Science

• From Latin word “scientia." which means "knowledge".

• Any methodological activity. such as observational. experimental investigation and theoretical

explanation of natural phenomena.

• Systematized knowledge based on facts.

Divisions of Science

• Social Science

• Political Science

• History

• Mathematics

• Natural science

Branches of Natural Science

• Physical Science - Dealing with non-living things.

• Biological Science - Dealing with living things.

Scientific Method

• An orderly. logical and rational manner of solving problems.

• Enables and Ieads scientists towards unveiling the truths about observable phenomena and construct
their clear representations.

Cell Theory

• Describes or explains what a cell is.

• Cell is the basic component of a living organism.

• New cells are produced from existing cells.

• Cell is the building block of life.

Kinds of Cell

• Prokaryotic - has no nucleus; ex. Bacteria

• Eukaryotic - has true nucleus; ex. Mammals

Electromagnetism

• Magnetism - derived from Magnesia, an island in the Aegean Sea

• Magnet - an object that attracts magnetic objects like metals

• A magnet has two poles, north and south.

• Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

• Generator - a device that changes mechanical energy to electrical energy

• Motor - a device that changes electrical energy to mechanical energy

Mixtures

• Physical combination of 2 or more substances which can be separated by mechanical means.

• Homogeneous mixture

• a mixture in which the molecules are thoroughly mixed: a mixture that is uniform throughout.

• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. The components of solution are solute, which is the dissolved
particles. and the solvent. which is the dissolving particles.

• Heterogeneous mixture

• Suspensions - heterogeneous mixture where particles are too large that they settle at the bottom of
the container.

• Colloids - heterogeneous mixtures whose particles are not large enough to settle nor small enough to
be dissolved, like the Tyndall Effect. which is the scattering of light by the particles.

Methods of Separating Mixtures

• Filtration - use of filter paper to separate liquid from solid components.

Filtrate - liquid that passes through the filter paper.

Residue - substance that did not pass through the filter paper.

• Decantation - pouring off a layer of liquid from a mixture.

• Magnetism - use of magnets to separate magnetic materials from the nonmagnetic ones.

• Centrifugation - substance is subjected to circular or rotational motion in a centrifuge.

• Distillation - liquid is set to boiling. Vapour is collected and later cooled to condense.
• Chromatography - passing mixture in solution or suspension or as a vapour (as in gas chromatography)
through a medium in which the components move at different rates.

Basic Concept in Educational Technology

A field dedicated to a theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and
evaluation of process and resources for learning.

Technology Integration

It is the process of determining where and how technology fits in the Teaching and Learning process.

Factor affecting the selection of educational technologies

1. Human factors

1.1. Learner factors – refer to learner differences that can influence media choice.

a.) Individual Differences

Research suggests that learner differ in:

• Their preference for learning: by observing (visual learners) or by listening (aural learners)

• Their perception of a given message: a factor of past experience, and often a culture difference exists

• Their understanding of the conventions used by various media: language and technical drawings used

b.) Attention Span

Factors that affect how long a learner can attend to one type of task are age, interest and learners’
motivation

c.) Number of Learner

Select media that are well suited to the group size you have or, if this is difficult, modify the group or
structure to media you have.

d.) Physical Disabilities of Learners (poor vision, hearing, dyslexia, color blindness, etc.)

1.2. Teacher factors- refer to those factors that affect the success of media implementation.

2. Instructional method

The method of instructions dictates or limit our choice of presentation media. Is it self-regulated learning
method or lecture/expository?

3. Practical constraints
Administrative and economic constraints both limit the choice of methods and media.

1.) Objectives 3.) Time

2.) Availability 4.) Resources

Contributions of education technology to education

• Increase students’ motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence and academic achievement.

• Supplies stimulating environment that encourage student involvement in the learning process.

• Promotes higher-level thinking skills and student-centered instruction.

• Offers students diversity, self-paced learning, and opportunities for individuals growth and self
expression.

• Provides students with unique opportunities to apply skills and talent and to interact with other in
non-threatening environments.

• Changes teacher’s and student’s role into positive directions.

• Inspires student and teacher by making learning exciting and interesting.

• Forests the development of leadership abilities and teamwork.

• Support new instructional approaches: cooperative learning, inquiry approach, problem- based
learning, project-based learning and multiple intelligence.

• Provides unique opportunities for student to practice, demonstrate and critique communication skill.

• Supplies information through multi-sensory delivery channels, allowing students with various learning
styles to assimilate and apply knowledge.

• Expand classroom “walls” and links students and teachers in national and international exchanges.

Essential conditions for technology integration in the classroom

For technology to have desired impact on improved teaching and learning, several conditions must be in
place;

• Shared vision for technology integration – this requires coordinated school district planning with
teacher and other personnel at all levels, budgeting yearly amounts for technologies purchases with
incremental funding, emphasizing teacher training, matching technology to curriculum needs, and
keeping current and building flexibility.

• Standard and curriculum support – technology and content area standard are designed to support
each other.
• Required policies – policies are in place to ensure legal/ ethical use, safe, internet use, and equity.

• Access to hardware, software and other resources – there is adequate funding, purchasing procedures
are organized and effective, and procedure are in place to set up and maintain technology resources.

• Trained personnel- staff development that includes hands-on , integration emphasis, training over
time; modeling, mentoring and approaching and post training-access to technology resources.

• Technical assistance- continuing support for diagnostic and maintenance problem for teachers’ and
students’ computer.

• Appropriate teaching and assessment approaches - teaching strategies are matched to needs and
assessment strategies are matches to the type of learning being measured.

Some of the most important benefits of internet and other distances resources:

• Easy and rapid communication.

• Access to expert resources and information not locally available.

• Access to up-to-date information.

• Easy sharing the information and product.

• Support of a cooperative group work.

• Support for learning information and visual literacy.

Evaluating Instructional Resources

In evaluating instructional resources, several question you should ask yourself are important, regardless
of the type are resources you are considering;

1. Does the content match the curriculum?

2. Is the content accurate, up to date, and appropriate with the students?

3. Do the materials teach and/or reinforce learning effectively?

4. Do these resources enhance instruction?

5. Is the resource easy for the teacher and students to use?

6. Are the materials of high quality technically?

7. Is the use of resource practical of my teaching setting (cost, needed equipment, etc.)?

Ten Commandments in creating learning/presentation materials

1. Don’t overcrowd.

2. Be consistent in formal, layout and conventions.

3. Use appropriate type paces and point uses.

4. Used bold and italics for emphasis, but don’t overuse them.

5. Use titles, headings, and subheadings to clarify and guide.

6. Use numbers through direct sequence.

7. Use graphics and illustration to reinforce ideas.

8. Use symbols and icons as identifying markers.

9. Use color/audio/music to stimulate but not to overpower, the senses.

10. Produce the materials with technical excellence – good quality good audio, clear etc.