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PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DOUBLE EFFECT LITHIUM BROMIDE/ WATER

ABSORPTION CHILLERS: SERIES, PARALLEL AND REVERSE PARALLEL

Conference Paper · September 2010

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4849.6646

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 1

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DOUBLE EFFECT LITHIUM

BROMIDE/ WATER ABSORPTION CHILLERS: SERIES, PARALLEL
AND REVERSE PARALLEL
L. Garousi Farshi*, S. M. Seyed Mahmoudi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
* Corresponding author: e-mail: L.garoocifarshi@gmail.com

REFERENCE NO ABSTRACT
Reference # 11-16 Three classes of double effect Libr/water absorption refrigeration systems
(series, parallel and reverse parallel) with identical refrigeration capacities
are studied and compared. In order to simulate the performances of systems
a new set of computationally efficient formulations for thermodynamic
properties of Li-Br solution at equilibrium, is used.
The results of simulation were used to study the influence of the various
operating parameters such as HPG, evaporator, condenser temperatures and
Keywords: etc on the COP, maximum COP, optimum HPG temperature for maximum
double effect, absorption, series, COP. In addition to these, the effects of effectiveness of solution heat
parallel, reverse parallel exchangers, pressure drop between evaporator and absorber (Pdrop1), pressure
drop between LPG and condenser (Pdrop2) and low grade heat externally
supplied to LPG on the performance characteristics of the systems are
investigated. The results can be useful in the design and control of these
absorption systems, and also in comparing advantages and disadvantages of
different configurations of double effect systems in identical conditions.

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, interest in absorption refrigeration technology has been growing because, the
conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems are being questioned not only because of
their high grade energy consumption but also because of their contribution to the ozone layer
depletion and green house effect.
Absorption cooling systems are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
alternatives to CFC-based vapor compression systems. These systems use low grade energy sources
which is readily available as waste energy in fuel cells, residual heat from engines, large power
plants and factories. Low grade energy is also available from alternative sources such as solar,
biomass, geothermal, etc. Absorption units pose no global environment ozone depletion and may
have less impact on global warming than most other options. These machines also eliminate the
concerns about lubricants being mixed with refrigerants. In an energy-efficiency competition,
motor-driven vapor compression chillers will beat absorption chillers. However, increasing the
number of effects in absorption systems is one of the ways to improve the performance and also to
overcome the inability of single effect cycles to effectively make use of higher temperature heat
sources. The number of effects represents how many times the heating power provided by the heat
source is used in the system. Obviously, an increment in the number of effects leads to a higher
efficiency in the plant.
Double-effect absorption refrigeration cycle was introduced during 1956- 1958 [1]. The earliest
theoretical study of a double effect absorption system has been provided for various working fluids
[2, 3]. Also, several types of multi-effect absorption cycle have been analyzed such as the triple
effect absorption cycle [4] and the quadruple-effect absorption cycle [5]. However it must be noted
that, when the number of effects increases, COP of each effect will not be as high as that for a single
effect system. Moreover, higher number of effects leads to more complexity in the system.
10th International Conference on Clean Energy (ICCE-2010)
Famagusta, N. Cyprus, September 15-17, 2010
 2

