3/9/2018 Tank Archives: CKD Export Tanks: An Offer You Can't Refuse

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CKD Export Tanks: An Offer You Can't Refuse
Czechoslovakian tank manufacturing caught up to world standards in the mid-1930s. The P-II, CKD's first Donate
light tank and the first mass produced domestically designed tank, was close to the world's leading designs.
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The LT vz. 35 that won the tender for a new cavalry tank caught up with the rest of the world's leaders. It's not money!
surprising that Czechoslovakian tanks were considered for purchase in countries without a domestic tank
design program. This caused the design of the CKD TNH and LTP (Tanque 39); excellent tanks that became
the backbone of the Iranian and Peruvian tank fleets.
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Middle East Client

A new name appeared on the world map on March 22nd, 1935: Iran. This was the new name for Persia,
another step in Reza Pahlavi's plan to modernize his country. The ruler slowly changed the face of his
country, trying to make it into a developed, industrialized nation. Significant reforms were also made in the
army, the backer of his rule.

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Aleksei Surin's patented suspension, a trademark feature of CKD's tanks. Previously, I explored the
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One of the most pressing issues of the modernization was the need to buy tanks. The few Renault FT tanks up a notch with 152 mm!
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As with the USSR in 1939, Iran created a commission to purchase samples of new artillery and, if possible, Way back in the summer
armoured vehicles. In early 1935, the commission headed by General Ismail Khan ended up in Paris, where of 1940, engineers were
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107 mm 107th ITB 125 mm 16th Independent

Tank Brigade 17-pounder 1941 1942
The same TNH prototype after conversion. February 1936.
1943 1944 1945 1st Guards Army 2-
pounder 3.7 cm Pak 3rd Guards Tank Army 45 mm
Meanwhile, CKD's tanks had critical drawbacks, especially in the suspension. Aleksey Surin's design bureau
50L/42 50L/60 53rd Guards Tank Brigade 6-
began emergency work on improved P-I and P-II vehicles almost immediately after the negotiations in Paris. pounder 6th Guards Tank Brigade 75L/43 75L/70
The reworked tankette, indexed AH-IV, deserves its own article. 85 mm 88L/56 88L/71 A-19 A-20 A-32 A-44
Aberdeen accuracy administrative aerosan
As for the reworked P-II, it received the internal index TNH. This tank differed significantly from its airplanes AMX animals anti-tank rifle Archer
predecessor. Experience received from making the P-II-a tank was applied as much as possible, especially in ARL 44 armoured cars armoured train artillery
the engine compartment. The biggest change was the use of Aleksey Surin's suspension. The amount of B-13 B-4 Berlin BL-10 BL-8 BL-9 body armour
road wheels was reduced to 4 per side, but they grew in diameter and became single. This suspension, Bovington Br-2 BS-3 BT camouflage cavalry
Centurion Chaffee Char B1 Chieftain Christie

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created for an export tank, became CKD's trademark. The drive sprocket and idler design also changes. The Churchill CIA Comet Covenanter Cromwell
amount of teeth per track was increased to two. cross-examination cruiser Crusader D-10
D-25 D-30 D-35 D-5 death ray E series
engineering ergonomics F-27 F-30 F-32 F-34
FCM Ferdinand flamethrower Foreign
Exchange forgery fortifications Grotte
halftrack Heavy Tank M6 Hellcat Hero of the
Soviet Union Hetzer Hotchkiss infantry
intelligence internal affairs introduction IS
IS-2 IS-3 IS-4 IS-5 IS-6 IS-7 IS-8 ISU-122
ISU-130 ISU-152 Jagdpanther Jagdtiger
Kalashnikov Karelia Karl Gerat Katukov Khalkin-Gol
Korea Kursk KV KV-1 KV-13 KV-1S KV-2 KV-
220 KV-3 KV-4 KV-5 KV-6 KV-7 KV-8 KV-85 KV-
9 L-11 L-60 L/56 Lake Hasan leFH18 Leichttraktor
Leningrad Leopard Light Tank M5 Locust M-10 M-
30 M-61 M-62 M-72 M10 Wolverine M12 M2 Light
Tank M3 gun M3 Lee M3 Stuart M36 M5 gun
Matilda Maus Medium Tank M7 metallurgy mines
mistakes were made ML-20 mobility
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Object 218 Object 704 Ogledow Operation
Bagration Operation Overlord organizational Otto
Carius painting Pak 40 PaK 41 PaK 43 Panther
parade partisan penetration
Patton

Pershing Polish campaign post-war pre-

war Prokhorovka prototype PT-76 Pz
35(t) Pz 38(t) PzI PzII PzIII PzIV Raseiniai
The same tank from the right. Few companies could offer something comparable for export at the time the rations reactive armour reliability Renault
Rheinmetall rocket artillery rubber S-34 S-53 S-
Praha TNH arrived on the scene.
Tank Semovente SG-122 Sherman small
arms SMK soft vehicles Somua Spanish Civil
The Iranian purchasing commission arrived in Prague in May of 1935. A contract was signed for 30 AH-IV
War sPzB 41 ST-I Stalingrad StuG Sturmtiger
tankettes and 26 light TNH tanks as a result of this visit. This visit was also a benefit to Skoda. Even though SU-100 SU-122 SU-122P SU-152 SU-26 SU-
Bofors and Vickers cannons were discussed, the Iranians picked 37 mm Skoda guns for their tank. 57 SU-76 SU-76I SU-85 T-10 T-100 T-12 T-150

T-221 T-24 T-26 T-27 T-28 T-29 T-30 T-34

The contract was signed even before prototypes were completed. This strange move was partially caused by
T-34-85 T-34M T-34S T-35 T-37 T-38 T-40 T-
a lack of alternatives and partially because of a gift from CKD. The commission left with a P-I tankette 43 T-44 T-46 T-50 T-54 T-55 T-60 T-62 T-64 T-
prototype. 70 T-72 T-80 T-80 modern T1 tactics tankette
taxonomy and identification teletank Tetrarch
Tiger Tiger II time and money Toldi
tractor Type 89 U-11 U-5TS Valentine Vickers
War Thunder Welding Winter War World of

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5 ZiS-6

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Pahlavi's commission chose correctly. CKD, interested in a foreign client, worked heroically on prototypes.
Both were ready for demonstration in September, although they still had dummy turrets. LPP-25: Light, Simple, and Unwanted
First Soviet Tanks
The mass and size of the THN ended up between that of the P-II and P-II-a. The engine was also SU-122-2 in Combat
intermediate, a 7 L 85 hp engine from the Praha TN truck. This truck also served as a chassis for the CKD TN
SU-76-57
SPE-34 armoured car, built for the Romanians. The engine was weaker than on the P-II-a, but offered a
power to weight ratio of 10 hp/ton. The armour of the TNH was identical to that of the P-II, which was enough Light Tanks, 1944, Part 2
for an infantry support tank. Light Tanks, 1944, Part 1
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CKD Export Tanks: An Offer You Can't
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SU-85 Light
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Pz.Sfl.IVb: Halfway to the Hummel
02SS Aerosan: A Tank in the Snow
Drawings of the reworked tank after trials. New KV-2 Turret
Tank Costs, 1943
The tank impressed the Iranians when shown to them. The first trials proved that the TNH was superior to the
P-II. Its top speed was 32 kph at stock RPM and 37 at increased RPM. These results became possible not ► February (25)
only because of a more powerful engine, but also the new suspension. The tank was improved further. A real ► January (25)
turret with a commander's cupola to the right of its axis was eventually installed. Skoda did not finish its
prototype on time, so the tank was trialed with a model of the 37 mm A 4 Beta gun. ► 2016 (340)
► 2015 (349)
While the engineers worked on the tank, the Iranian commission remained in Prague and lived it up. CKD
► 2014 (385)
didn't care, since the Iranians did what they hoped on September 10th, 1935: expand the order to 50 AH-IV
and 50 TNH. A collective sigh of relief echoed through Prague. An order for 100 vehicles made up for the ► 2013 (257)
failure of the P-II-a at army trials.

Even the British could only dream about an order of this magnitude. The success of Czechoslovakian tanks
was explained by their very attractive price, in addition to their characteristics. Each tank cost 3570 Iranian
reals, less than a Vickers Mk.E.

This is what a mass produced Praha TNH looked like. Take note of the turret machinegun mount.

Mass production tanks differed from the prototype. Trials showed that the turret machinegun mount needed
work. Early TNH had a new mount, moved out forward. Later, the design was simplified. Observation slits
were added to the sides of the driving compartment. The engine compartment and muffler mount were
changed.

The turret also changed. The commander's cupola design was simplified, ventilation ports were added on the
sides, the coaxial machinegun mount changed, and the number of observation slits increased. If necessary,
an AA machinegun mount could be attached to the commander's cupola. More About Tanks (English)

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If necessary, an AA machinegun could be installed on the cupola. ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Документы Советской Эпохи
Due to the delay on Skoda's part, a real gun appeared on the TNH only in August of 1936. Trials showed that Закалённые Великой Отечественной
the gun turned out well. This signaled that the tank was ready for production. История с Географией
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The arrangement was the same as with the LT vz. 34. POLDI Hutte from Kladno supplied the armour. CKD
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cast its own parts in Prague. Assembly also happened here. 23 tanks were completed by the end of 1936,
Т-34 Информ
and the order to TNH tanks was fully completed in May of 1937. The Iranian commission in Prague wasn't in
a hurry. They clearly liked the city and they themselves were popular with local ladies. Хранитель Слов
Электронный архив Советской военной
администрации в Германии 1945-1949
Юрий Пашолок (World of Tanks)
Юрий Пашолок (личное)

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TNH tank from the main production run.

The Iranian army demonstrated their new tanks on February 22nd, 1937, when 11 TNH tanks rolled through
the streets of Tehran. The demonstration made an impact, since Iran suddenly became the owner of the most
modern tanks in the region.

The level of satisfaction with their purchase can be determined from the fact that negotiations for the
purchase of 200 more THN tanks began in the spring of 1938. However, CKD was loaded with other orders,
and negotiations ended in the spring of 1939 when Czechia was occupied by the Germans.

The tanks didn't help Iran. When the joint Soviet-British occupation operation began in August of 1941, the
Shah's forces offered almost no resistance. Reza Pahlavi's government fell and he fled the country.

Best Tank in Latin America

While in Paris in early 1935, Oplatka reported that he established contact with a Captain Martinez from the
Peruan army. He arrived in Europe with the goal of buying medium and light tanks.

Peru was in a difficult position in the mid-1930s. A war between Peru and Colombia in 1932-33 went badly for
the former. At that point, two countries in South America owned tanks: Bolivia, and Brazil. Both bordered

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Peru. Finally, a war between Bolivia and Paraguay over Chaco concluded recently. Peru thought it was best
to keep safe with such noisy neighbours.

The LTP was supposed to look like this, but the A 4 Beta was replaced with the A 3.

The Peruvians were leaning towards buying Italian L3/33 tanks when CKD began its negotiations with
Martinez. The Peruvians were attracted by its low price, which was the equivalent of only 200,000
Czechoslovakian kroner.

The commission was initially interested in Czechoslovakian AH-IV tankettes. The Peruvians expressed a
desire to buy 10-20 tanks after the first round of negotiations on January 27th, 1936, but they did not decide
between the AH-IV and the TNH.

Their opinions changed when the commission arrived in Prague in October of 1936. Seeing the TNH in
person made them realize that the tankettes are not what they needed. According to specifications of the
Peruvian army, they needed a 5-6 ton tank armed with a 37 mm cannon and a machinegun, with a top speed
of at least 20 kph and a range of 160 km. Oplatka earned his salary: almost all information sent by the
Peruvians to Lima made its way to CKD.

Experimental LTP at factory trials.

Thanks to Oplatka and CKD's other agents, the Peruvians did not purchase Italian tanks. Meanwhile, another
customer turned up: Lithuania. The Lithuanians also wanted a 5-6 ton tank, since local bridges could not
carry any more weight than that. The negotiations started out quickly but soon slowed down to a more
traditional lethargic pace. The Lithuanians were also leaning towards the Swedish Landsverk L-120 and took
their time with working out their requirements. The much more agreeable Swiss turned up on the horizon, for
which the Czechoslovakians designed the light LTL-H tank.

As for Lithuania's tank, the LTL, work stalled and all existing designs were applied to the Peruvian project.
However, an additional issue popped up on the Peruvian front. The French, specifically Schneider, also had
ambitions in that market. Skoda was Schneider's partner, and a series of negotiations had to be made before
the French backed off.

The A 4 Beta gun had to be replaced with the older A 3, although it had similar characteristics. The LTL had a
different layout than the TNH: the transmission and drive sprockets were in the rear. The tank had to be
seriously altered.

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The tank was painted in a three-colour camouflage.

After long negotiations in Paris, a contract was signed on February 15th, 1938, for 24 Czechoslovakian tanks
for the Peruvian army. They were called LTL initially, but the name was changed to LTP in April, when
assembly of two prototypes began.

According to the revised specifications, the tank had to have a mass of 6.3 tons, reach a speed of 40 kph,
and work at altitudes of up to 4.5 km. The last requirement was quite important for Peru, as it has no shortage
of mountains. One tank was shipped there to test its performance at high altitudes. The final stage of building
a prototype at CKD began in June of 1938, but work dragged on and was only delivered on July 11th.

The LTP turned out mobile and well armed, especially for its class.

As with the Iranians, the Peruvians were happy with their choice. The new tank was a very interesting design.
Its mass was 7325 kg, a ton over the requirement. This was not its only drawback.

The tank had less mass than the LT vz. 34, but had the same cannon and machinegun. The thickness of the
armour was the same as on the LT vz. 35. The hull was shorter at only 4100 mm, half a meter less than the
LT vz. 34. The combat capabilities of the tank were equal to that of the heavier THN, and superior in some
respects.

