Circuit Explanation

Islanding of grid is basically to manage two parameters. One parameter is voltage and
other parameter is frequency. Since we cannot change the frequency we have taken a 555 timer
in a free running astable mode, the frequency of which can be varied by R. We know that by the
R & C combination, the multi-vibrator mode of the 555 timer output can be generated at
different frequencies. This output is given to the MC pin 3.0 of port 3 of MC which has the
provision of changing the frequency 46Hz – 54Hz by varying R as explained above through
selector slide switch. So, the MC will get the changed frequency at pin 3.0 of port 3.
We also have provision of feeding the direct frequency at pin 3.0 of port 3 by the selector
slide switch Since we are not sure of the direct frequency and it could be somewhere always near
50Hz it is difficult to test it. This is the reason why we use a 555 timer for giving precisely 52Hz
or 50 KHz or 49 KHz which has to be tested by the program. In the program it is so written that
if the output from 555 timer which is fed to the MC goes to be low 48 KHz or above 52Hz the
corresponding outputs of MC will go high , which will result in switching “ON or OFF” a load to
indicate that the islanding has taken place. (frequency related ).
As far as the voltage is concerned we have taken 2 comparators. Both the comparators are
given to i.e., one for inverting input and other for non-inverting input which are given at a
particular voltage. Initially they are so set that the output of these two comparators going to MC
pin 0.1 and pin 0.2 of port 2 remain high for low voltage and for the high voltage it is held low.
So, when the input voltage changes at R8 which is a rectified voltage which is coming from the
DC voltage, when the input voltage changes i.e., if it goes high, (it given a high command) and if
it goes low (it gives a low command) to the microcontroller. That is how the low-high, high-low
commands are handled by microcontroller then the program takes ones.
Setting procedure for Model 64

Before applying power to the PCB bring the low voltage set point(LVSP) pre-set
(Variable resistor) to fully anticlockwise, HVSP (High voltage setting point) preset to fully
clockwise, frequency changeover slide switch towards MAINs side and the frequency adjustment
preset fully anticlockwise. The lcd illumination preset fully anticlockwise. Take a VARIAC
(Variable Voltage Transformer) and feed the primary of the transformer around 230v while the
secondary is fed to the PCB at 12 volt point. The display will give frequency of around 50Hz and
Stable Voltage. The led near the relay is in OFF position and if the lamp is connected to the pcb
as per the diagram is also OFF. During this testing mains supply and lamp need not be connected
to the PCB. However after completion of the testing they will be connected.

LOW VOLTAGE TRIP ADJUSTMENT:

Set the VARIAC voltage to 220v .Turn the LVSP clockwise slowly till the led (and
lamp) starts glowing. Leave the setting there that completes low voltage trip setting at 220Vand
lcd will display same frequency but Low Voltage.

HIGH VOLTAGE TRIP ADJUSTMENT:

Set the VARIAC voltage to 250v while the led and the lamp will go OFF indicating
same frequency Stable Voltage. Turn the HVSP anticlockwise slowly till the led (and lamp)
starts glowing again which is indicated by same frequency and high voltage on the lcd. Leave the
setting there that completes high voltage trip setting at 250V.

Voltage Range Testing:

Vary the VARIAC voltage below 220V to Higher than 250v and in the both cases the led
and lamp will glow. But if the voltage is between 220 to 250v the led will not glow nor the lamp
indicated by 50Hz frequency and stable voltage.

Frequency range trip adjustment:

Under stable voltage condition bring the frequency changeover switch to inverter
position. The display will show much less than 50Hz and the led plus lamp glowing. Turn the
frequency adjustment preset to clockwise till the display comes near 50Hz.this completes the
frequency range trip adjustment. Any time if the frequency varying above 52 or below 48Hz the
led and lamp will glow with display of frequency and stable voltage. Since it is not possible to
vary the mains frequency for testing this project a 555 based inverter output is used with
provision for varying the frequency while it operates in astable mode.
NORMAL SITUATION

In normal situation the led and lamp do not glow indicating 50Hz and stable voltage. In
any deviation from voltage range or frequency range the led and lamp glow indicating failure of
grid synchronization

This program is also written that in either of these cases whether the frequency is low / high (or)
the voltage could be either in high / low condition , through the microcontroller they are all
displayed in the LCD display and the output is connected to a relay to switch ON or OFF a load.