WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

$QDO\VLV'HVLJQDQG5HDO7LPH,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
6KXQW$FWLYH3RZHU)LOWHUIRU3RZHU4XDOLW\,PSURYHPHQW
%DVHGRQ3UHGLFWLYH'LUHFW3RZHU&RQWURO
Oualid AissaSamir Moulahoum, Ilhami Colak, Badreddine BabesDQGNadir Kabache
1
Research Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Automatic, LREA, University of Médéa, Algeria
2
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
3
Automatics Laboratory of Setif, LAS, University of Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
aoualid.ce@gmail.com, moulahoum.samir@univ-medea.dz, ilhcol@gmail.com
elect_babes@yahoo.fr, kabache.nadir@univ-medea.dz


Abstract²7KLVSDSHUGLVFXVVHVWKHXVHRIWKHFRQFHSWRIFODVVLFDO GHVLJQ RI WKH VWUXFWXUH NLQGV RI UHJXODWRUV DQG WHFKQLTXHV
DQGSUHGLFWLYHGLUHFWSRZHUFRQWUROIRUVKXQWDFWLYHSRZHUILOWHU HPSOR\HG WR KDYH D VLQXVRLGDO VRXUFH FXUUHQW DQG D SRZHU
7KHVH VWUDWHJLHV DUH XVHG WR LPSURYH WKH DFWLYH SRZHU ILOWHU IDFWRUYHU\QHDUWRXQLW\>@
SHUIRUPDQFH E\ FRPSHQVDWLRQ RI WKH UHDFWLYH SRZHU DQG WKH
0DQ\FRQWURODSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQVXJJHVWHGWUHDWHGDQG
HOLPLQDWLRQRIWKHKDUPRQLFFXUUHQWVGUDZQE\QRQOLQHDUORDGV
$ WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VLV IROORZHG E\ D VLPXODWLRQ XVLQJ
FLWHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH 7KH PRVW NQRZQ LV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO
0DWODE6LPXOLQN VRIWZDUH IRU WKH VWXGLHG WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ K\VWHUHVLV FXUUHQW FRQWUROOHU VFKHPH EXW WKLV WHFKQLTXH GRHV
HVWDEOLVKHG 0RUHRYHU WZR WHVWV EHQFK KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW QRW HQVXUH D OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHH VHSDUDWH K\VWHUHVLV
XVLQJWKHG63$&(FDUGIRUWKHFODVVLFDQGSUHGLFWLYH'3& FRPSDUDWRUV DQG WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH 6$3) ZLWK D YDULDEOH
FRQWURO LQ RUGHU WR HYDOXDWH WKH VWXGLHG PHWKRGV LQ UHDO WLPH VZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\>@7RFRUUHFWWKHVHGHIHFWVDQGLPSURYH
2EWDLQHG UHVXOWV DUH SUHVHQWHG DQG FRPSDUHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW WKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHVKXQWDFWLYHILOWHULQWUDQVLHQWDQGVWHDG\
SDSHU WR FRQILUP WKH VXSHULRULW\ RI SUHGLFWLYH WHFKQLTXH 7R VWDWH PDQ\ DSSURDFKHV KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG VXFK DV GLUHFW
RYHUFRPH WKH SROOXWLRQ SUREOHPV FDXVHG E\ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI SRZHU FRQWURO XVLQJ KLJK VHOHFWLYLW\ ILOWHU >@ DUWLILFLDO
IRVVLOIXHOVUHQHZDEOHHQHUJLHVDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHVUHFRPPHQGHG LQWHOOLJHQFHWHFKQLTXH>@VHOIWXQLQJILOWHU>@.DOPDQILOWHU
WRHQVXUHJUHHQHQHUJ\,QWKHVDPHFRQWH[WWKHWHVWHGSUHGLFWLYH ZLWK VOLGLQJ PRGH FRQWURO >@ DQG DGDSWLYH K\VWHUHVLV EDQG
ILOWHU FDQ EH HDVLO\ VXSSOLHG E\ D UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFH WKDW FXUUHQWFRQWUROEDVHGRQIX]]\ORJLFFRQWUROOHU>@«HWF
ZLOOJLYHLWVLPSDFWWRHQKDQFHWKHSRZHUTXDOLW\ 7KH DGYDQWDJHV RIIHUHG E\ WKH DFWLYH ILOWHU HQDEOHG LW WR
LQYDGH QHZ HOHFWULFLW\ SURGXFWLRQ ILHOGV VXFK DV GLVWULEXWHG
Keywords—Power Quality; Direct Power Control; Predictive
