO2db = 9.58 %

1
[ J / (kmol*K)]
of an ideal gas
* M / (Rg * T)
gases at ambient conditions

r
kg / m³
1.857
0.675
1.266
1.182
kgN2 / kgO2
2.20462 lb
35.3147 ft³
mi
lbi / ft³F
0.038832
0.003241
in CO2 and hydrogen 4

3.45
kgO2
kgF
kgO2-CH4 / kgF
0.2681
kgO2
kgF
kgO2-C2H6 / kgF
ombustion
5
6
kgN2 / kgN2
wo errors in the Ethane

ee Table 7 corrected
lue without correction
ucts per kilogram fuel
kgprod_st / kgF
lbCO2/ft³F
lbCO2/ft³F
lbCO2/ft³F
kgCO2/m³F
kgCO2/m³F
kgCO2/m³F
kgCO2/m³F
2.20462 lb
35.3147 ft³
kgH2O/m³F
kgH2O/m³F
kgH2O/m³F
lbH2O/ft³F
9
ºF
Standard Temperature
R
Pa
J / (kmol*K)
m³ / kmol
mbustion products
O2-prod
+ mH2O-prod + mN2-prod
lbCO2/ft³F
lbH2O/ft³F
lbN2 / ft³F
lbprod2 / ft³F
2.20462 lb
35.3147 ft³
10
11
Vi
Vi_std * TDF
ft³i / ft³F
2.273
4.434
17.186
23.893
e ratio at Amb. conditions (da)
m³prod / m³F 4a
perating conditions (da)

ft³prod_st/ft³F @ 343 ºC
m³prod_sr/m³F @ 343 ºC
lb
ft³
12
lbCO2 / ft³F
lbCO2 / ft³F
13
14
15
16
17
od
/m³F @ 343 ºC
18
Input data Application to ethane gas

Temperature t= 20 ºC This selection is applicable only if one
Pressure p= 100000 Pa 100,000 to use the same data used in the refere
Relative humidity f= 0 % to be able to obtain its same results.
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l. In this case, the literature data is from
reference [1]
Fuel Volume
Note V%
CH4 0.0
C2H6 100.0 100 Combustion with excess air
C3H8 0.0 Exccess air
C4H10 0.0 Exc% =
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 0.0
H2 0.0 Stack operation temperature
CO 0.0 top =
CO2 0.0
S 0.0
SH2 0.0
SO2 0.0
H2O 0.0 Notes
N2 0.0 Numbers or text in red are input data from, Yunus Cengel and Michae
Ar 0.0
O2 0.0
100.0
Resume of main results

% % %
CO2 17.24 11.01 CO2 #VALUE!
H2O 10.58 16.52 H2O #VALUE!
O2 0.00 0.00 O2 #VALUE!
N2 72.18 72.47 N2 #VALUE!
SO2 0.00 0.00 SO2 #VALUE!
Vprod/F_st_da = 14.75 m³ / kg Vprod/F_st_wa = #VALUE!
prod F
mda/F_st = 16.09 kgda / KgF mwa/F_st = #VALUE!

Vprod/F_st = 18.16 m³prod / m³F Vprod/F_st = #VALUE!
Resume of additional r
Fuel properties
(Table 1)
Fuel molecular mass Dew point temperature of stoich. produ
RF = 277 J/(kg*K)
rF = 1.231 kg/m³ Dew point temperature of combustion
LHVF = 47.8 MJ/kgF
Number in red is the solution from [1], Yunus Ce

Inputs must be the same as in the reference

CH4 0.0 16 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
C2H6 100.0 30 1.00000 30.0000 1.0000
C3H8 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
C4H10 0.0 58 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 0.0 114 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2 0.0 2.0 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO2 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
S 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SH2 0.0 34 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SO2 0.0 64 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2O 0.0 18 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
N2 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
Ar 0.0 40 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
O2 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
100.0 1.00 30.00 1
MMF = 30.00
kgF / kmolF


CH4 0.000 1.0 0.0000 1.000 0.0000

C2H6 1.000 2.0 2.0000 1.500 1.5000
C3H8 0.000 3.0 0.0000 2.000 0.0000
C4H10 0.000 4.0 0.0000 2.500 0.0000
C8H18 (gas) 0.000 8.0 0.0000 4.500 0.0000

H2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
CO 0.000 0.5 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
CO2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
S 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
SH2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
SO2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
H2O 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
N2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
Ar 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
O2 0 -1.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
1.000 2.000 1.5000

NO2 = 3.500 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 = 2.000
VN2/O2 = 3.760 m³N2 / m³O2 O2 = 0.0
NN2 = 13.160 kmolN2 / kmolF SO2 = 0.00
VN2_out = 13.160 m³N2 / m³F NO2 = 3.500

Nda = NO2 + NN2 VN2/F_% = 0
NO2 = 3.500 kmolO2 / kmolF VN2/F = 0
da Air F
MMF = 30.00 kgF / kmolF rda = 1.188624
mda/F_st = 16.088 kgda / kgF rF = 1.2309
Vda/F_st = 16.660

CO2 2.000 44 88.00 2.93 0.1724
H2O 3.000 18 54.00 1.80 0.1058
O2 0.000 32 0 0 0
N2 13.160 28 368.48 12.28 0.7218
SO2 0.000 64 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Nprod-F 18.16 17.016 1.0
mprod-F = 17.02
MMprod-da = 510.5 / 18.16 rF_STP = 1.2309
MMprod-da = 28.11 kgprod / kmolprod Vprod/F_st_da = 18.16
Table 10
Ambient conditions
Using the Function

tdb = 20 ºC
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Wet air composition

Vi_wa_%
%vol
N2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE!
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 12

O2 0.0000 0.00000 32.00 0.000

of a given wet air

Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with wet
For ambient air with a humidity content, as usually Mass of water in stoichiometric combu
(from Table 5)
mda/F_st =
x=
pressure p= 100000 Pa Wet air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichiome
Water in stoichiometric products due to wet


CO2 2.000 2.00 44 88.00
O2 0.000 0.00 32 0.00
N2 13.160 13.16 28 368.48
SO2 0.000 0.00 64 0.00

rF = 1.2309 kgF/mF³
Ambient temperature
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.092
From Table 9
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 11.01
the products
H2O 16.52
N
N prod N2 72.47
SO2 0.00
Tot = 100.0

p= 100.00 kPa Nv = 16.5 kmol
Nprod = 100.0 kmol
pprod = 100.0 kPa
pv = 16.5 kPa
pv = 16.520 kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
Table 19.
Wet basis Dry basis

dry air

CO2 11.01 CO2 11.01 11.01
H2O 16.52 H2O 16.52 0.0
O2 0.00 O2 0.00 0.0
N2 72.47 N2 72.47 72.47
SO2 0.00 SO2 0.00 0.00
100.0 100.0 83.48

in wet products
CO2% = 11.01 % CO2% = 13.19 %

PTA = 120 % H2O 1.500
EAF = PTA / 100 NO2 3.500
EAF = 1.2 Combustion Nprod-i_F
with Exc% = 20 % CO2 2.000
H2O 3.000
Vda/F_w.exc = 19.992 m³da / m³F VN2/F_% = 0
VN2/F = 0
Table 24. Volumetric composition of products of combustion Table 25. Mass composition of produ
with exc. & da
rmol_i-F Vf Vf
O2 0.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! O2
Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of composition of


rF = 1.2309 kgF / m³F
CO2
rF = 1.2309 kgF / m³F O2
(from Table 5)
mda/F_stoich =
W=
mwa/F_st =
MMda =
Nw_wa =
Nw_comb =
Water from wet air
Nw_wa =
Table 29. Mass ratio of wet air to fuel, for combustion with excess air Table 30. Mass products, for combustion

(from Table 15)

H2O
w F

(from Table 15)
Density of products with excess wet air
w F
(from Table 28)
Partial pressure
From Table 18
the products %
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod
the products %
Exc = 20
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Partial pressure
From Table 22
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!

tamb = 20.00 ºC
top = 340.00 ºC
Tamb = 293.2 K
Top = 613.2 K
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 2.09
TCF = 2.092
Vprod_st_da_top = 37.98 m³prod / m³F

TCF = 2.09
Vprod_exc_wa_top = #VALUE! ft³prod / ft³F

C3H8 #VALUE! 44 44 RF =
Rda =
C8H18 #VALUE! 114 114 Rg=
CO2 #VALUE! 44 44
S #VALUE! 32 32
SH2 #VALUE! 34 34
SO2 #VALUE! 64 64
H2O #VALUE! 18 18
N2 #VALUE! 28 28
Ar #VALUE! 40 40
O2 #VALUE! 32 32
C #VALUE! 12 12
Air #VALUE! 28.97 28.970
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

mN2/O2 = 3.31 3.31 (da)
340.0 ºC Later, combustion products at operating
Input data list:

Gas data
e input data from, Yunus Cengel and Michael Boles [1] Example 14.2, page 739. Literature

% % %
kgwa / kgF m = 19.31 kgprod / kgF 19.30 mwa/F_exc=
da/F_exc
Number in red is the solution from [1], Yunus Cengel. Example 14.2, page 739.
Inputs must be the same as in the reference


#VALUE! ºC 52.3
#VALUE! ºC
ber in red is the solution from [1], Yunus Cengel. Example 14.2, page 739.
ts must be the same as in the reference
t= 20 ºC T= 293.15 K
p= 100000 Pa Const = p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04103
0.00 2144 50.00 0.6565 0.000 0
100.00 1711 47.80 1.2309 1.231 1711
0.00 1631 46.40 1.8053 0.000 0
0.00 1687 45.30 2.3797 0.000 0
0.00 658 44.80 4.6774 0.000 0

0.00 14378 120.00 0.0821 0.000 0
0.00 1033 10.09 1.1488 0.000 0
0.00 1596 0.0 1.8053 0.000 0
0.00 715 9.20 1.3130 0.000 0
0.00 1105 17.40 1.3950 0.000 0
0.00 727 0.0 2.6259 0.000 0
0.00 1974 0.0 0.7385 0.000 0
0.00 1042 0.0 1.1488 0.000 0
0.00 532 0.0 1.6412 0.000 0
0.00 980 0.0 1.3130 0.000 0
100 1.2309 1711
rF = 1.2309 CPF = 1711
kgF/mF³ J/(kg*K)
H2O 1.5000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 mO2 = NO2 * MMO2 / MMF
0.000 0.000 NO2 = 3.500 kmolO2 / kmolF
0.000 0.000 MMO2 = 32 kgO2 / kmolO2
0.000 0.000 mO2 = 3.733 kgO2 / kgF
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 p= 100,000 Pa
1.000 0.000 t= 20 ºC
1.000 0.000 T= 293 K
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 rda = P / (R*T)
0.000 0.000 P= 100,000 Pa
0.000 0.000 Rda = 287.0 [J/(kg*kmol)
0.000 0.000 T= 293.15 K
0.0000 rda = 1.188624 kgda/m³da
kmolO2 /kmolF
O2 0.000 0.00 kmolO2 / kmolF

F_st
/ rda * rF VN2_fuel = 0 m³N2/m³F
VN2 = 13.160 m³N2/m³F
kgda / m³da

17.24 CO2 1.805 0.1724 0.0955
10.58 H2O 0.739 0.1058 0.1432
0 O2 1.3130 0.0000 0.0000
72.18 N2 1.149 0.7218 0.6283
0.00 SO2 2.626 0.0000 0.0000

m³prod / kgF m% V%
CO2 17.24 11.01
* rF_STP
d/kgF_st O2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / kgF N2 72.18 72.47
kgF / m³F SO2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / m³F 100 100


T= 293 K
Nomenclature
Index wa: wet air
P= 100,000 Pa
T= 293.15 K

CO2 2.000 2.000
#VALUE! kgw / KgF N2 13.160 13.160
SO2 0.000 0.00
Nprod/F = #VALUE!
#VALUE! kgwa / KgF
¿
Water from wet air
#VALUE!
30.00
16.088
kmolw / kmolda
kgF / kmolF
kgda / kgF
Nw_tot =
Nw_comb =
Nw_comb + Nw_wa
3.000
kmolw/kmolF
kmolw/kmolF
[ ][
¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅
ion factor TCF
ºC
K
ºC
K
From Table 14
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
Nv O2 #VALUE!
Pv = ⋅P
SO2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

Nprod = #VALUE!
pprod = 100.0
pv = #VALUE!
pv = #VALUE!
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE!
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE!
Table 20.
Wet basis Dry basis

wet air


in wet products

Exc = 1.20 O2
m³N2/m³F VN2/F = 0 m³N2/m³F


m% V%
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

16.088 kgda / kgF CO2 2.000 2.000
#VALUE! kgw / kgF O2 0.700 0.7000
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
16.088 kg a
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Vprod_exc__wa =
30.00 kgF / kmolF
Total wet prod.

44 2.000 2.93 #VALUE!

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 100.0 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 100.0 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
sition in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

%

8314 J/(kmol*K) Gas
277.1 J/(kg*K) Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.78026 28
Rg / MMda Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.00930 40
8314 J/(kmol*K) (CO2) 0.000365 0.00037 44
28.97 kgAir / kmolAir 0.99967 1.00000
287.0 J/(kg*K) MMda = 28.9578
T= 293.15 K Const =
p= 100000 Pa
0.78026 28 1.148836 0.896393
0.21007 32 1.312956 0.275813
0.00930 40 1.641195 0.015268
0.00037 44 1.805314 0.000659
1.00000 rda = 1.188133
#REF!
Page 1 of 22

da: dry air
exc: excess air
st: stoichiometric
wa: wet air
Page 2 of 22

mass% vol%
% %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

(Table 30)
#VALUE! kgair / kgF

Page 3 of 22
m³prod/ m³F
Page 4 of 22
Lower heating
value fraction
LHVf
= Mfrac*LHV
MJ/kgF
0.000
47.800
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
47.8
LHVF = 47.8
MJ/kgF
Page 5 of 22

olO2 / kmolF
olO2 / kmolF
Page 6 of 22
Page 7 of 22
roducts (dry air)
Mass compos. Volume

mprod_i V%
%
17.24 11.01
10.58 16.52
0.00 0.00
72.18 72.47
0.00 0.00
100.0
Page 8 of 22
r composition
air volume
Page 9 of 22

kginert/kmolinert
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! %
Page 10 of 22
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprodkmolF
¿
[ ] [ ] []
¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ¿¿
Page 11 of 22
Page 12 of 22
al pressure pv
/ Nprod) * Pprod
kmol
kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
ºC
ºC
s with dry air
Page 13 of 22
ducts with wet air

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 14 of 22

2.000 kmolCO2/kmolF

3.000 kmolH2O/kmolF
burned oxygen


0.000 kmolSO2/kmolF
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 17 of 22
kgprod/kgF
m³prod_da /m³F
kgF / m³F
m³prod_da /kgF
Page18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21of 22
Page 22 of 22
kgi/kmolda
21.847
6.722
0.372
0.016
28.9578
kgda/kmolda
= Const * MMi
p / ( Rg * T) = 0.04103
kg/m³
[1], Yunus Cengel. Example 14.2, page 739.
Ethane Vethane = 100 %
Combustion of ethane with 20% excess air Exc = 20 %

Complete combustion
Total pressure p = 100 kPa p= 100,000 Pa
Results MM
a) Air fuel ratio, Cengel solution kg/kmol
AC = 19.3 kg air / kg fuel C 12
H2 2
b) Dew point temperature
The dew point temperature of the products
is the water temperature of the products t= 20 ºC
that when the products are cooled down, p= 100,000 Pa
the water starts condensing. f= 0 %
This temperature is the saturation temperature H= 0 m.a.s.l.
of the water vapor, corresponding to its
partial pressure in the products.
tDP = 52.3 ºC
The example is developed in sheet Ethane

