UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Unit
Faculty : Engineering and Science : UEME 2123
Code
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons)
Course : Chemical / Civil/ Mechanical Unit Title : Fluid Mechanics 1
Engineering
Dr. Bee Soo Tueen/ Mr. Chong
Academic Lecturer
: 2016/2017 : Kok Chung/ Mr P. Prakas A/L
Year
S.Palanychamy
Session : 201605

Tutorial 4 (Chapter 8: Viscous Flow in Pipe)

8.61 (7th Ed) Water flows through the screen in the pipe shown in the figure as indicated.
Determine the loss coefficient for the screen.

Solution:

From Energy Equation:

𝑃1 𝛼1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝛼2 𝑉2 2
(𝜌𝑔 + 2𝑔
+ 𝑧1 ) = (
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+ 𝑧2 ) + ℎ𝐿 since α1 = α2, z1 = z2, assuming
d1 = d2 and Q1 = Q2, hence V1 = V2
𝑃1 𝑃2
= + ℎ𝐿 where hL = Minor losses
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝐾𝐿 𝑉 2
= +
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2)
KL =
𝜌𝑉 2

1 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

From manometer consideration:

P1 + γl – γa(0.15) – γ(l – 0.15) = P2

P1 – P2 = γa(0.15) – γl + γ(l – 0.15) where γa = S.Ga x γH2O
= 31360(0.15) – (9800)(0.15) = 3.2 x 9.8 x 103
= 3234 = 31360 N/m3

Solving for KL:

2(3234)
KL =
999 × 62

= 0.179

8.69 (7th Ed) Air at standard temperature and pressure flows at a rate of 0.2 m3/s through a
horizontal, galvanized iron duct that has a rectangular cross-sectional shape of 30 cm by 15 cm.
Estimate the pressure drop per 60 m of duct.

Solution:

Q = VA
𝑄 0.2
V= = = 4.44 m/s
𝐴 (0.3 × 0.15)

Since it’s a noncircular duct:

4𝐴 4(0.3 × 0.15)
Hydraulic Diameter, Dh = = = 0.2 m Assuming the flow completely fills
𝑃 2(0.3)+2(0.15)
the duct

𝜌𝑉𝐷ℎ 1.23×4.44×0.2
Re = = = 6.10 x 104 > 4000 (Turbulent Flow)
𝜇 1.79 × 10−5

From Table 8.1:

Roughness of the pipe, ε = 0.15 mm = 1.5 x 10-4 m

𝜀 1.5 × 10−4
Relative roughness, = = 0.00075
𝐷 0.2

2 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

From Moody Chart, f = 0.0225

For a horizontal pipe;

𝑙𝜌𝑉 2
ΔP = f
2𝐷
0.0225× 60 × 1.23 × 4.442
=
2 × 0.2
= 81.83 Pa

8.75 (7th Ed) The 1.27 cm diameter hose shown in the figure can withstand a maximum pressure
of 1379 kPa without rupturing. Determine the maximum length, l, allowed if the friction factor is
0.022 and the flowrate is 2.8 x 10-4 m3/s. Neglect minor losses.

3 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

Solution:

Q = VA
𝑄 2.8 × 10−4 𝑄 2.8 × 10−4
V1 = = 𝜋×0.01272
= 2.21 m/s V2 = = 𝜋×0.0082
= 5.57 m/s
𝐴1 ( ) 𝐴2 ( )
4 4

From Energy Equation:

𝑃1 𝛼1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝛼2 𝑉2 2
(𝜌𝑔 + 2𝑔
+ 𝑧1 ) = (
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+ 𝑧2 ) + ℎ𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 since α1 = α2,
P2 = 0 (Open to atmosphere)
z1 = 0 (Reference point)
z2 = 3 m (Vertical elevation from the
reference point)
𝑃 𝑉1 2 𝑉2 𝑓𝑙𝑉 2
(𝜌𝑔1 + 2𝑔
2
) = ( 2𝑔 + 𝑧2 ) +
𝐷2𝑔

Solving for l:
1379 × 103 2.212 5.572 (0.022) 𝑙 (2.212 )
((999)(9.81) + 2(9.81)) = (2(9.81) + 3) + (0.0127) 2 (9.81)
l = 316.26 m

8.88 (7th Ed) A fan is to produce a constant air speed of 40 m/s throughout the pipe loop as
shown in the figure. The 3 m diameter pipes are smooth, and each of the four 90 o elbows has a
loss coefficient of 0.30. Determine the power that the fan adds to the air.

Solution:

𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.23×40×3
Re = = = 8.25 x 106 > 4000 (Turbulent Flow)
𝜇 1.79 × 10−5

Since the pipe is smooth, ε = 0

𝜀 0
Relative roughness, = =0
𝐷 3

4 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

From Moody Chart, f = 0.0085

From Energy Equation:

𝑃 𝛼1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝛼2 𝑉2 2
(𝜌𝑔1 + 2𝑔
+ 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑠 ) = (
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+ 𝑧2 ) + ℎ𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + ℎ𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟

since α1 = α2,
P1 = P2 (Same point for air flow)
z1 = z2 (Same point for air flow)
V1 = V2 (d1 = d2, hence from Continuity equation: Q1 = Q2)
KL = 4(0.3)
= 1.2

𝑓𝑙𝑉 2 𝐾𝐿 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑠 = +
𝐷2𝑔 2𝑔

Solving for hs:

(0.0085) (60)(402 ) (1.2) (402 )
ℎ𝑠 = (3)2 (9.81)
+
2 (9.81)
= 111.72 m

𝑊̇ 𝑠 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑠
= 𝛾𝑉𝐴ℎ𝑠
𝜋(32 )
= (12)(40) [ ] (111.72)
4
= 379 kW

5 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

 Tutorial 4 (Chapter 9: External Flow Past Bodies)

9.39 (7th Ed) The aerodynamic drag on car depends on the “shape” of the car. For example, the
car shown in the figure below has a drag coefficient of 0.35 with the windows and roof closed.
With the windows and roof open, the drag coefficient increases to 0.45. With the windows and
roof open, at what speed is the amount of power needed to overcome aerodynamic drag the same
as it is at 104 km/h with the windows and roof closed? Assume the frontal area remains the
same. Recall that power is force times velocity.