The tank used a Swedish 15 hp 7.75 L 6 cylinder Scania-Vabis 1664 engine. The same engine was used on
the L-60-S, also known as Strv m/38. The appearance of such a compact and powerful engine became

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possible thanks to CKD's cooperation with Sweden, who purchased AH-IV-Sv tankettes under the index Strv
m/37. Thanks to this Swedish motor, the LTP had an impressive power to weight ratio of 17.1 hp/ton.

Another difference between the LTP and LTL was a new driver's observation device, which provided better
visibility. The front machinegun mount was also altered, and the machinegun itself was replaced with the ZB
vz. 30. The shape of the turret also changed, now closer to the LT vz. 34. The commander's cupola was
taken from the TNH, and the ventilation port was moved to the rear.

The same tank from the rear.

After initial trials, the tank received three colour camouflage and a personal name: "Lima". On August 4th, it
was loaded onto the "Piłsudski" steamship in Gdansk, and taken to New York, where it was transferred to the
steamship "Frida". On September 13th it arrived in the Callao port in Peru.

After the first inspection and trials in the Lima arsenal, the tank was delivered to the high altitude city of La
Oroya. The tank confidently strolled along the mountain roads of the Andes. Even at 4200 meters, it could
confidently reach a speed of 33 kph. In regular conditions, its top speed was 40 kph. The tank was inspected
by General Óscar R. Benavides, the president of the country at the time, who was satisfied with it. Trials in
the desert were also completed successfully. Peru received an excellent tank.

Mass production of the LTP began on September 23rd, 1938, right after the Lima tank was tested in the
Andes. Meanwhile, the political situation almost ruined the deal. The threat of war between Germany and
Czechoslovakia forced the latter to look for tanks wherever they could be found. The army agreed to buy out
the LTPs at 5752 pounds Sterling per tank. However, thanks to the infamous Munich Agreement, the need for
tanks disappeared.

Six LTP tanks were loaded onto the "Patria" steamship in Hamburg on November 4th, 1938, which arrived in
Callao on December 7th. CKD representatives met them there and organized training courses for Peruvian
crews. The remaining 16 tanks were completed in November of 1938. After factory trials, they were also
shipped to South America. The last batch arrived on February 27th, 1939.

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The first experimental LTP received the name "Lima". Later, all Tanque 39 received names.

The arrival of 24 LTP tanks, indexed Tanque 39 in Peru, shifted the balance of power in the region. Peru
suddenly became the owner of the largest tank force on the continent: a whole battalion, made up of two
companies. Later, Praha T6 tractors and trucks arrived in Peru from Czechoslovakia.

After the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, most CKD representatives chose to stay in Peru and not
return to their home country. This played right into Peru's hands, since their tank battalion was now equipped
with experienced specialists.

The Tanque 39 and its crews did not sit idle for long. A war between Peru and Ecuador broke out on July 5th,
1941. On July 23rd, the Czechoslovakian tanks first saw battle in Latin America. The tank battalion, which
contained a large number of Czechs, attacked Ecuadorian forces in the direction of Puerto Bolivar. Ecuador
couldn't put up a worthy opponent, and the success was stunning. Tanks played a key role in that war. As a
result of the peace treaty signed on January 29th, 1942, Peru obtained almost half of the territory of Ecuador,
278,000 square kilometers.

Tanque 39 and their crews. Peru had the largest tank force on the continent.

After Peru declared that it wanted nothing to do with Axis countries, the USA delivered 30 Light Tanks M3A1
to Peru. Theoretically, the American tank surpassed the Czechoslovakian one in every respect. In reality, the
Peruvians liked their old tanks more, and did not like American tanks much at all. After the end of the war,
General Martinez, the same one that signed the contract with CKD as a captain, served as an intermediary in
negotiations once more. The Peruvian army wished to buy 24-36 more modernized LTP tanks. It was
assumed that these tanks would have 37 mm A7 guns, welded hulls, and Tatra diesel engines.

The deal was never made. The negotiations were interrupted in 1951 by the Czechoslovakian government.
Peru did manage to buy parts for the tanks they bought earlier, which allowed them to extend their lifespan.
The tanks remained in service until at least 1988, and were used for anti-partisan operations.

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At least 11 tanks survive to this day. One of them still works and participates in parades. Veterans from 1941
usually sit in the turret. Recently, a Tanque 39 was handed over to the Czech Republic and restored. It can be
seen at the Military Museum in Lešany.

Original article by Yuri Pasholok.

at 17:50:00

Labels: Foreign Exchange, post-war, pre-war, time and money

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