Input data Application to octane

Temperature t= 60 ºC 60 This selection is applicable only if one
Pressure p= 96497 Pa 96497 to use the same data used in the refere
Relative humidity f= 0 % 0 to be able to obtain its same results.
Height above sea lev H= 0 m.a.s.l. 0 In this case, the literature data is from
reference [2]
Fuel Volume
Note 1 V%
CH4 0
C2H6 0 Combustion with excess air
C3H8 0 Exccess air
C4H10 0 Exc% =
0
C8H18 (gas) 100 100
H2 0 Stack operation temperature
CO 0 top =
CO2 0
S 0
SH2 0
SO2 0
H2O 0
N2 0 Notes
Ar 0 Numbers or text in red are input data from [2], Example 21.6, page 58
O2 0
100.0
Resume of main results

% % %
CO2 19.23 12.50 CO2 #VALUE!
H2O 8.85 14.06 H2O #VALUE!
O2 0.00 0.00 O2 #VALUE!
N2 71.91 73.44 N2 #VALUE!
SO2 0.00 0.00 SO2 #VALUE!
with dry air (Table 7) 4 with wet air
mprod/F_st_da = 16.05 kgprod / kgF 16.05 mprod/F_st_wa = #VALUE!
mda/F_st = 15.120 kgda / KgF 15.10 mwa/F_st = #VALUE!

Vprod_da/F_st = 64.00 m³prod / m³F 64.0 Vprod_wa/F_st = #VALUE!
Resume of additional r
Fuel properties
(Table 1)
Fuel molecular mass Dew point temperature of stoich. produ
RF = 73 J/(kg*K)
rF = 3.972 kg/m³ Dew point temperature of combustion
LHVF = 44.8 MJ/kgF
Molecular mass of stoichiometric products

with dry air 6
MMprod-da = 28.59 kgprod / kmolprod 28.59
Ratio air volume / kmol fuel 7

V= 1708 m³air/kmolF 1710
Ratio air volume / mass fuel 8

V= 14.98 m³air/kgF 14.9

CH4 0.0 16 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
C2H6 0.0 30 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
C3H8 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
C4H10 0.0 58 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
0.0
C8H18 (gas) 100.0 114 1.00000 114.0000 1.000
H2 0.0 2.0 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
CO2 0.0 44 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
S 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SH2 0.0 34 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
SO2 0.0 64 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
H2O 0.0 18 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
N2 0.0 28 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
Ar 0.0 40 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
O2 0.0 32 0.00000 0.0000 0.000
100.0 1.00 114.00 1
MMF = 114.00
kgF / kmolF


CH4 0.000 1.0 0.0000 1.000 0.0000

C2H6 0.000 2.0 0.0000 1.500 0.0000
C3H8 0.000 3.0 0.0000 2.000 0.0000
C4H10 0.000 4.0 0.0000 2.500 0.0000
C8H18 (gas) 1.000 8.0 8.0000 4.500 4.5000

H2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
CO 0.000 0.5 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
CO2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
S 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
SH2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.500 0.0000
SO2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
H2O 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
N2 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
Ar 0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
O2 0 -1.0 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
1.000 8.000 4.5000

NO2 = 12.500 kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 = 8.000
VN2/O2 = 3.760 m³N2 / m³O2 O2 = 0.0
NN2 = 47.000 kmolN2 / kmolF SO2 = 0.00
VN2_out = 47.000 m³N2 / m³F NO2 = 12.500

Nda = NO2 + NN2 VN2/F_% = 0
NO2 = 12.500 kmolO2 / kmolF VN2/F = 0
da da F
MMF = 114.00 kgF / kmolF 5 rda = 1.009277
Vda/F_st = 59.501

CO2 8.000 44 352.00 3.09 0.1923
H2O 9.000 18 162.00 1.42 0.0885
O2 0.000 32 0 0 0
N2 47.000 28 1316.00 11.54 0.7191
SO2 0.000 64 0.00 0.00 0.0000
Nprod-F 64.00 16.053 1.0
mprod-F = 16.05
MMprod-da = mprod-molF / Nprod-F Vprod/F_st = Vprod/kgF_st * rF_amb
MMprod-da = 1830.0 / 64.00 6 rF_amb = 3.9716
MMprod-da = 28.59 kgprod / kmolprod 28.59 Vprod/F_st_da = 64.000
Table 10
Ambient conditions
Using the Function

tdb = 60 ºC
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Wet air composition

Vi_wa_%
%vol
N2 #VALUE!
O2 #VALUE!
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 12

O2 0.0000 0.00000 32.00 0.000

of a given wet air

Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with wet
For ambient air with a humidity content, as usually Mass of water in stoichiometric combu
(from Table 5)
mda/F_st =
x=
pressure p= 96497 Pa Wet air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichiome
Water in stoichiometric products due to wet


CO2 8.000 8.00 44 352.00
O2 0.000 0.00 32 0.00
N2 47.000 47.00 28 1316.00
SO2 0.000 0.00 64 0.00

rF = 3.9716 kgF/mF³
Ambient temperature
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 1.840
From Table 9
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 12.50
the products
H2O 14.06
N
N prod N2 73.44
SO2 0.00
Tot = 100.0

p= 96.50 kPa Nv = 14.1 kmol
Nprod = 100.0 kmol
pprod = 96.5 kPa
pv = 13.6 kPa
pv = 13.570 kPa
tsat = tsatp_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
Table 19.
Wet basis Dry basis

dry air

CO2 12.50 CO2 12.50 12.50
H2O 14.06 H2O 14.06 0.0
O2 0.00 O2 0.00 0.0
N2 73.44 N2 73.44 73.44
SO2 0.00 SO2 0.00 0.00
100.0 100.0 85.94

in wet products
CO2% = 12.50 % CO2% = 14.55 %

PTA = 100 % H2O 4.500
EAF = PTA / 100 NO2 12.500
with Exc% = 0 % CO2 8.000
H2O 9.000
Vda/F_w.exc = 59.500 m³da / m³F VN2/F_% = 0
VN2/F = 0
Table 24. Volumetric composition of products of combustion Table 25. Mass composition of produ
with exc. & da
rmol_i-F Vf Vf
Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of composition of


rF = 3.9716 kgF / m³F
CO2
rF = 3.9716 kgF / m³F O2
(from Table 5)
mda/F_stoich =
W=
pressure p= 96497.436 Pa Mass of wet air-fuel ratio for a
mwa/F_st =
MMda =
Nw_wa =
Nw_comb =
Water from wet air
Nw_wa =
Table 29. Mass ratio of wet air to fuel, for combustion with excess air Table 30. Mass products, for combustion

(from Table 15)

H2O
w F

(from Table 15)
Density of products with excess wet air
w F
(from Table 28)
Partial pressure
From Table 18
the products %
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod
the products %
Exc = 0
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!
Partial pressure
From Table 22
N
Pv = v ⋅Pprod
N prod V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
N2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!

tamb = 60.00 ºC
top = 340.00 ºC
Tamb = 333.2 K
Top = 613.2 K
TCF = Top / Tamb
TCF = 1.84
TCF = 1.840
Vprod_st_da_top = 117.79 m³prod / m³F

TCF = 1.84
Vprod_exc_wa_top = #VALUE! ft³prod / ft³F Relative humidity

C3H8 #VALUE! 44 44 RF =
Rda =
C8H18 #VALUE! 114 114 Rg=
CO2 #VALUE! 44 44
S #VALUE! 32 32
SH2 #VALUE! 34 34
SO2 #VALUE! 64 64
H2O #VALUE! 18 18
N2 #VALUE! 28 28
Ar #VALUE! 40 40
O2 #VALUE! 32 32
C #VALUE! 12 12
Air #VALUE! 28.97 28.970
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

mN2/O2 = 3.31 3.31 (da)
340.0 ºC Later, combustion products at operating
e input data from [2], Example 21.6, page 582

% % %
(Table 15) with dry air (Tables 24, 25) with wet air
(Tables 27, 28) combustion, dry air (Table 21 ) combustion, wet air
da/F_exc