Direct Power Control; Shunt Active Filter; Renewable Energy JHQHUDWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG PLFURJULGV >@ 5HQHZDEOH HQHUJ\
Source; Power Factor KDV H[SHULHQFHG LQ UHFHQW \HDUV D YHU\ UHPDUNDEOH HYROXWLRQ
DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH\ SUHVHQW JUHDW SRWHQWLDO IRU WKH
, ,1752'8&7,21 SURYLVLRQ RI FOHDQ DQG LQH[KDXVWLEOH HQHUJ\ >@ 7KH
1RZDGD\V WKH XVH RI VWDWLF FRQYHUWHUV LQ LQGXVWU\ KDV DVVRFLDWLRQ RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH DFWLYH SRZHU ILOWHU ZLWK WKH
H[SHULHQFHGDUHPDUNDEOHHYROXWLRQ>@([WHQVLYHSUHVHQFHRI UHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\V\VWHPLVLQWHQGHGWRJXDUDQWHHWKHLQWHUIDFH
QRQOLQHDU ORDGV JHQHUDWHV SUREOHPV LQ WKH SRZHU V\VWHP EHWZHHQ WKH QHZ HQHUJ\ VRXUFH DQG WKH JULG ZKLOH HQVXULQJ
ZKLFK GHOLYHUV QRQVLQXVRLGDO FXUUHQWV ZLWK D SUHVHQFH RI D KDELWXDO IXQFWLRQ RI WKH ILOWHU FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH PLWLJDWLRQ
GHJUDGHG SRZHU IDFWRU TXDOLW\ $V FRQYHQWLRQDO VROXWLRQ WKH RIKDUPRQLFVFRPSHQVDWLRQRIUHDFWLYH SRZHUDQGFRUUHFWLRQ
FRPSHQVDWLRQ RI KDUPRQLFV DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHU LV SURYLGHG RIWKHSRZHUIDFWRU>@
WKDQNV WR WKH SDVVLYH ILOWHUV 7KH PDMRU GUDZEDFNV SUHVHQWHG 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV PRGHOLQJ DQG GLJLWDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
IRUWKLVW\SHRIILOWHUOLHVLQLWVYROXPLQRXVVL]HWKDWRFFXSLHVD RIWZRPHWKRGVFRQYHQWLRQDOGLUHFWSRZHUFRQWURO'3&DQG
ODUJHVSDFHUHVRQDQFHSKHQRPHQDDQGQRQDGDSWDWLRQWRORDG
YDULDWLRQV DQG QHWZRUN ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH LPSHGDQFH RI WKH
VRXUFHKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKDW
NLQGRIILOWHU>@>@
7RHOLPLQDWHWKHVHSUREOHPVWKHVKXQWDFWLYHSRZHUILOWHU
SURSRVHG SUHGLFWLYH GLUHFW SRZHU FRQWURO 3'3& IRU 6$3)
DSSOLFDWLRQ %RWK DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHUV
LQMHFWHG E\ WKH DFWLYH ILOWHU WR WKH QHWZRUN DUH FRPPDQGHG
WKURXJKWKHWZRVWXGLHGDSSURDFKHV5HDOWLPHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
RI WKH WZR FRQWURO VFKHPHV E\ PHDQV RI WKH G63$&( FDUG
6$3)KDVEHFRPHDYHU\XVHIXODQGHIILFLHQWVROXWLRQWKDQNV
WRWKHLPSRUWDQWGHYHORSPHQWVRIVHPLFRQGXFWRUV>@>@7KH
HOLPLQDWLRQRIFXUUHQWKDUPRQLFVDQGWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRIWKH
UHDFWLYH SRZHU DUH JXDUDQWHHG E\ DQ LQYHUWHU FRXSOHG LQ
SDUDOOHO ZLWK QRQOLQHDU ORDGV FRQVWLWXWLQJ WKH DFWLYH ILOWHU WR
HQVXUH LPSURYHG SRZHU TXDOLW\ >@ 8QGHU WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV
WHFKQLFDO FRQWUROV RI WKH DFWLYH ILOWHU PXVW EH EDVHG RQ WKH
978-1-5090-3388-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
,&5(5$
 KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ WR SURYH WKH
HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG WKH SUDFWLFDO XVDELOLW\ RI WKH GHYHORSHG
DOJRULWKPV &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH REWDLQHG UHVXOWV DUH YHU\
DFFHSWDEOH
,, 3$5$//(/$&7,9(),/7(5$1',7635,1&,3/(6
7KHUROHRIWKHDFWLYHILOWHULVWRFRQWUROWKHPDLQVFXUUHQW
ZKLOH SURYLGLQJ D YHU\ FORVH FXUUHQW ZDYHIRUP RI WKH

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

UHIHUHQFH FXUUHQW 7KH FUHDWLRQ RI UHIHUHQFH FXUUHQWV LV ,Q'3&VFKHPHDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\)LJLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR

GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHU FDOFXODWH DQG HVWLPDWH WKH DFWLYH DQG WKH UHDFWLYH SRZHU DQG
GHOLYHUHG E\ WKH VRXUFH WKH DFWLYH ILOWHU DQG WKH QRQOLQHDU WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHJULGYROWDJHYHFWRU7KH'FEXVYROWDJHIRU
ORDG )RU WKLV UHDVRQ WR FRPSHQVDWH UHDFWLYH SRZHU DQG WKLVDSSURDFKLVDGMXVWHGE\ DFRQYHQWLRQDO3,UHJXODWRU 7KH
HOLPLQDWH KDUPRQLF FXUUHQWV LW LV LPSHUDWLYH WR UHVSHFW WKH DFWLYHSRZHUUHIHUHQFH UHVXOWVIURP WKHSURGXFWRIWKHRXWSXW
FRQGLWLRQVJXDUDQWHHGWKHSRZHUVEDODQFHDVJLYHQE\DQG RI WKH FODVVLF 3, FRQWUROOHU ZLWK WKH '& EXV YROWDJH 7KH
UHVSHFWLYHO\>@>@>@ UHDFWLYHSRZHUPXVWEHUHWDLQHGQXOOWRHQVXUHWKHRSHUDWLRQRI
a a WKHVWXGLHGV\VWHPZLWKDXQLW\SRZHUIDFWRU7KHLQSXWVRIWKH
Ps Pl  Qs  and Pf Pl  Ps Pl  Pl  Pl Pl K\VWHUHVLV UHJXODWRUV UHSUHVHQW WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ
 HVWLPDWHGDQGGHVLUHGYDULDEOHVIRUWKHDFWLYHDQGWKHUHDFWLYH
with  s source  f  filter l nonlinear load 
SRZHU DQG WKH RXWSXWV RI WKHVH FRQWUROOHUV DUH WKH ORJLFDO
Q f Ql  Qs Ql  VLJQDOV63DQG64>@
7KHHVVHQWLDOSULQFLSOHRIWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQIRUWKHSDUDOOHO
DFWLYH SRZHU ILOWHU ZLWK UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH ZDYHIRUPV
VRXUFH FXUUHQW ,V ORDG FXUUHQW ,O DQG ILOWHU FXUUHQW ,I DUH
LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ 7KH ILOWHU FRQWURO V\VWHP PXVW HQVXUH D
VLQXVRLGDO VKDSH RI WKH VRXUFH FXUUHQW E\ PHDQV RI D
FRPSHQVDWLQJFXUUHQWFRPLQJIURPWKHILOWHU


)LJ3RZHUUHIHUHQFHVJHQHUDWLRQEORFNGLDJUDP

,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH JULG YROWDJH YHFWRU LV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D

QXPHULFDO VLJQDO șQ ZKHUH WKH FRRUGLQDWHV RI WKH IL[HG
UHIHUHQFH IUDPH DUH VSOLW LQWR WZHOYH VHFWRUV DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ
 )LJ

)LJ%DVLFFRPSHQVDWLRQSULQFLSOHZLWKGLIIHUHQWZDYHIRUPVRIFXUUHQWVIRU
WKHVKXQW$3)

,,, '(6&5,37,212)7+(',5(&732:(5&21752/2)6$3)
'3& PHWKRG LV EDVHG PDLQO\ RQ WKH GLUHFW FRQWURO RI WKH
DFWLYH DQG WKH UHDFWLYH SRZHU RI 3:0 FRQYHUWHU 7KH
VZLWFKLQJWDEOHLVGHGXFHGIURPWKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHSRVLWLRQ
RI WKH JULG YROWDJH YHFWRU DQG FRUUHFWLYH VWDWHPHQWV RI ERWK
DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHU RULJLQDWLQJ IURP WKH 
WZR K\VWHUHVLV FRQWUROOHUV XVHG IRU WKLV FRQWURO )LQDOO\ WKH
)LJ  *UDSKLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH JULG YROWDJH YHFWRU LQWKH IL[HGSODQH
VZLWFKLQJ VWDWHV RI WKH VZLWFKHV ZLOO EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKLV
Įȕ
WDEOHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ>@>@>@
7KH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH DQJXODU ORFDWLRQ RI WKH YROWDJH
YHFWRU QHWZRUN LQ WKH Įȕ SODQ GHPDQGV WR NQRZ WKH
FRPSRQHQWV HĮ DQG Hȕ ZKHUH WKHLU FDOFXODWLRQV RU WKHLU
HVWLPDWHV FDQ EH PDGH IURP PHDVXUHPHQWV RI JULG YROWDJHV
DQG NQRZOHGJH RI LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHUV DQG VHQVHG
FXUUHQWV>@
)RUDWKUHHSKDVHV\VWHPWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYH
SRZHUV DUH GHILQHG E\ WKH VFDODU SURGXFW DQG E\ WKH YHFWRU
SURGXFW RI WKH JULG FXUUHQWV DQG OLQH YROWDJHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ DV
LQGLFDWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQV>@>@>@
 3 9VD ˜ , VD  9VE ˜ , VE  9VF ˜ , VF 
)LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQPDQDJHUVZLWFKHVEDVHGRQFODVVLFDO'3&

,&5(5$ 
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

 7$%/(, 6:,7&+,1*7$%/()257+(6+817$3)'3&&21752/
4 >9VE  9VF  ˜ , VD  9VF  9VD  ˜ L VE  9VD  9VE  ˜ , VF @ 
  7KHWD

7KURXJKWKHXVHRIWKHHTXDWLRQJLYHQEHORZWKHORFDWLRQ 63 64            

RI WKH YROWDJH YHFWRU LQ WKH IL[HG UHIHUHQFH IUDPH Įȕ LV              
HVWLPDWHGDVIROORZV              
             
             
§ HÖD ·  ªL D  L E º ª3 º
¨ ¸ ˜« ˜  99999
¨ HÖ E ¸
© ¹ LD  L E

¬L E LD »¼ «¬4»¼ 99DQG9

6RWKHSRVLWLRQLVGHPRQVWUDWHGDVIROORZV ,9 35,1&,3/(2)352326('35(',&7,9(',5(&732:(5

&21752/)256$3)
HÖ E 7KHFODVVLF'3&KDVDPDMRUGUDZEDFNDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH
 T WDQ   IUHTXHQF\ RI FRQWURO VLJQDOV IRU WKH VZLWFKHV WKDW FDQQRW EH
HÖD
FRQWUROOHG DQG UHTXLUHV D KLJK VDPSOLQJ UDWH IRU SUHFLVH DQG
HIILFLHQW FRQWURO RI DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHUV >@ >@ 7R
7KH IRUPXOD LQGLFDWLQJ WKH VHFWRU QXPEHU RI WKH SRVLWLRQ IRU RYHUFRPH WKLV PDMRU GLVDGYDQWDJH RI '3& FRPPDQG ZLWK
WKHYROWDJHYHFWRULVJLYHQE\WKHIROORZLQJUHODWLRQVKLS SUHGHILQHG VZLWFKLQJ WDEOH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR GHYHORS D QHZ
FRQILJXUDWLRQ IRU LPSRVLQJ H[SOLFLW FULWHULD RQ WKH TXDOLW\ RI
S S FRQWUROOHGSRZHUV7KLVDSSURDFKLVNQRZQDVSUHGLFWLYHGLUHFW
Q    T Q  Q   Q  « 
  SRZHUFRQWURO3'3&)XUWKHUPRUHWKH VWXGLHG PHWKRG KDV
EHHQ XVHG WR FRPPDQG WKH VKXQW DFWLYH SRZHU ILOWHU DQG WR
7KHRXWSXWVWDWHVRIWKHWZRK\VWHUHVLVUHJXODWRUVRIDFWLYH HQVXUHDKLJKTXDOLW\RIHQHUJ\DVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJ
DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHU ZLWK WKH DQJXODU SRVLWLRQ RI WKH PDLQV
YROWDJHV YHFWRU DUH JXDUDQWRUV RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH
FRQYHQWLRQDOORRNXSWDEOHDVH[KLELWHGLQWKH7DEOH,


)LJ3URSRVHGSUHGLFWLYHGLUHFWSRZHUFRQWUROOHUIRUVKXQW$3)DSSOLFDWLRQ

)RU WKLV FRPPDQG LW LV YHU\ QHFHVVDU\ WR GHYHORS D ª3 º ªHD H E º ªLD º
SUHGLFWLYH PRGHO RI WKH LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHUV EHKDYLRU 7KH «H ˜ « » 
SURFHVVOHDGLQJWRWKLVREMHFWLYHLVH[SODLQHGDVIROORZ
«4 »
¬ ¼ ¬ E  HD »¼ ¬L E ¼

,QWKHIL[HGSODQĮ±ȕDQGIRUDEDODQFHGWKUHHSKDVHV\VWHP ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHVDPSOLQJSHULRG7 VSHULRGRI

LQVWDQWDQHRXV DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHUV DUH JLYHQ E\ WKH WKHVXSSO\VRXUFH7DQGDVDUHVXOWWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIHĮȕDUH
UHODWLRQVKLSVEHORZ>@>@

