The 19th century

By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain
and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual elimination of the monopoly
enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s
Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and
abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the
completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. Alongside the
landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility there arose haciendas of
coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos. Some of the
families that gained prominence in the 19th century have continued to play an important role in
Philippine economics and politics.

Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church controlled the
curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer
could speak it properly. The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction,
but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There, nationalism and a
passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino
students arose what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement. Magazines, poetry, and
pamphleteering flourished. José Rizal, this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political
novels—Noli me tangere (1886; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)—which
had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest
reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly
arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed in
1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm commitment to independence
among a somewhat less privileged class.

Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the leadership
of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the expulsion of
the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for armed revolt. Filipino rebels had been
numerous in the history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they were inspired by nationalist
ambitions and possessed the education needed to make success a real possibility.

19th century world of Jose RIzal

1. The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

2. Growth and Development of Nationalism

3. Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological attachment that members of a nation share, based
on a common language, history, culture, and desire for independence. It is a feeling that drives a people
together as a nation. It is love of country expressed in devotion to and advocacy of national interest and
independence.
4. The growth of nationalism can be attributed to two major revolutions of the earlier century; the
American Revolution of 1776; and the French Revolution of 1789

5. The American Revolution gave birth to the United States of America. On the other hand, French
Revolution led to the overthrowing of the absolute rule of the Bourbon Dynasty and the abolition of the
feudal system.

6. The ideology of the French Revolution ; Liberty Fraternity Equality – had influenced subject peoples to
cast off the yoke of colonialism by means of armed uprising.

7. There are three points that stand out in this complex ideology; 1.Nationalism has evolved from a real
and or imagined cultural unity manifesting itself in a common language, history and territory.
2.Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into political reality so that the territory of
each people coincides with its state boundaries. 3.Nationalist believed that every nation has the right to
exist in freedom and develop its character and spirit.

8. Negative side of Nationalism; - The ideas of national superiority and national mission can lead to
aggressive crusades and counter- crusades. - Nationalism can also stress differences among peoples.

9. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy -The principal ideas of liberalism- liberty and
equality- were first realized successfully in the American Revolution and then achieved in part in the
French Revolution. This political and social philosophy challenged conservatism in the European
continent. -Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy,
equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes. The idea of liberty also meant to specific
individual freedoms: freedom of the press; freedom of speech,freedom of assembly; and freedom from
arbitrary arrest.

10. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy -Democracy became a way of life in many
European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland. -Democracy was gradually established thru
the following means: *promulgation of laws that advance democracy; *undertaking of reforms thru
legislation; abolition of slavery; *adoption of a liberal constitution; providing the citizens the
*opportunity to propose laws; *adoption of manhood suffrage; and *granting of political, economic and
social rights to the people.

11. The Industrial Revolution One of the most crucial developments in the 19th century was the
Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought
about by the invention and use of the machines. This development started in England and later on
spread into Belgium, France, Germany, and even in the United States.

12. Positive effects of industrial revolution; The rise of the factory system; Mass production of essential
and non-essential goods; Improvement of people’s standard of living; Greater urbanization of society;
Beginnings of specialization or division of labor; Invention of labor-saving devices; The beginnings of
industrial capitalism; Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and Encouragement of people’s mobililty.

13. Negative effects of Industrial Revolution; -Widening of gap between the rich and the poor; -
Unending economic warfare between labor and capital and other environmental problems -Beginning of
child and women labor; and -Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among industrialized
countries. In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the farmers from their lands.
14. The Advancement of Science The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant
consequences. - First, everyday experience and innumerable scientists impressed the importance of
science on the mind of ordinary citizens. -Second, as a science became more prominent in popular
thinking, the philosophical implication of science spread to broad sections of the population. Technical
advances led the people to develop optimistic faith in man’s capability to achieved progress. -Third, the
methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850. For many, the union of careful experiment
and abstract theory was the only route to truth and objective reality.

15. Optimism and Confidence in Progress Optimism or faith in society and man’s ability to progress was
brought about by the advancement of science, the coming of steam-powered industry, and the spread
of liberalism and socialism. The optimism of the century was summed by Marquis de Condorcet in his
work, Sketch for the Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind. He saw that “the strongest
reason for believing that nature has set no limit to the realization of our hopes” and foresaw “the
abolition of inequality between nations, the progress of equality within nations, and the true perfection
of humanity. Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to halt it and will never be
reversed.”

16. Optimism and confidence in progress can be gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th
century. Notable among these were the following; -Extensions of human rights to many people; -
Promotion of higher education for men and women; -Education for nationalism in schools; -Investment
in science to serve mankind; -Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous,
hospitals; and -Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time.