#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
t= 60 ºC T= 333.15 K
p= 96497 Pa Const = p / ( Rg * T) = 0.03484
0.00 2144 50.00 0.5574 0.000 0
0.00 1711 47.80 1.0452 0.000 0
0.00 1631 46.40 1.5329 0.000 0
0.00 1687 45.30 2.0207 0.000 0
100.00 658 44.80 3.9716 3.972 658

0.00 14378 120.00 0.0697 0.000 0
0.00 1033 10.09 0.9755 0.000 0
0.00 1596 0.0 1.5329 0.000 0
0.00 715 9.20 1.1148 0.000 0
0.00 1105 17.40 1.1845 0.000 0
0.00 727 0.0 2.2297 0.000 0
0.00 1974 0.0 0.6271 0.000 0
0.00 1042 0.0 0.9755 0.000 0
0.00 532 0.0 1.3936 0.000 0
0.00 980 0.0 1.1148 0.000 0
100 3.9716 658
rF = 3.9716 CPF = 658
kgF/mF³ J/(kg*K)
H2O 4.5000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 mO2 = NO2 * MMO2 / MMF
0.000 0.000 NO2 = 12.500 kmolO2 / kmolF
0.000 0.000 MMO2 = 32 kgO2 / kmolO2
0.000 0.000 mO2 = 3.509 kgO2 / kgF
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 p= 96,497 Pa
1.000 0.000 t= 60 ºC
1.000 0.000 T= 333 K
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 rda = P / (R*T)
0.000 0.000 P= 96,497 Pa
0.000 0.000 Rda = 287.0 [J/(kg*kmol)
0.000 0.000 T= 333.15 K
0.0000 rda = 1.009 kgda/m³da
kmolO2 /kmolF
oxigen required for stoch. kmols of products per kmol fuel for a Stoichiometric air vol./fuel mass
n for one kmol fuel stoichiometric combustion (dry air) Vda/kgF_st =
Combustion Oxygen required kmol products mda/F_st =
to for complete of combustion rda =
product i combustion (with dry air) Vda/kgF_st =
kmolO2 / kmolF CO2 8.000 8.000
H2O 4.500 9.000
O2 0.000 0.00
Vol% N2 0 47.000 Vda/kmolF_st =
m³N2/m³F SO2 0.000 0.00 Vda/kgF_st =
Nprod_st_da = 64.00 kmol prod
/ kmolF MMF =
Vda/kmolF_st =
F_st
/ rda * rF VN2_fuel = 0 m³N2/m³F
VN2 = 47.000 m³N2/m³F
kgda / m³da

19.23 CO2 1.533 0.1923 0.1255
8.85 H2O 0.627 0.0885 0.1412
0 O2 1.1148 0.0000 0.0000
71.91 N2 0.975 0.7191 0.7372
0.00 SO2 2.230 0.0000 0.0000

m³prod / kgF m% V%
CO2 19.23 12.50
* rF_amb
d/kgF_st O2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / kgF N2 71.91 73.44
kgF / m³F SO2 0.00 0.00
m³prod / m³F 100 100


T= 333 K
Nomenclature
Index wa: wet air
P= 96,497 Pa
T= 333.15 K

CO2 8.000 8.000
#VALUE! kgw / KgF N2 47.000 47.000
SO2 0.000 0.00
t air-fuel mass ratio for a stoichiometric Nprod_da/F = 64.000 kmolprod_da/kmolF #VALUE!
mda/F_st + mw_in air (wa) Nprod_wa/F = #VALUE!
15.120 kgda / KgF
#VALUE! kgw / KgF Water from combustion
#VALUE! kgwa / KgF Nw_comb = 9.00 kmolw/kmolF Water in products dueto wet air
¿
er in stoichiometric products due to wet air Water from wet air
Nw_da * MMF * mda/F_st / MMda Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF Nw_wa= Nw_da⋅MMF ⋅m¿st/ MMd
[ ][
114.00 kgF / kmolF Total water content in products ¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅
15.120 kgda / kgF Nw_tot = Nw_comb + Nw_wa kmolw/kmolF kmolda kmolF kgF kgda kmolda kmolF
28.97 kgda / kmolda Nw_comb = 9.000 kmolw/kmolF
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF Nw_wa = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
Nw_tot = #VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
ion factor TCF
ºC
K
ºC
K
From Table 14
V%
100 * (m³i / m³prod)
CO2 #VALUE!
Nv O2 #VALUE!
Pv = ⋅P
SO2 #VALUE!
Tot = #VALUE!

Nprod = #VALUE!
pprod = 96.5
pv = #VALUE!
pv = #VALUE!
tsat = tsatp_p
tsat = #VALUE!
tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE!
Table 20.
Wet basis Dry basis

wet air


in wet products

Exc = 1.00 O2
m³N2/m³F VN2/F = 0 m³N2/m³F


m% V%
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

15.120 kgda / kgF CO2 8.000 8.000
#VALUE! kgw / kgF O2 0.000 0.0000
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
15.120 kg a
#VALUE! kmolw/kmolF
114.00 kgF / kmolF
Total wet prod.

44 8.000 3.09 #VALUE!

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 96.5 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC

Nv = #VALUE! kmol
pprod = 96.5 kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
pv = #VALUE! kPa
tsat = tsat_p
tsat = #VALUE! ºC

tDP = tsat
tDP = #VALUE! ºC
sition in dry basis

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

%
f= 0 %

8314 J/(kmol*K) Gas
72.9 J/(kg*K) Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.78026 28
Rg / MMda Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.00930 40
8314 J/(kmol*K) (CO2) 0.000365 0.00037 44
28.97 kgAir / kmolAir 0.99967 1.00000
287.0 J/(kg*K) MMda = 28.9578
T= 333.15 K Const =
p= 96497 Pa
0.78026 28 0.975493 0.761139
0.21007 32 1.114849 0.234197
0.00930 40 1.393561 0.012964
0.00037 44 1.532917 0.000560
1.00000 rda = 1.008860
#REF!
Page 1 of 22
Input data list:

Gas data
Literature
Indexs
da: dry air
exc: excess air
st: stoichiometric
wa: wet air
Page 2 of 22

mass% vol%
% %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
s and volume of excess air products

(Table 30)
uel mass and volume ratios for excess air
bustion, wet air (Tables 29, 30)
#VALUE! kgair / kgF
ume ratio of productsl for combustion

excess wet air (Table 28 )
Page 3 of 22
m³prod/ m³F
Page 4 of 22
Lower heating
value fraction
LHVf
= Mfrac*LHV
MJ/kgF
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
44.800
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
44.8
LHVF = 44.8
MJ/kgF
Page 5 of 22
for stoichiometric combustion

xigen required for complete
Page 6 of 22
chiometric air vol./fuel mass ratio (da)

mda/F_st / rair
15.120 kgda / kgF
1.009 kgda/m³da 8
14.98 m³da / kgF 14.9
Vda/kgF_st * MMF
14.98 m³da / kgF 7
114.00 kgF / kmolF
1708 m³da / kmolF 1710
Page 7 of 22
oducts (dry air)
Mass compos. Volume

mprod_i V%
%
19.23 12.50
8.85 14.06
0.00 0.00
71.91 73.44
0.00 0.00
100.0
Page 8 of 22
composition
Page 9 of 22
mass of inert gases

kginert/kmolinert
he molecular massses of
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! %
Page 10 of 22
ometric combustion with wet air
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
kmolprod_wa/kmolF

¿
[ ] [ ] []
¿[Nw_wa]→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ¿[Nw_wa] → ¿¿
Page 11 of 22
Page 12 of 22
pressure pv
Nprod) * Pprod
kmol
kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
ºC
ºC
Page 13 of 22
metric composition of
ucts with wet air

m³i / 100 m³prod %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
on dioxide in dry products
Page 14 of 22
le 23. Products with excess air (da)
s of products per kmol fuel
complete combustion of the carbon

8.000 kmolCO2/kmolF
complete combustion of the hydrogen

9.000 kmolH2O/kmolF
urned oxygen
ogen in products with excess air

complete combustion of the sulfur

0.000 kmolSO2/kmolF
Page 15 of 22
Page 16 of 22
stion with excess air and wet air
Volume content
Vfrac V%
m³ / m³ %
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 17 of 22
ctsl for combustion
kgprod/kgF
ductsl for combustion
m³prod_da /m³F
kgF / m³F
m³prod_da /kgF
Page18 of 22
Page 19 of 22
Page 20 of 22
Page 21of 22
Page 22 of 22
kgi/kmolda
21.847
6.722
0.372
0.016
28.9578
kgda/kmolda
= Const * MMi
p / ( Rg * T) = 0.03484
kg/m³
[2], Example 21.6, page 582
Octane
Stpichiometric combustion of octane with dry air
1.- Relative volume of fuel 1

2.- Relative mass of fuel 1
3.- Relative volume of products Nprod_i/molF kmolprod-i /kmolF
4.- Relative mass of products mprod_i/molF kgprod-i / kgF
5.- Air fuel mass ratio rair_fuel = 15.1 kgair / kgF
6.- Molecular mass of products MMprod = 12.97 kgprod/kmolprod
7.- Ratio air volume / kmol fuel V= 1710 m³air/kmolF

8.- Ratio air volume / mass fuel V= 14.9 m³air/kgF
Note: Volúmenes relativos cuando los reactivos y los productos están a la misma temperature
Caso temperatura menor que el punto de rocío Implica que el vapor de agua ha condensado
kgprod/lbmolprod
Ambient conditions
t= 60 ºC
p= 96,497 Pa 0.984
f= 0 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Stack operation temperature
Value not informed. It will be used
top = tamb
top = 60 ºC
Stoichiometric combustion
Fuel
Octane 100 %vol
Exc = 0 %
Pressure
p= 0.984 kp/cm²
p= 9.6497 N/cm²
p= 96,497 Pa
NN2/O2 = 3.76
3.- Relative volume of products 3 64.000 kmolprod/kmolF
4.- Relative mass of products 4 16.05 kgprod/kgF
From Octane.xls
Table 6. Mass composition of stoichiometric combustion products
(Valid when fuel and products are at the same temperature)
Ratio of kilograms of Molecular Mass of prod. i Mass of prod. i Mass fraction
products per kmol of fuel mass per kmol fuel per mass fuel of comb. prod.
Nprod_i/F MMi mprod_i-kmolF mprod_i/F mfract_i
Nprod_i/F * MMi mprod_i-kmolF/MMF mi-F / (kgprod / kgF)
kmolprod-i /kmolF kgi / kmoli kgprod-i / kmolF kgprod-i / kgF kgi / kgProd
CO2 8.0 44 352 3.09 0.1923

H2O 9.0 18 162 1.42 0.0885
O2 0.0 32 0 0.0 0.0
N2 47.0 28 1316 11.54 0.7191
SO2 0.0 64 0 0.00 0.0000
64.000 1830 16.05 1.0
kgprod / kmolF kgprod / kgF
Nprod/F 64.000 kmolprod/kmolF
Fuel molecular mass

MMF = 114 kgF/kmolF
ha condensado
Octane Stoichiometric combustion
Mass air-fuel ratio
rair_fuel = 15.1 kgair / kgF 5
Ratio air volume / kmol fuel

V= 1710 m³air/kmolF
Ratio air volume / mass fuel

V= 14.9 m³air/kgF
Molecular mass of products

MMprod = mprod-i/kmolF
mprod-i/molF 1830 kgprod/kmolF
Nprod/kmolF 64.00 kmolprod/kmolF
MMprod = 28.59 kgprod/kmolprod
1 kg = 2.20462 lb
MMprod = 12.97 kgprod/lbmolprod

2.20462
kp/cm²
molprod/kmolF
Mass compos.
of products
mprod_i
kgi / kgprod
%
19.23
8.85
0.0
71.91
0.00
100.0
7
6
Gas data
Molecular mass
VBA function
GasMolarMass Gas M HHV Ref
M kg/kmol MJ/kg
kg/kmol (Note 1)
#VALUE! Methane CH4 16.043 55.49 [14]
#VALUE! Ethane C2H6 30.070 52.18 [14]
#VALUE! Propane C3H8 44.097 50.35 [14]
#VALUE! Butane C4H10 58.124 49.54 [14]
#VALUE! Pentane C5H12 72.151 49.02 Note 2
#VALUE! Hexane C6H14 86.178 48.33 Note 2
#VALUE! Heptane C7H16 100.205 48.08 Note 2
#VALUE! Octane C8H18 114.232 47.89 Note 2
#VALUE! Nonane C9H20 128.259 47.74 Note 2
#VALUE! Decane C10H22 142.29 47.64 Note 2
#VALUE! Undecane C11H24 156.31 47.57 Note 2
#VALUE! Dodecane C12H26 170.34 47.51 Note 2
#VALUE! Hydrogen H2 2.016 141.8 [14]
#VALUE! Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 10.112 [14]
#VALUE! Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0
#VALUE! Sulfur S 32.065 9.163
#VALUE! Hidrogen sulfide SH2 34.081 #VALUE! Note 3
#VALUE! Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.064 0
#VALUE! Water H2O 18.016 0
#VALUE! Nirogen N2 28.013 0
#VALUE! Argon Ar 39.948 0
#VALUE! Oxygen O2 31.999 0
#VALUE! Carbon (graphite) C 12.011 32.808
Lower heating value of hydrogen sulfide
SH2(g) +1.5*O2(g) --> 1*SO2(g) + 1*H2O(vap)
1 SH2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) -->

1 -20.6 + 1.5 0 -->
-20.6 0 -->
-20.6 -->
Dhreaction = -635.3 - -20.6
Dhreaction = -614.7 kJ/mol
Dhreaction = -614700 kJ/kmol
SH2
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = Dhreaction / M
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = #VALUE! kJ/kg
LHV = #VALUE! MJ/kg
Higher heating value of hydrogen sulfide
SH2(g) +1.5*O2(g) --> 1*SO2(g) + 1*H2O(liq)
1 SH2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) -->

1 -20.6 + 1.5 0 -->
-20.6 0 -->
-20.6 -->
Dhreaction = -679.3 - -20.6
Dhreaction = -658.7 kJ/mol
SH2
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = Dhreaction / M
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = #VALUE! kJ/kg
HHV = #VALUE! MJ/kg

LHV Ref
MJ/kg
.@ 15.4 ºC Note 1. Molecular masses of H2, S, N2, Ar, O2 and C are taken from [1]
50.01 [14] The rest are calculated as the sum of the mass of its atoms
47.79 [14]
46.36 [14] Note 2. Calculated in sheet Ref. 14, using the relation
45.75 [14] DeltaHV = 44000 * NH2O (kmolH2O/kmolF) / MF (kgF/kmolF)
45.36 [14] which consideres the evaporation enthalpy of the water in the products
44.75 [14] (Sheet Delta HV)
44.57 [14]
44.43 [14] Note 3. Calculated below using Hess's law
44.31 [14]
44.24 [14] There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of ca
44.19 [14] carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur (S) since no water is formed in combusting those substanc
44.15 [14]
120.971 [14]
10.112 [14]
0
9.163 [14]
#VALUE! Note 3
0
0
0
0
0
32.808 [14]
1 CO2(g) + 1 H2O(g)
1 -393.5 + 1 -241.8
-393.5 + -241.8
-635.3
1 CO2(g) + 1 H2O(liq)
1 -393.5 + 1 -285.8
-393.5 + -285.8
-679.3
14.03.2018
for the combustion of carbon (C),

mbusting those substances (green cells)
Gas data
Gas MW HHV LHV

kg/kmol MJ/kg MJ/kg
CH4 16.042 55.5 50
C2H6 30.068 51.90 47.80
C3H8 44.094 50.40 46.40
C4H10 58.120 49.1 45.3
C5H12 72.146 48.6 45.4
C6H14 86.172 44.752
C7H16 100.198 44.566
C8H18 114.224 44.80
H2 2.016 141.7 120
CO 28.01 10.09
CO2 44.01 0 0
S 32.06 9.2 9.2
SH2 34.08 17.40
SO2 64.06 0 0
H2O 18.016 0 0
N2 28.016 0 0
Ar 39.944 0 0
O2 32 0 0
C 12.01 32.8 32.8
General gas Conststant
Rg = 8314 J/(kmol*K)
Standard ambient pressure
P= 101325 Pa
Rair = Rg / MMair
Rair = 286.99 [J/(kg*kmol)
g= 9.80665 m/s²
Kelv = 273.15 K
46.4
Volumetric nitrogen-oxigen ratio of dry air

O2in air = 21.0070373575 % vol
VN2/O2 = (100-O2in air)/O2in air
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 m³N2 / m³O2
Mass nitrogen-oxigen ratio of air
O2in air = % mass
mN2/O2 = (100-O2in air)/O2in air
mN2/O2 = kgN2 / kgO2
Note. Considering oxigen on one side and the rest

as nitrogen
Note that there is no difference between the lower and
higher heating values for the combustion of carbon,

carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in
combusting those substances.