Solution:

CD closed = 0.35 CD open = 0.45

Dc Dc
CD = 1 CD = 1
ρ(Uc )2 A ρ(Uo )2 A
2 2
1 1
Dc = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A Dc = CD 2 ρ (Uo)2A
1 1
= (0.35) 2 ρ (Uc)2A = (0.55) 2 ρ (Uo)2A
= 0.175 ρ (Uc)2A = 0.225 ρ (Uo)2A

P closed = P open
Dc x Uc = Do x Uo
[0.175 ρ (Uc)2A] x Uc = [0.225 ρ (Uo)2A] x Uo
0.175 Uc3 = 0.225 Uo3
3 0.175 × (104)3
Uo = √
0.225
= 95.65 km/h

6 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

9.41 (7th Ed) A baseball is thrown by a pitcher at 150 km/h through standard air. The diameter of
the baseball is 7 cm. Estimate the drag force on the baseball if the surface of baseball is (a)
smooth, (b) with relative roughness of 1.5×10-3.

Solution:

U = 150 km/h
150 km 1000 m 1h
= × ×
h 1 km 3600 s
= 41.67 m/s

For standard air: ρ = 1.23 kg/m3 µ = 1.79 x 10-5 N.s/m2

𝜌𝑉𝐷 1.23×41.67×0.07
Re = = = 2.00 x 105 > 4000 (Turbulent Flow)
𝜇 1.79 × 10−5

π (0.07)2
A= = 3.85 x 10-3 m2
4

For (a) Smooth sphere

0.52

From Figure 9.25, CD = 0.52

1
Dc = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A
1
= (0.52) 2 (1.23) (41.67)2 (3.85 x 10-3)
= 2.14 N

7 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

For (b) with relative roughness 1.5 x 10-3

0.09

From Figure 9.25, CD = 0.09

1
Dc = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A
1
= (0.09) 2 (1.23) (41.67)2 (3.85 x 10-3)
= 0.37 N

8 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

9.72 (7th Ed) As shown in the figure below, the aerodynamic drag on a truck can be reduced by
the use of appropriate air deflectors. A reduction in drag coefficient from CD = 0.96 to CD = 0.70
corresponds to a reduction of how many horsepower needed at highway speed of 104 km/h?

Solution:

Assuming standard air: ρ = 1.23 kg/m3

U = 104 km/h Frontal area = height x width

104 km 1000 m 1h
= × × = 3.5m x 3m
h 1 km 3600 s
= 28.88 m/s = 10.5 m2

For Truck A: For Truck B:

1 1
Da = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A Db = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A
1 1
= (0.70) 2 (1.23) (28.88)2 (10.5) = (0.96) 2 (1.23) (28.88)2 (10.5)
= 3770.13 N = 5170.47 N

Power reduction = DbU - DaU

= (5170.47 N) (28.88 m/s) – (3770.13 N) (28.88 m/s)
= 40441.81 N.m/s
= 40.4 kW

9 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

9.82 (7th Ed) A 2-mm diameter meteor of specific gravity 2.9 has a speed of 6 km/s at an altitude
of 50,000 m where the air density is 1.03 x 10-3 kg/m3. if the drag coefficient at this large Mach
number condition is 1.5, determine the deceleration of the meteor.

Solution:

U = 6 km/s
= 6000 m/s
π (0.002)2
Frontal area of meteor = = 3.142 x 10-6 m2
4
1
D = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A
1
= (1.5) 2 (1.03 x 10-3) (6000)2 (3.142 x 10-6)
= 0.08738 N
ρ meteor
Specific gravity, S. G. =
ρ water
ρ meteor = 2.9 x 1000 kg/m3 = 2.9 x 103 kg/m3

Mass, m
Density, ρ =
Volume, v
Mass, m = Density x Volume
4 0.002 3
= (2.9 x 103) x [ π ( ) ]
3 2
= 1.215 x 10-5 kg

Drag, D = Mass, m x Acceleration, a

0.08738
a=
1.215 × 10−5
= 7191.77 m/s2

10 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1

9.84 (7th Ed) A 5-cm diameter sphere weighing 0.6 N is suspended by the jet of air shown in the
figure below. The drag coefficient for the sphere is 0.5. Determine the reading on the pressure
gage if friction and gravity effects can be neglected for the flow between the pressure gage and
the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Assuming standard air: ρ = 1.23 kg/m3

π (0.05)2
Frontal area of sphere, A = = 1.963 x 10-3 m2
4

1
D = CD 2 ρ (Uc)2A = W
1
(0.5) 2 (1.23) (U)2 (1.963 x 10-3) = 0.6 N
U = 31.52 m/s

Friction and gravity effects are neglected.

ρaAaVa = ρbAbVb
(0.05)Va = (0.03)(31.52)
Va = 18.912 m/s
1 1
Pa + 2ρVa2 + Za = Pb + 2ρVb2 + Zb where Pb = Patm = 0 and Za – Zb =0
1
Pa = 2ρ(Vb2 – Va2)
1
= 2 (1.23)(31.512 – 18.9122)
= 391.05 N/m2

11 UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1