,&5(5$ 
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

VXSSRVHG FRQVWDQW GXULQJ WKH FRPPXWDWLRQ

SHULRG
7KH RSWLPDO FRQWURO YHFWRU WR DSSO\ GXULQJ WKH VZLWFKLQJ
HĮȕN HĮȕN SHULRG>.7V.7V@UHVXOWLQJIURPWKHSHUIRUPDQFHIXQFWLRQ
WKDWRSWLPL]HVDQGFRQVLVWVWRFKHFNWKHVKRUWHVWGLVWDQFH
7KHQWKHFKDQJHVLQERWKSRZHUVIRUWZRVXFFHVVLYHVDPSOLQJ EHWZHHQ SRLQWV RI WKH FKDQJH LQ LQVWDQWDQHRXV  DQG  GHVLUHG
PRPHQWVDUHJLYHQE\WKHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD SRZHUV
ª3N    3N º ªH D k  H E k  º ªL D k    L D k  º
«4N    4N» «H k   H k » ˜ «L k    L k » 
¬ ¼ ¬ E D ¼ ¬E E ¼
§
¨

> ·
¸
@ >
f i PLQ ¨ 'P k   'Pi  'Q k   'Qi ¸ i    @
© ¹
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHDEVRUEHGFXUUHQWE\WKH
FRQYHUWHU LV UHJXODWHG E\ WKH GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQ RI WKH ILUVW 9 35$&7,&$/5(68/76$1'',6&866,21
RUGHU
7R YDOLGDWH WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH GHYHORSHG VWUDWHJLHV D
d ªLD t  º ªHD t º ª9D t º ªLD t  º QXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQZDVPDGHWKDQNVWRWKH0DWODE6LPXOLQN
L « » «H t »  «9 t »  R ˜ « »  VRIWZDUHDQGDUHDOWLPHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQKDVEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG
dt ¬L E t ¼ ¬ E ¼ ¬ E ¼ ¬L E t ¼ LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ IRU WKH '3& DQG 3'3& FRQWUROV IRU 6$3)
:LWKRXWFRQVLGHULQJWKHHIIHFWRIWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHUHDFWRU DSSOLFDWLRQ
DQGHPSOR\LQJDGLVFUHWHILUVWRUGHUGLVFUHWL]DWLRQIRUWKH 7KH WHVWHG DSSURDFKHV FRQVLVW HVVHQWLDOO\ RI D WKUHHSKDVH
FKDQJHRIFXUUHQWYHFWRULVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHHTXDWLRQEHORZ SRZHU VXSSO\ D QRQOLQHDU ORDG 3' EULGJH IHHGLQJ 5&
LPSHGDQFH DQG D 3:0 YROWDJH VRXUFH LQYHUWHU FRQWUROOHG
ªLD k    LD k  º Ts § ªHD k º ª9D k º · ZLWK WZR FRPPDQGV ZKLFK DUH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO '3& DQG WKH
« » ¨«  ¸ 
¨ H E k » «9E k » ¸ SUHGLFWLYH'3&DSSURDFKDVH[KLELWHGLQ)LJ
¬L E k    L E k ¼ L ©¬ ¼ ¬ ¼¹
6XEVWLWXWLQJLQWKHYDULDWLRQRIERWKSRZHUVGXULQJD  
VZLWFKLQJSHULRGLVJLYHQE\ 

 
ª3N    3N º Ts ªHD k  H E k  º § ªHD k  º ª9D k  º · 
« » « » ˜ ¨¨ « »« » ¸¸  
¬4N    4N ¼ L ¬«H E k   HD k ¼» © ¬«H E k ¼» ¬«9E k ¼» ¹
7KH LGHDO FRQYHUJHQFH RI WKH UHTXLUHG DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH
SRZHULVUHDFKHGLIWKHEHORZFRQGLWLRQVDUHWUXH 

ª3N   º ª3 N   º

«4N  » « »  
¬ ¼ «¬4 N  »¼ )LJ  ([SHULPHQWDO VHWXS RI VKXQW $3)  3&  G63$&( ,QSXWRXWSXW
FRQQHFWRUV  9ROWDJH VHQVRUV  &XUUHQW VHQVRUV  3RZHU DQDO\]HU
7KHFRQGLWLRQFDQEHVDWLVILHGRQO\ZKHQWKHYDULDWLRQVLQ 2VFLOORVFRSH&RQYHUWHUZLWK3'EULGJHIHHGLQJDW\SH5&LPSHGDQFH
WKHDFWLYHDQGWKHUHDFWLYHSRZHUGXULQJWKHVZLWFKLQJSHULRG )LOWHUDQGORDGLQGXFWDQFH7KUHHSKDVHSRZHUVXSSO\/RDG
WDNHWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHV
7KH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV RI WKH FODVVLFDO DQG SUHGLFWLYH
'3&IRUVKXQW$3)FRQWUROKDYHEHHQLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJDQG
ª'3 N º ª3 N    3N º )LJ  UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,W LV FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH WKDW WKH FODVVLFDODQG
« » « »  SUHGLFWLYHILOWHUVLQMHFWKDUPRQLFFXUUHQWWRWKHOLQH,QVWHDG\
«¬'4 N»¼ «¬4 N    4N»¼ VWDWHWKH'FEXVYROWDJHKDVUHDFKHGLWVUHIHUHQFHDQGWKHJULG
7KH WZR YDULDWLRQV ǻ3L N DQG ǻ4L N IRU WKH VHYHQ FRQWURO FXUUHQWV EHFRPH VLQXVRLGDO 6R LI ZH FRPSDUH WKH WZR
YHFWRUVDUHH[SUHVVHGE\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQDVIROORZV PHWKRGV ZH ILQG WKDW WKH LQVWDQWDQHRXV DFWLYH SRZHU IROORZV
LWV UHIHUHQFH ZLWK VPRRWK FRQWURO DQG WKH UHDFWLYH SRZHU LV
QXOOZLWKDWKLQIRUPLQWKHFDVHRIWKHSUHGLFWLYH'3&VKXQW
'Pi
Ts
L
eDE


Ts
L
>
eDE ˜ FRVT  ˜VDi  VLQT  ˜VEi @ $3)DSSOLFDWLRQ
 $OVR HYDOXDWLRQ RI WZR SURFHVVHG WHFKQLTXHV KDV EHHQ
'Qi
Ts
L
>
eDE ˜ FRVT  ˜VEi  VLQT  ˜ VDi @ i   FRQGXFWHG E\ GRXEOH FKDQJHV LQ WKH ORDG SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH
VDPHILJXUHV7KLVWHVWOHDGVWRWKHDGHTXDWHFKDQJHLQVRXUFH
7KH SUHGLFWLRQ RI UHIHUHQFH LQVWDQWDQHRXV SRZHUV IRU IXWXUH FXUUHQW ORDG FXUUHQW DQG LQ WKH ILOWHU FXUUHQW IRU WKH ERWK
VDPSOLQJPRPHQWNLVJLYHQE\WKHUHODWLRQVKLSLQGLFDWHG LPSOHPHQWHGPHWKRGV
EHORZ
7KHVHVDPHILJXUHVFOHDUO\VKRZ WKDWJULGFXUUHQWVIRUWKH
ª3 N   º ª3 N  3 N  º YDOLGDWHGFRQWUROVDUHVLQXVRLGDOFRPSDUDWLYHO\WRWKHFXUUHQWV
« » « » 
«¬4 N  »¼ «¬4 N »¼ RIHOHFWULFDOV\VWHPZLWKRXWVKXQW$3)


,&5(5$ 
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

9VD,VD 9VD,VD

>9GLY@ >$GLY@ >9GLY@ >$GLY@

,OD ,OD

,ID ,ID
 
 
9GF >9GLY@ 9GF >9GLY@

33  >:GLY@ 33  >:GLY@

4 >9DUGLY@ 4 >9DUGLY@

 
 
,QFUHDVLQJRIWKHORDG >9GLY@ ,QFUHDVLQJRIWKHORDG
9GF 9GF >9GLY@

'HFUHDVLQJRIWKHORDG 'HFUHDVLQJRIWKHORDG

,VD >$GLY@ ,VD >$GLY@

,OD ,OD

,ID ,ID
 
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV&ODVVLFDO'3&FRQWUROIRUVKXQW$3)DSSOLFDWLRQ )LJ  ([SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV 3URSRVHG 3'3& FRQWURO IRU VKXQW $3)
DSSOLFDWLRQ

   

:LWKRXWVKXQW$3)  $IWHUILOWHULQJEDVHGRQ'3&FRQWURO

 
$IWHUILOWHULQJEDVHGRQ3'3&FRQWURO

)LJ([SHULPHQWDOPHDVXUHPHQWSRZHUIDFWRU3)DQDO\VLVYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWRIVRXUFHIRUWKHSKDVHEZLWKRXWVKXQW$3)DQGDIWHUILOWHULQJEDVHGRQ
FODVVLFDODQGSURSRVHGSUHGLFWLYH'3&FRQWURO

,&5(5$ 
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 1RY%LUPLQJKDP8.