C ----> CO2
CO ----> CO2 No water is formed
S ----> SO2
Properties of Various Ideal Gases (at 300 K)

Gas
Specific
Gas Formula Molar Mass consta
Heat
nt
at
Const.
Press.
R[kJ/k Cp[kJ/k
M[kg/kmol]
g.K] g.K]
Air -- 28.97 0.287 1.005
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 0.5203
Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1433 1.7164

Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 0.846
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 1.04
Ethane C2H6 30.07 0.2765 1.7662
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 1.5482
Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.1926
Hydrogen H2 2.016 4.124 14.307
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 2.2537
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 1.0299
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 1.039
Octane C8H18 114.231 0.0729 1.7113
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 0.918

Propane C3H8 44.097 0.1885 1.6794
Steam H2O 18.015 0.4615 1.8723
Adapted from TEST (The Expert System for Thermodynamics) <www.thermofluids.net> by S.Bhattacharjee, San Diego
https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/property_tables/gas/idealGas.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion
Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4°C)

Fuel MJ/kg MJ/L
Paraffins
Methane 50.009 —
Ethane 47.794 —
Propane 46.357 —
Butane 45.752 —
Pentane 45.357 -
Hexane 44.752 -
Heptane 44.566 -
Octane 44.427 -
Nonane 44.311 -
Decane 44.24 —
Undecane 44.194 —
Dodecane 44.147 —
Isoparaffins
Isobutane 45.613 —
Isopentane 45.241 —
2-Methylpentane 44.682 —
2,3-Dimethylbutane 44.659 —
2,3-Dimethylpentane 44.496 —
2,2,4- 44.31 -
Trimethylpentane
Naphthenes
Cyclopentane 44.636 —
Methylcyclopentane 44.636 —
Cyclohexane 43.45 —
Methylcyclohexane 43.38 —
Monoolefins
Ethylene 47.195 —
Propylene 45.799 —
1-Butene 45.334 —
cis-2-Butene 45.194 —
trans-2-Butene 45.124 —
Isobutene 45.055 —
1-Pentene 45.031 —
2-Methyl-1-pentene 44.799 —
1-Hexene 44.426 —
Diolefins
1,3-Butadiene 44.613 —
Isoprene 44.078 -
Nitrous derivated
Nitromethane 10.513 —
Nitropropane 20.693 —
Acetylenes
Acetylene 48.241 —
Methylacetylene 46.194 —
1-Butyne 45.59 —
1-Pentyne 45.217 —
Aromatics
Benzene 40.17 —
Toluene 40.589 —
o-Xylene 40.961 —
m-Xylene 40.961 —
p-Xylene 40.798 —
Ethylbenzene 40.938 —
1,2,4- 40.984 —
Trimethylbenzene
Propylbenzene 41.193 —
Cumene 41.217 —
Alcohols
Methanol — —
Ethanol 28.865 —
n-propanol 30.68 —
Isopropanol 30.447 —
n-Butanol 33.075 —
Isobutanol 32.959 —
Tertiobutanol 32.587 —
n-Pentanol 34.727 —
Ethers
Methoxymethane 28.703 —
Ethoxyethane 33.867 —
Propoxypropane 36.355 —
Butoxybutane 37.798 —
Aldehydes and ketones
Methanal 17.259 —
Ethanal 24.156 —
Propionaldehyde 28.889 —
Butyraldehyde 31.61 —
Acetone 28.548 —
Other species
Carbon (graphite) 32.808 —
Hydrogen 120.971 —
Carbon monoxide 10.112 —
Ammonia 18.646 —
Sulfur (solid) 9.163 —
Note that there is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon,
carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in combusting those substances.
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion
Higher Calorific Value
Fuel
(Gross Calorific Value - GCV)
kJ/kg Btu/lb
Acetone 29000
Alcohol 96% 30000
Anthracite 32500 - 34000 14000 - 14500
Bituminous coal 17000 - 23250 7300 - 10000
Butane 49510 20900
Carbon 34080
Charcoal 29600 12800
Coal (Lignite - 15000 - 27000 8000 - 14000
Anthrasite)
Coke 28000 - 31000 12000 - 13500
Diesel fuel 44800 19300
Ethane 51900
Ethanol 29700 12800
Ether 43000
Gasoline 47300 20400
Glycerin 19000
Hydrogen 141790 61000
Kerosene 46200
Lignite 16300 7000
Methane 55530
Methanol 23000
Oil, heavy fuel 43000
Oil, light distillate 48000
Oil, light fuel 44000
Oils vegetable 39000 - 48000
Paraffin 46000
Peat 13800 - 20500 5500 - 8800
Pentane
Petrol 48000
Petroleum 43000
Propane 50350
Semi anthracite 26700 - 32500 11500 - 14000
Sulfur 9200
Tar 36000
Turpentine 44000
Wood (dry) 14400 - 17400 6200 - 7500
kJ/m3 Btu/f3
Acetylene 56000
Butane C4H10 133000 3200
Hydrogen 13000
Natural gas 43000 950 - 1150
Methane CH4 39820
Propane C3H8 101000 2550
Town gas 18000
kJ/l Btu/Imp gal
Gas oil 38000 164000
Heavy fuel oil 41200 177000
Kerosene 35000 154000
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
Gross Heating Value

Gas
(Btu/f3) (Btu/lb)
Acetylene (ethyne) -
C2H2 1,498 21,569
Benzene 3,741 18,150

Blast Furnace gas 92 1,178
Blue water gas 6,550
Butane - C4H10 3,225 21,640
Butylene (Butene) 3,077 20,780
Carbon to CO2 14,150
Carbon to CO 3,960
Carbon monoxide - 323 4,368
CO
Carburetted Water 550 11,440
Gas
Coal gas 149 16,500
Coke Oven Gas 574 17,048
Digester Gas (Sewage 690 11,316
or Biogas)
Ethane - C2H6 1,783 22,198
Ethyl alcohol 1,548 12,804

saturated with water
Ethylene 1,631 21,884

Hexane 4,667 20,526
Hydrogen (H2) 325 61,084
Hydrogen Sulphide 672 7,479
Landfill Gas 476

Methane - CH4 1,011 23,811
Methyl alcohol 818 9,603

saturated with water
Naphthalene 5,859 17,298

950 19,500
Natural Gas (typical) - -
1,150 22,500
Octane saturated 6,239 20,542
with water
Pentane 3,981 20,908
Producer gas 2,470
Propane - C3H8 2,572 21,564
Propene (Propylene)
- C3H6 2,332 20,990
Propylene 2,336 21,042

Sasol 500 14,550
Sulphur 3,940
Toluene 4,408 18,129
Water Gas 261 4,881
(bituminous)
Xylene 5,155 18,410
Specific heat
Cp=A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/25)
Gas temperature (ºC) 15 ºC Cp=4.1869*(A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/25))
288.15 K A=a B = b E-3
a b c A B
Methane 16.042 3.42 9.91 1.28 3.42 0.00991
Ethane 30.068 1.38 23.25 4.27 1.38 0.02325
Propane 44.094 0.41 35.95 6.97 0.41 0.03595
n-Butane 58.12 2.25 45.4 8.83 2.25 0.04540
72.146
Nitrogen 28.016 6.946 -0.196 -0.4757 6.946 -0.00020

