The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is

intended to be unique.[a][b] Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN
Agency.[1]

An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For
example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book will each have a different
ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1
January 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often
depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.

The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book
Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108
(the 9-digit SBN code can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero digit '0').

Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes
assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative.[2]

Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications
such as magazines and newspapers. The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers musical
scores.

he Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code is a 9-digit commercial book identifier system created by
Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin,[3] for the booksellers and
stationers WHSmith and others in 1965.[4] The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in the
United Kingdom by David Whitaker[5] (regarded as the "Father of the ISBN")[6] and in 1968 in the
United States by Emery Koltay[5] (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency R.R.
Bowker).[6][7][8]

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and
was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.[4][5] The United Kingdom continued to use
the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed the International ISBN Agency as the registration
authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical
Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 TC 46/SC 9. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.[9]
An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit '0'. For example, the second edition of Mr. J.
G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has "SBN 340 01381 8", where '340' indicates the
publisher, '01381' is the serial number assigned by the publisher, and '8' is the check digit. By prefixing a
zero, this can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated.

Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland"
European Article Number EAN-13s.[10]

A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For
example, an ebook, audiobook, paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book will each have a
different ISBN assigned to it.[11]:12 The ISBN is thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January
2007, and ten digits long if assigned before 2007. An International Standard Book Number consists of
four parts (if it is a 10-digit ISBN) or five parts (for a 13-digit ISBN).

Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual[11]:11 describes the structure of the
13-digit ISBN, as follows:

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN‑13 and barcode. Note the different check digits
in each. The part of the EAN‑13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,

the registration group element (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory),[c]

the registrant element,

the publication element, and

a checksum character or check digit.

A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication
and check digit), and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces.
Separating the parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) of a 10-digit ISBN is also
done with either hyphens or spaces. Figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN is complicated,
because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits.[d]
ISBN is most often used alongside other special identifiers to describe references in Wikipedia, and can
help to find the same sources with different descriptions in various language versions (for example
different spellings of the title or authors depending on the language).[13][14]

How ISBNs are issued

ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is
responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs
assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so
the ranges will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type, and size of publishers
that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of
culture and thus may receive direct funding from government to support their services. In other cases,
the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are
not government funded.[15]

A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN Agency website.[16] Partial listing: