 LENS

 By: Group 4

 Balazon, Paul

 Bona, MARK

 Bristol, OLIVER

 Caigas, NINALYN

 Carbon, ANGELICKA

 Catabay, LEONARD

 Cezar, JESSICA

 Martinez, ANGELO

 Mendoza, ROSE ANN

 Osorio, LESTER NEIL

 Ragucos, LAWRENCE

 LENS

 A lens is a transparent medium which either converge or diverge light rays passing through it to
form an image. Generally, there are two types of lenses:

 The convergent, positive, or convex lens

This lens is always thicker at the center and thinner at the sides. Light passing through it
are bended toward each other on the other side of the lens meeting at appoint. It produce a real image
on the image on the opposite side of the lens or where the light is coming from.

 The divergent, negative, or concave lens

This lens is always thinner at the center and thicker at the sides. Light passing through it
are bended away from each other as if coming from a point. It produce a virtual image on the same side
of the lens or where light is coming from.

 INHERENT LENS DEFECTS OF ABERRATIONS

The ideal lens for forensic photography would be capable of producing critically sharp
and distortion-free image. Some other lenses are unfit for the preparation of photographic evidence
because they have optical defects known as aberrations. They are the following:
  Spherical aberration

When light passing through near the central part of a converging lens are bended more
sharply than those rays falling on the edge, thus the rays coming from the edges are focused on a plane
nearer the lens than those coming from the central part.

 Coma Aberration

This is another form of spherical aberration but is concerned with the light rays entering
the lens obliquely. The defect is not noticeable only on the outer edges and not on the central part of
the lens. If a lens has coma, circular objects reproduced at the corners of the negative are comet-like
form. Just like the spherical aberration, it is reduced by combinations of lenses of different curvature.

 Curvature of field

This is a kind of defect where the image formed by a lens comes to a sharper focus in
curved surface than a flat surface. The correction of this defect is similar to spherical aberration and
coma.

 Distortion

A lens with distortion is incapable of rendering straight lines correctly; either horizontal
or vertical lines of an object. This is caused by the placement of the diaphragm. If the diaphragm is
placed in front of the lens, straight lines near the edges of the object tend to bulge outside. This is
known as the barrel distortion. If the diaphragm is placed behind the lens, straight lines near the edges
tend to bend inward.

This is known as pincushion distortion. Distortion is remedied by placing a diaphragm in

between the lens component and the two opposite distortions will neutralize

 Chromatic Aberrations

This defect is the inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of different
wavelengths to the same focus. Ultraviolet rays bent the most while infrared rays are bent the least
when they pass through the lens. Visible light come to a focus at varying distances. This defect is
reduced by utilizing compound lenses made up of single lens made up of glass of different curvatures.

 Astigmatism

With this defect a single point from a subject falling near the margin of the negative will
be imaged not as a point but as two perpendicular short lines one of which is always be out of focus
while the other is sharp. This defect is lessened by combining lenses of special kind of glass having the
correct combinations of spherical surfaces.

 Chromatic difference of magnification

 This defect is present when the size of image is produced by photographic rays of one
wavelength is different from the size produced by another. Size of the image increase as the wavelength
of the rays decreases. In color photography it produces a rainbow colored fringes around the edges of
objects while in black and white photography it appears as the slight blue.

 TYPES OF LENSES ACCORDING TO THEIR DEGREE OF CORRECTION TO THESE LENS

ABERRATIONS

1. Achromatic lens- is corrected for chromatic aberration.

2. Rapid-rectilinear lens- is corrected for distortion.

3. Anastigmat lens- is corrected for astigmatism as well as the other lens defect.

4. Apochromat lens- is also corrected for astigmatism but with higher degree of correction to
color.

 FOCAL LENGTH

A fundamental characteristic of a lens is a focal length. This will determine the size of an
image of an object at a given distance, and the area of coverage of the lens.

Focal length is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film
plane when the lens is set or focused at infinity position or far distance,.

FOCAL DISTANCE- is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film plane.