Oxigen 32 6.117 3.167 1.005 6.117 0.00317
Water (v) 18.016 7.136 2.64 0.0459 7.136 0.00264
Carbon dioxide 28.01 6.339 10.14 3.415 6.339 0.01014
Sulfur dioxide 64.06 6.945 10.01 3.794 6.945 0.01001
Air 28.970 6.386 1.762 0.2656 6.386 0.00176
For hidrogen cph = ah + bh*T + ch/T^.5

ah bh ch
Hydrogen 2.016 11.937 0.002156 30.897
Cp = a + b*TC/100 + cTC^2 / 1e5

A B C D
a b*100 c*E+5 d*E+9
Ca monox. 28.01 6.89 0.1436 -0.02387
Pentane 72.15 39.66
Sulfur 32.07 3.63 0.64
SH2 64.06 1105
Ar 39.944
C8H18 (gas)
[5]
Mixing ratio
Gas
(mol/mol)
Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 0.7802614 N2
Oxygen (O2) 0.21000 0.99967 0.2100704 O2
Argon (Ar) 0.00930 0.0093031 Ar
(CO2) 0.000365 0.0003651 CO2
Neon (Ne) 1.80E-06

Ozone (O3) 1.00E-05
Helium (He) 5.20E-06
Methane (CH4) 1.70E-06 2E-05
Krypton (Kr) 1.10E-06 [5]
Hydrogen (H2) 5.00E-07
Nitrous oxide 3.20E-07
(N2O)
0.999686 Gas
Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000

Oxygen (O2) 0.21000
Argon (Ar) 0.00930
(CO2) 0.000365
0.99967
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher
Fuel
HHV
Gaseous fuels [MJ/kg]
Acetylene 49.9
Hydrogen 141.7
Methane 55.5
Liquid fuels [MJ/kg]

Acetone 31.8
Butane 49.1
Butanol 37.3
Diesel fuel* 45.6
Dimethyl ether 31.7
(DME)
Specific Heat Specific Heat Ethane 51.9
at Const. Vol. Ratio Ethanol (100%) 29.7
Diethyl ether
Cv[kJ/kg.K] k = Cp/Cv 43
(ether)
Gasoline
0.718 1.4 46.4
(petrol)*
Gas oil (heating
0.3122 1.667 43
oil)*
1.5734 1.091 Glycerin 19
0.657 1.289 Heavy fuel oil* 41.8
0.744 1.4 Kerosene* 43
1.4897 1.186 Light fuel oil* 44
1.2518 1.237 LNG* 55.2
3.1156 1.667 LPG* 49.3
10.183 1.405 Marine gas oil* 45.9
1.7354 1.299 Methanol 23
Methyl ester
0.6179 1.667 40.2
(biodiesel)
0.743 1.4 MTBE 38
Oils vegetable
1.6385 1.044 40.5
(biodiesel)*
0.658 1.395 Paraffin (wax)* 46
1.4909 1.126 Pentane 48.6
Petroleum
1.4108 1.327 48.1
naphtha*
Propane 50.4
> by S.Bhattacharjee, San Diego State Universi Residual oil*
Tar* 36
Turpentine 44
Solid fuels* [MJ/kg]
Anthracite coal 32.6
Bituminous coal 30.2
Carbon 32.8
Charcoal 29.6
Coke 26
Lignite (brown 14
coal)
Peat 17
Petroleum coke 31.3
Semi anthracite 29.5
Sub-Bituminous 24.4
LHV coal
Octane 44.427 MJ/kg Sulfur (s) 9.2
Wood (dry) 16.2
44.427
at 15.4°C)
BTU/lb kJ/mol
LHV @ 14.5 ºC
— 802.34 Methane 50.009
— 1437.17 Ethane 47.794
— 2044.21 Propane 46.357
— 2659.3 Butane 45.752
— 3272.57 Pentane 45.357
— 3856.66 Hexane 44.752
— 4465.76 Heptane 44.566
— — Octane 44.427
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
combustion of carbon,
ng those substances.
_of_Combustion
Lower Calorific
Value
(Net Calorific
Value - NCV)
kJ/kg
45750
43400
47800
44400
121000
43000
50000
41500
45350
46350
LHV of sulfur LHV = 9.2 MJ/kg

Net Heating Value
(Btu/f3) (Btu/lb)
1,447 20,837
3,590 17,418
92 1,178
2,977 19,976
2,876 19,420
14,150
3,960
323 4,368
508 10,566
514 15,266
621 10,184
1,630 20,295
1,530 20,525 1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg

4,315 18,976
275 51,628
HHV = 7,479 (Btu/lb)
17.40 MJ/kg
910 21,433
850 17,500
- -
1,050 22,000
3,170 10,444
3,679 19,322
2,371 19,834
2,181 19,630
2,185 19,683
443 13,016
4,206 17,301
239 4,469
kcal(kmol*K)
5)+C*T*T*(81/25)) kJ(kmol*K)
C = -c E-6
Cp Cp
C kJ/Kmol K J/kg K
-1.28E-06 34.40 2144
-4.27E-06 51.46 1711
-6.97E-06 71.94 1631
-8.83E-06 98.07 1687
4.76E-07 29.19 1042

-1.01E-06 31.36 980
-4.59E-08 35.56 1974
-3.42E-06 44.71 1596
-3.79E-06 46.54 727
-2.66E-07 30.26 1045
14378
6.91 1033
39.66 2301
5.47 715
1105
532
658
Vol
% %
78.0261388
21.00703736
0.93031165
0.03651223
78.9930 21.00703736
Inert/O2 = 3.7603
Mixing
ratio
kmoli/kmol
da kgi/kmoli kgi/kmolda
0.78026 28.016 21.85980303
0.21007 32 6.722
0.00930 39.944 0.371603687
0.00037 44.01 0.016069033
1.00000 28.9697
MMda = 28.9697 kgda/kmolda
gtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
LHV
[MJ/kg]
120
50
[MJ/kg]
29.6
45.3
34.4
42.6
28.9
47.8
26.7
43.4
42.8
39
43
40.6
48.6
45.5
42.8
19.9
37.5
35.1
37.8
41.5
45.4
44.9
46.4
39.5
[MJ/kg]
29
28.4
29.5
9.2
15.4
HHV = 19.3 MJ/kg
LHV = 18 MJ/kg
Molar volume Replacing the molar volume
v mol= v⋅M into eq.(b)
Ideal gas law p⋅v mol= R⋅T⋅M (c)
p⋅v=R⋅T ( a) Gas constant R
p:pressure [ Pa ] Rg
R= (d )
v:specific volume [ m³/kg] M
R: gas constant [J / ( kg ⋅ K )] R g : general gas constant
Temperature [ K ]
R g =8314.41
[ J
kmol⋅K ]
Multiplying
p⋅v=R⋅T (a) Replacing eq. (d ) into eq. (c)
by the molar mass R
p⋅v mol= g ⋅T⋅M
kg M
M p⋅v mol= Rg⋅T
kmol
p⋅v⋅M=R⋅T⋅M (b) R g⋅T
v mol= (e)
p
Ideal gas equation

pPa⋅v
Ideal
m³/kg=R J/( kg*K)⋅ T K
gas equation pPa⋅V m³ =RgJ/ (kmol*
1
pPa⋅v m³/kg=RgJ/ (kmol*K)⋅ ⋅ T K /*m Rg J/( kmol*K)⋅n
MM kg /kmol V m³ =
1 p Pa
pPa⋅v m³/kg⋅m kg =Rg J/( kmol*K )⋅ ⋅m ⋅ T
MM kg/kmol kg K
Rg J/ ( kmol*
m kg V m³/kg-F=
pPa⋅V m³ =RgJ/ (kmol*K)⋅ ⋅T
MM kg /kmol K
n kmol
p ⋅V =Rg ⋅n ⋅ T
MM kg/kmol
m kg
pPa⋅V m³ =RgJ/ (kmol*K)⋅ ⋅T
MM kg /kmol K
n kmol RgJ/( kmo
V m³-da/kmol-F=
pPa⋅V m³ =RgJ/ (kmol*K)⋅n kmol⋅ T K
Rg J/( kmol*K )⋅nkmol⋅ T K
V m³ =
pPa
Molar volume Imperial system
vmol = Rg * T / P To = 459.67 R
t= 32 ºF
Molar volume at Standard Temperature T= 491.67 R
and Pressure (STP)
Molar volume in SI units Molar volume in Imperial units