)LJ  VKRZV H[SHULPHQWDO PHDVXUHPHQWV REWDLQHG YLD SRZHU >@ <RQJFKDQJ =KDQJ :HL ;LH =KHQJ[L /L <LQJFKDR =KDQJ ³0RGHO
DQG TXDOLW\ DQDO\]HU DSSDUDWXV IRU WUDGLWLRQDO '3& DQG 3UHGLFWLYH 'LUHFW 3RZHU &RQWURO RI D 3:0 5HFWLILHU ZLWK 'XW\ &\FOH
2SWLPL]DWLRQ´ IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics YRO 
SUHGLFWLYH'3&FRQWUROIRUVKXQW$3)UHVSHFWLYHO\ QRSS±1RY
,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW DQ LPSURYHG SRZHU IDFWRU 3) KDV >@ 5DNKHH 3DQLJUDKL 3UDIXOOD &KDQGUD 3DQGD %LG\DGKDU 6XEXGKL
EHHQREWDLQHGIRUWKHSUHGLFWLYHFRQWUROIRUVKXQW$3)3)LV ³$5REXVW([WHQGHG&RPSOH[.DOPDQ)LOWHUDQG6OLGLQJ0RGH&RQWURO
%DVHG 6KXQW $FWLYH 3RZHU )LOWHU´ Electric Power Components and
HTXDO WR  FRPSDUHG WR WKH FODVVLFDO FRQWURO IRU VKXQW SystemsYROQRSS±
$3)3)LVHTXDOWRDQGWRWKHHOHFWULFDOV\VWHPZLWKRXW >@ 6DPHW %LULFLN 6R\GDQ 5HGLI 2]JU & 2]HUGHP 6KDILX]]DPDQ .
VKXQW$3)RSHUDWLRQ3)LVHTXDOWR
9, &21&/86,21
7KLV DUWLFOH SURSRVHV WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VLV DQG D UHDOWLPH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKUHHSKDVHVVKXQWDFWLYHSRZHUILOWHUEDVHG
RQ FODVVLFDO DQG SUHGLFWLYH GLUHFW SRZHU FRQWURO WR JXDUDQWHH
WKH DGHTXDWH FRPSHQVDWLRQ RI KDUPRQLFV DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHU
7KHWZRGHYHORSHGFRQWURODOJRULWKPVKDYHEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\
YDOLGDWHGSUDFWLFDOO\LQWKHODERUDWRU\ZKHUHWKHH[SHULPHQWDO
.KDGHP 0DODELND %DVX ³5HDO7LPH &RQWURO RI 6KXQW $FWLYH 3RZHU
)LOWHU 8QGHU 'LVWRUWHG *ULG 9ROWDJH DQG 8QEDODQFHG /RDG &RQGLWLRQ
8VLQJ 6HOI7XQLQJ )LOWHU´ IET Power Electronics YRO QR  SS
±
>@ 6LGGKDUWKVLQJK.&KDXKDQ0LKLU&6KDK5DP5DWDQ7LZDUL31
7HNZDQL ³$QDO\VLV 'HVLJQ DQG 'LJLWDO ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D 6KXQW
$FWLYH 3RZHU )LOWHU ZLWK 'LIIHUHQW 6FKHPHV RI 5HIHUHQFH &XUUHQW
*HQHUDWLRQ´IET Power ElectronicsYROQRSS±
>@ 1DGKLU 0HVEDKLD $KPHG 2XDULD 'MDIIDU 2XOG $EGHVODP 7RXQVLD
'MDPDKF$PDU2PHLULD³'LUHFWSRZHUFRQWURORIVKXQWDFWLYHILOWHU
UHVXOWVLQERWKWUDQVLHQWDQGVWHDG\VWDWHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLV
ZRUN 7KH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR WHVWHG WHFKQLTXHV
VKRZV FOHDUO\ WKDW WKH SUHGLFWLYH DSSURDFK FRQILUPV LWV
HIILFLHQF\ DQG LWV VXSHULRULW\ RI WKH FRQWURO FRPSDUDWLYHO\ WR
WKH WUDGLWLRQDO '3& FRPPDQG IRU WKH VKXQW DFWLYH ILOWHU
IXQFWLRQ 7KH DGYDQFHG PHWKRG HQVXUHV SUHFLVH DQG HIIHFWLYH
JRYHUQDQFHRIWKHDFWLYHDQGWKHUHDFWLYHSRZHU$GGLWLRQDOO\
LW RIIHUV XV D VLQXVRLGDO VRXUFH FXUUHQW IRU WKH SRZHU VXSSO\
DQG DQ LPSURYHG SRZHU IDFWRU ZLWK D YDOXH YHU\ FORVH WR WKH
XVLQJ  KLJK  VHOHFWLYLW\  ILOWHU +6)  XQGHU  GLVWRUWHG  RU  XQEDODQFHG
FRQGLWLRQV´Electric Power Systems ResearchYROSS±

>@ 0RKDPPHG 4DVLP 3DUDJ .DQML\D 9LQRG .KDGNLNDU ³$UWLILFLDO
1HXUDO1HWZRUN%DVHG 3KDVH/RFNLQJ 6FKHPH IRU $FWLYH 3RZHU
)LOWHUV´ IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics YRO  QR 
SS±$XJXVW
>@ *HRUJH$GDP$OLQD*HRUJLDQD6WDQ*KHRUJKH/LYLQĠ³$Q$GDSWLYH
+\VWHUHVLV %DQG&XUUHQW &RQWURO )RU 7KUHH 3KDVH 6KXQW $FWLYH 3RZHU
)LOWHU 8VLQJ )X]]\ /RJLF´ In IEEE Proceedings of 16th International
Conference DQG([SRVLWLRQRQ(OHFWULFDODQG3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ(3(
XQLW\ )LQDOO\ DV D IXWXUH SHUVSHFWLYH WKH SUHGLFWLYH VKXQW ,DVL5RPDQLDSS±2FWREHU
DFWLYHSRZHUILOWHUZLOOEHLQWURGXFHGLQWKHILHOGRIUHQHZDEOH
>@ 2XDOLG $LVVD 6DPLU 0RXODKRXP ,OKDPL &RODN 1DGLU .DEDFKH
HQHUJ\ %DGUHGGLQH %DEHV ³,PSURYHG 3HUIRUPDQFH DQG 3RZHU 4XDOLW\ RI
'LUHFW 7RUTXH &RQWURO RI $V\QFKURQRXV 0RWRU E\ 8VLQJ ,QWHOOLJHQW
5()(5(1&(6 &RQWUROOHUV´ Electric Power Components and Systems YRO  QR
SS±
>@ 2XDOLG$LVVD6DPLU0RXODKRXP1DGLU.DEDFKH+DP]D+RXDVVLQH >@ =KHQJ=HQJ+XDQ<DQJ5RQJ[LDQJ=KDR&KRQJ&KHQ³7RSRORJLHV
³,PSURYHG3RZHU4XDOLW\3:05HFWLILHU%DVHGRQ)X]]\/RJLF'LUHFW DQG&RQWURO6WUDWHJLHVRI0XOWL)XQFWLRQDO*ULG&RQQHFWHG,QYHUWHUVIRU
3RZHU &RQWUROOHU´ In IEEE Proceedings of 16th International 3RZHU 4XDOLW\ (QKDQFHPHQW $ &RPSUHKHQVLYH 5HYLHZ´ Renewable
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP) %XFKDUHVW and Sustainable Energy ReviewsYROSS±
SS±0D\
>@ 5H]D 1RURR]LDQ *HYRUJ % *KDUHKSHWLDQ ³$Q ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ
>@ <RQJFKDQJ=KDQJ=KHQJ[L/L<LQJFKDR=KDQJ:HL;LH=KHQJJXR &RPELQHG2SHUDWLRQRI$FWLYH3RZHU)LOWHUZLWK3KRWRYROWDLF$UUD\V´
3LDR &KDQJELQ +X ³3HUIRUPDQFH ,PSURYHPHQW RI 'LUHFW 3RZHU Electrical Power and Energy SystemsYROSS±
&RQWURORI3:05HFWLILHUZLWK6LPSOH&DOFXODWLRQ´IEEE Transactions
on Power ElectronicsYROQRSS±-XO\ >@ ,ODQJR.0DQLWKD390DQMXOD*1DLU³0RGLILHG,FRVɎ&RQWUROOHU
IRU6KXQW$FWLYH)LOWHU,QWHUIDFLQJ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\6RXUFHDQG*ULG´
>@ -LQJMLQJ +XDQJ $LPLQ =KDQJ +DQJ =KDQJ =KLJDQJ 5HQ -LDQKXD In AASRI Proceedings of International Conference on Power and
:DQJ /HL =KDQJ &KDR =KDQJ ³,PSURYHG 'LUHFW 3RZHU &RQWURO IRU Energy Systems+RQJ.RQJSS±6HSWHPEHU
5HFWLILHU %DVHG 2Q )X]]\ 6OLGLQJ 0RGH´ IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems TechnologyYROQRSS±
>@ =KDQIHQJ6RQJ:HL&KHQ&KDQJOLDQJ;LD³3UHGLFWLYH'LUHFW3RZHU
&RQWURO IRU 7KUHH3KDVH *ULG&RQQHFWHG &RQYHUWHUV ZLWKRXW 6HFWRU
,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 9ROWDJH 9HFWRU 6HOHFWLRQ´ IEEE Transactions on
Power ElectronicsYROQRSS±2FWREHU














,&5(5$