Si Jose P. Rizal (i. 19 Hunyo 1861 — k. 30 Disyembre 1896) na may buong pangalang José Protasio Rizal
Mercado y Alonso Realonda, ay ang Pambansang Bayani ng Pilipinas na lumaban sa mga kastila sa
pamamagitan ng kaniyang mga nobelang Noli Me Tangere at El Filibusterismo noong panahon ng
pananakop ng Espanya sa bansa. May angking pambihirang talino, siya ay hindi lamang isang manunulat
ngunit isa ring magsasaka, manggagamot, siyentipiko, makata, imbentor, iskultor, inhinyero, kuwentista,
lingguwista, at may kaalaman sa arkitektura, kartograpiya, ekonomiya, antropolohiya, iktolohiya,
etnolohiya, agrikultura, musika (marunong siyang tumugtog ng plawta), sining sa pakikipaglaban (martial
arts), at pag-eeskrima.

May palayaw na Pepe, si Jose Rizal ay ang ika-pito sa labing-isang anak nina Francisco Engracio Rizal
Mercado y Alejandro at Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos.

Si Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro na kaniyang ang ama, ay kabilang sa ika-apat na
henerasyong apo ni Domingo Lam-co, isang Tsinong mangangalakal na naglayag sa Pilipinas mula sa
Jinjiang, Quanzhou noong kalagitnaan ng ika-labimpitong siglo. Si Lamco ay nakapag-asawa ng isang
Pilipina sa katauhan ni Inez de la Rosa at upang makaiwas sa hostilidad ng mga Espanyol para sa mga
Intsik ay pinalitan niya ang kaniyang apelyido ng "Mercado" (pangangalakal).

Ang pangalan namang Rizal ay nagmula sa salitang "Ricial" o kabukiran na ginamit lamang ni Francisco
(dahil siya ay isang magsasaka) alinsunod sa kautusan ni Gobernador Narciso Calaveria noong 1849 na
magpalit ng mga apelyido ang mga Pilipino. Kalaunan ay ginamit na rin ni Francisco ang Rizal Mercado
upang makaiwas sa kalituhan mula sa kaniyang kasamang mangangalakal.
Ang ina naman niyang si Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos, ay anak nina Lorenzo Alonzo
(isang kapitan ng munisipyo ng Biñan, Laguna, kinatawan ng Laguna sa Kortes ng Espanya, agrimensor,
at kasapi ng isang samahan ng mga Katoliko) at ni Brijida de Quintos (na mula sa isang prominenteng
pamilya). Ang kanilang apelyido ay pinalitan ng Realonda noong 1849.

Kabataan

Ipinanganak sa Calamba, Laguna si Pepe ay mula sa pamilyang masasabi ring nakaaangat sa buhay dahil
sa kanilang hacienda at lupang sakahan. Si Paciano at si Pepe lamang ang mga anak na lalaki sa kanilang
labing-isang magkakapatid. Ang kaniyang mga kapatid na babae ay sina Saturnina, Narcisa, Olympia,
Lucia, Maria, Josefa, Concepcion, Trinidad at Soledad.

Ang pagkahilig sa sining ay ipinamalas niya sa murang edad. Natutunan niya ang alpabeto sa edad na
tatlo at limang taong gulang naman nang siya ay mututong bumasa at sumulat. Napahanga niya ang
kaniyang mga kamag-anak sa angking pagguhit at paglilok. Walong taong gulang siya nang kanyang
isinulat ang tulang "Sa Aking Mga Kababata," na ang paksa ay tungkol sa pagmamahal sa sariling wika
(na noon ay Tagalog)

Edukasyon

Ang kaniyang ina ang unang guro ng ating pambansang bayani. Ito ang nagturo sa kaniya ng alpabeto,
kagandahang asal, at mga kuwento ("Minsan ay may Isang Gamo-gamo"). Samantala, ang kanyang
pormal na edukasyon ay unang ibinigay ni Justiniano Aquino Cruz sa Biñan, Laguna. Pagkatapos noon,
siya ay ipinadala sa Maynila upang mag-aral sa Ateneo de Manila University at doon ay tinamo ang
Bachelor of Arts noong 1877 (siya ay 16 taong gulang) at nakasama sa siyam na estudyanteng nabigyan
ng sobresaliente o namumukod-tanging marka.

Ipinagpatuloy ni Jose ang pag-aaral sa Ateneo upang maging dalubhasa sa pagsusukat ng lupa at
pagiging asesor. Natapos siya sa kursong asesor noong 21 Marso 1877 at naipasa ang Lupong Pagsusulit
para dito noong 21 Mayo 1878 subalit dahil siya ay 17 taong gulang pa lamang ay hindi siya
pinahintulutang magtrabaho bilang asesor hanggang 30 Disyembre 1881. Noong 1878, pumasok siya sa
Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas upang mag-aral ng medisina ngunit dito ay naranasan niya ang
diskriminasyon mula sa mga paring Dominikano. Ipinasya niyang ipagpatuloy ang pag-aaral ng medisina
at pilosopiya sa Universidad Central de Madrid sa Espanya ng sa kaalaman ng kaniyang mga magulang.
Noong 21 Hunyo 1884, sa edad na 23, iginawad sa kanya ang Lisensiya sa Medisina at noong 19 Hunyo
1885, sa edad na 24, ay natapos din niya ang kurso sa Pilosopiya na may markang ekselente.

Siya ay nagsanay ng medisina sa Hospital de San Carlos ngunit itinigil niya ito upang mag-aral ng
optalmohiya sa Paris sa ilalim ng pagtuturo ni Dr. Weckert at sa Aleman sa ilalim ni Dr. Otto Becker.
Ginawa niya ito sapagkat noong panahong iyon ay malala na ang sakit sa mga mata ng kaniyang ina. Sa
Berlin, siya ay naging kasapi ng Berlin Ethnological Society at Berlin Anthropological Society sa ilalim ng
pamunuan ng pamosong patolohistang si Rudolf Virchow.

Kay Rizal ang isa sa mga pinakadokumentadong buhay noong ika-labingsiyam na siglo dahil sa mga tala
tungkol sa kaniya (ang ilan sa mga ito ay sa tala-arawan niya mismo nanggaling), kahit pa nahirapan ang
mga manunulat na gumawa ng kaniyang talambuhay dahil sa paggamit niya ng iba't ibang lengguwahe.
Karamihan sa mga tala ay hinango mula sa kaniyang paglalakbay bilang isang batang Asyanong
namumulat sa kultura ng Kanluran. Kasama rin dito ang kaniyang paglalakbay sa Europa, Hapon, Estados
Unidos, at sa Hongkong kabilang na rin ang mga babaeng naging bahagi ng kaniyang buhay.

Habang nasa Europa, naging bahagi si José Rizal ng Kilusang Propaganda, na kumukunekta sa ibang mga
Pilipino na nagnanais ng reporma. Isinulat din niya ang kanyang unang nobela, ang Noli Me Tangere
(Touch Me Not / The Social Cancer), isang aklat tungkol sa madilim na aspeto ng kolonyal na paghahari
ng Espanya sa Pilipinas, partikular na pinagtuonan dito ang papel ng mga Katolikong prayle. Ang libro ay
ipinagbawal sa Pilipinas, bagaman maraming kopya ang nakapasok sa bansa. Dahil sa nobelang ito,
naging tudlaan siya ng pulisya dahilan upang ang kanyang pagbabalik sa Pilipinas noong 1887 ay
mapaikli.

Nagbalik si Rizal sa Europa at patuloy na nagsulat. Sa panahong ito ay inilabas niya ang kanyang
sumunod na nobela, ang El Filibusterismo (Ang Paghahari ng Kasakiman) noong 1891. Naglathala din
siya ng mga artikulo sa La Solidaridad, isang pahayagan na nakahanay sa layunin ng Propaganda. Sa mga
reporma na itinaguyod ni Rizal ay hindi kasama ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas sa Espanya. Siya ay nanawagan
para sa pantay na pagtrato sa mga Pilipino, sa paglilimita sa kapangyarihan ng mga Kastilang Espanyol at
representasyon para sa Pilipinas sa korte ng Espanya.

Nagbalik si Rizal sa Pilipinas noong 1892 dahil nararamdaman niya na kailangan siya ng bansa para sa
pagbabago. Kahit na itinatag niya ang La Liga Filipina, suportado ni Rizal ang di-marahas na aksyon.
Ngunit hindi ito sapat dahil naniniwala ang mga Espanyol na isa siyang malaking banta dahilan upang
ipinatapon siya sa Dapitan, sa isla ng Mindanao.

Noong 1895, hiniling ni Rizal na magpunta sa Cuba bilang isang hukbong doktor. Ang kanyang kahilingan
ay naaprubahan, ngunit noong Agosto 1896, ang Katipunan, isang nasyonalistang lipunang Pilipino na
itinatag ni Andres Bonifacio, ay nagrebolusyon. Bagaman wala siyang kaugnayan sa grupo, at hindi niya
aprubado ang marahas na pamamaraan, si Rizal ay inaresto at ikinulong.

Matapos ang isang paglilitis, si Rizal ay nahatulan ng sedisyon at sinentensiyahan ng kamatayan sa

pamamagitan ng firing squad. Isinagawa ang pampublikong pagpatay kay Rizal sa Maynila noong
Disyembre 30, 1896, noong siya ay 35 taong gulang. Ang kanyang kamatayan ay nagbunsod ng higit pang
mga pagsalungat sa mga panuntunan ng Espanya at naging hakbang upang makamit ng Pilipinas ang
kalayaan mula sa mga Espanyol noong 1898.