T= 273.15 K T= 491.67 R
p= 101,325 Pa p= 15 psi
Rg = 8314.41 J / (kmol*K) Rg = 10.73159 ft³*psi / (lbmol*K)
vmol = 22.41 m³ / kmol vmol = 359.04 ft³ /lbmol
Molar volume Molar volume

t= 15.5 ºC t= 60 ºF
Molar volume at Standard Temperature Molar volume at Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP) and Pressure (STP)
Molar volume in SI units Molar volume in Imperial units

T= 288.65 K T= 519.67 R
p= 101,325 Pa p= 14.7 Pa
Rg = 8314.41 J / (kmol*K) Rg = 10.73159 J / (kmol*K)
vmol = 23.69 m³ / kmol vmol = 379.38 m³ / kmol
pPa⋅V m³ =RgJ/ (kmol*K)⋅n kmol⋅ T K
Rg J/( kmol*K )⋅nkmol⋅ T K

V m³ =
p Pa
Rg J/ ( kmol*K )⋅nkmol/kg-F⋅ T K
V m³/kg-F=
p Pa
RgJ/( kmol*K)⋅nkmol-da/kmol-F⋅ T K
V m³-da/kmol-F=
p Pa
Function
Ambient conditions Table 4. Wet air data at

Temperature t= 15 ºC ambient conditions
Pressure p= 101325 Pa p=
Relative humidity f= 35 % t=
Height above sea level H= 180 m.a.s.l. T=
Wet air gas constant

tdb = 15 ºC Rwa =
f= 35 % Rg =
H= 180 m.a.s.l. MMwa =
Rwa =
Vi_wa_%
%vol Wet air density
N2 #VALUE! rwa =
O2 #VALUE! P=
Wet air composition Rwa =
CO2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE! T=
H2O #VALUE! rwa =
Wet air molecular mass
#VALUE!
N2 #VALUE! #VALUE! 28.01 #VALUE!

CO2 #VALUE! #VALUE! 44.01 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE! #VALUE! 39.95 #VALUE!
H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! 18.016 #VALUE!

(Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)
O2 #VALUE! kmolO2/kmolwa (Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)
Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen Thus, the error in the ratio
of a given wet air instead of wet air is a defe
This value is used as the volume ratio nitrogen to oxygen

of a given wet air
This function uses a standard dry air composition
taken from [5]
Table 4. Wet air data at As result, the function gives the wet air volume
ambient conditions composition, and the wet air molecular mass
101,325 Pa
15 ºC Nomenclature
288 K tdb: dry bulb temperature
f: relative humidity
Wet air gas constant H: height above sea level
Rg / MMwa
8314 J/(kmol*K) Index wa: wet air
#VALUE! kgwa/kmolwa Index m.a.s.l. : meters above sea level
#VALUE! [J/(kg*kmol)
Wet air density

P / (Rwa*T)
101,325 Pa (see also)
#VALUE! [J/(kg*kmol) Combustion. Wet air composition and molecular mass.xls
288.15 K www.piping-tools.net
#VALUE! kgwa/m³wa cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
Rev. 30.11.2016
Equivalent molecular mass of inert gases

Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen MMinert = #VALUE! kginert/kmolinert
of a given wet air
of a dry air (from sheet N2-O2 ratio) MMN2 = 28.01
Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2 = #VALUE! MMinert - MMN2 = #VALUE!

(Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)/VN2/O2 = #VALUE! - (MMinert - MMN2)/MMN2 = #VALUE!
(Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2)/VN2/O2 = #VALUE! % (MMinert - MMN2)/MMN2 = #VALUE!
Thus, the error in the ratio involved when using dry air Thus, the error involved when using the molecular mass of nitrogen
instead of wet air is a defect of #VALUE! % instead of the equivalent molecular mass of the inert gases is an
excess of a #VALUE! %
Rev. cjc. 23.11.2016
Page 1 of 2
y air composition
wet air volume

olecular mass
Page 2 of 2
n the molecular massses of

e inert gases
kgN21/kmolN2
kginert/kmolinert
g the molecular mass of nitrogen

r mass of the inert gases is an
[1] Termodinámica [1]
Yunus A. Cengel
Michael A. Boles
[2] Termodinamica
Virgil Moring Faires
[3] http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap1.html
CHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
[4] Fundamentos fde termodinámica

Van Wylen and Sonntag
Ed. Limusa 20 ed, 1997
[5] http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap1.html
CHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
[6] Power generation. Calculation reference guide

Tyler G. Hicks., P.E. editor
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
1985
CRC. Handbook of chemistry
PhysicalPropertiesofVariousInorganicCompounds

Combustion. Volume Composition Input

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Combustion. Volume Composition Input

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Combustion analysis with volume composition [2]

Input data Application to a gas mixture

Ambient conditions Data set selection

Resume of main res

Volume ratio of products stoichiometric Volume ratio of products stoichiometric

Numbers in red are results from the reference example [2]

Table 1. Fuel properties

Table 2. Oxigen required for stoichiometric combustion

Combustion til CO2 Combustion til H2O

fraction componente i one mol of fuel

CH4 0.512 1 0.5120 1.0 0.512

C8H18 (gas) 0 8 0.6 4.5 0.4

Table 5. Air fuel mass ratio for a

Kilomols dry air per kilomol fuel Nitrogen volume in fuel

Table 7. Mass composition of stoichiometric combustion products (dry air)

Using the Function

Wet air composition

kmoli/kmolwa kmoli/kmolinert kgli/kmoli kgli/kmolinert

Volume ratio Innert gases to oxygen

This value is used as

Table 13. Wet air Stoichiometric combustion with

Water in stoichiometric products due to

Table 15. Mass composition of stoichiometric combustion products (wet air)

Volume stoichiometric products with wet air mprod-molF = #VALUE!

Total pressure Water vapor partial pressure pv

Wet basis Dry basis

V in wet basis V in wet basis V in dry basis

Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry products

Table 21. Combustion with excess air (da) Table 3 repeated

Volume ratio of products for combustion Table 26. Resume of compositio

Fuel density at ambient conditions

Mass of water in combustion with excess air MMF =

Water content in air

Air fuel mass ratio with excess air (da)

Volumetric composition in wet basis Volumetric composition in dry basis

From Table 17, volumetric composition of From Table 9, volumetric composition of

Volume of products at operation temperature

Volume of products with excess air (wa), at operating temperature

Table 34. Data selection Literature

Gas data Literature Selected values Gas constants

VN2/O2 = 3.7603 3.7600 3.7600 (da)

Input data list:

Resume of main results at ambient conditions

Resume of additional results

w point temperature of stoich. products

w point temperature of combustion

28.35 658 44.80 4.7394 0.379 187

Table 6. Stoichiometric products (dry air)

atio in stoichiometric comb. Nitrogen volume in products

Table 8. Volume composition of stoichiometric combustion products (dry air)

ichiometric combustion with dry air Table 9. Resume of stoichiometric

Table 11. This function uses a standard dry air composition

p= 101,325 Pa As result, the function gives the wet air volume

Vinert/O2 - VN2/O2 = #VALUE! MMinert - MMN2 =

Total pressure Water vapor partial pressure pv

Data of example is with dry air

Wet basis Dry basis

V in dry basis V in wet basis V in wet basis

Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of carbon dioxide in dry products

Table 22 Unburned oxygen Table 23. Products with excess

le 25. Mass composition of products of combustion with excess air (da)

#VALUE! 44 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

le 26. Resume of composition of products

ss of water in stoichiometric Combustion products