Therefore, the double effect cycle is the one that is available commercially [6]. Depending on the
solution flow and according to ashrae [7] double effect absorption chillers can be classified as series
flow, parallel flow and reverse parallel flow.
In recent years, a number of researchers have investigated double effect vapor absorption
systems using energy analysis approach. In 1996, Xu and Dai [8] carried out a thermodynamic
analysis to study the series flow double effect absorption chiller using LiBr/water as working fluid
and in 1997 they studied parallel flow double effect cycle in the same manner [9]. In 2000, Arun et
al [10] studied the double effect series flow absorption refrigeration system with emphasis on
estimation of LPG temperatures and in 2001 [11] they compared parallel flow and series flow cycles
based on first law analysis. In 2004 Liu and Wang [12] designed a new kind of solar/gas driving
double effect parallel flow LiBr/water absorption system. They studied this cycle from the view
point of first law of thermodynamics and in order to acquire a more detailed comparison of some
alternative systems, several refrigeration and heat pump systems were compared with each other.
The economic evaluation illustrated that their new system yields good economic returns. In 2006
Manohar et al [13], used neural network for modelling a double effect, series flow absorption
chiller. In 2009, Torrella et al [14] presented a procedure for calculating the COP and heat transfer
rates based on on-site experimental temperature measurements of a LiBr/water double effect chiller
in reverse parallel configuration. In 2009 Maria Puig-Arnavat et al [15] compared two approaches to
the characteristics equation method in order to find a simple model that best describes the
performance of thermal chillers. After obtaining the results for single effect chiller, they choose the
characteristic equation method developed by Kuhn and Ziegler [16] and extended it to double effect
commercial chillers. In 2008 Gomri and Hakimi [17] studied the series flow double effect
absorption cooler. Their study was very limited and only the effect of HPG and LPG temperatures
on COP and second law efficiency was investigated. Again in 2009 Gomri [18] extended his study
on series flow double effect absorption cycle. Also he analyzed single effect cycle and compared
them with each other in several conditions. In 2009 Kaushik and Arora [19] did a similar work to
Gomri’s study, however, their study was more extended. But, it was limited to series flow system
and also, the effect of some important parameters like evaporator temperature or pressure drop
between LPG and condenser and etc were not considered.
In none of the previous works the reverse parallel system was studied theoretically. In the
present paper, we have carried out thermodynamic analysis of a series, parallel and reverse parallel
double effect absorption refrigeration system and compared their results. Also, apart from the other
studies, a broad range of generator, absorber, condenser and evaporator temperatures have been
assumed for three configurations of double effect systems. The effects of effectiveness of solution
heat exchangers and pressure drops between evaporator and absorber and also between LPG and
condenser are investigated. Furthermore, because law grade waste heat, when available can be
supplied to the LPG, we have studied the effect of this heat on dependent parameters.

2. ABSORPTION SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a series flow double effect LiBr/water absorption
refrigeration system. It involves three pressure levels, i.e. high, medium and low. The HPG
functions at high pressure and high temperature, the LPG and condenser operate at medium
pressure, and the evaporator and absorber work at low pressure level. The strong solution (its
refrigerant concentration is high) leaving the absorber is pumped to the HPG through solution heat
exchangers. A high temperature heat source adds heat in HPG to generate water vapor from the
strong solution. The weak solution leaving the HPG enters the LPG, via solution expansion valve
 3

(EV4), where
w the refrigerant
r (water) vap pors comingg from HPG G are conddensed due to low
temperatu ure of weak k solution an nd their lateent heat is uutilized in generating w water vapor ffrom the
weak sollution. The weak w on, thereforee, becomes weaker andd it is deliveered to the absorber
solutio
through the
t LTHE an nd solution expansion
e valve
v (EV3). Both of gennerated wateer vapors froom HPG
and LPG G comes to condenser
c nd gives their heat to coooling stream
an m and refriggerant liquidd goes to
evaporato or through an
a expansion n valve (EV1 1) where it iis evaporatedd at law preessure, extraccting the
heat of vaporization
v from the medium
m to be
b cooled. T This cold vaapor is thenn dissolved in weak
solution coming
c from
m the LPG th hrough the LTHE,
L by rejjecting its heeat of absorpption in the absorber
to cooling stream. Th he path, in which
w the reefrigerant vaapor is condensed, evaporated and aabsorbed
(points 1-3) is the saame for all the three co onfigurationns, so, we avvoid repeatiing in the otther two
systems.
Fig. 2 shows the parallel flow configuraation of the explained syystem. It is shown in thhe figure
that the strong
s solutiion leaving the
t absorberr is pumpedd to the LTH HE after whiich it is diviided into
two streaams. One streeam goes to HPG throug gh HTHE annd the other oone goes to L LPG via EV V4. In the
LPG the refrigerant vapors com ming from HPG
H are conndensed andd their latentt heat is utillized for
generatinng water vap por from the strong soluttion of LPG G. A high tem mperature heeat source iss used to
provide heat
h in HPG to generate water vapor from the strrong solutionn. The weakk solution leaaving the
HPG goees to mixing point (P1) wherew the othher weak soolution cominng from LPG G mixes witth it. The
total weaak solution goes to absorb ber through LTHE and E EV3.
Fig. 3 shows thee reverse paarallel confiiguration. Thhe strong solution leavving the abssorber is
pumped to the LPG G through LTHE. The weak w solutioon coming from LPG is divided iinto two
streams in P1. One sttream is pum mped to HPG G through H HTHE and thhe other onee goes to P2 where it
mixes wiith the weak k solution coming
c fromm the HPG.. The mixtuure from thiis point goees to the
absorber.. In LPG th he vapor co oming from HPG is coondensed annd its latentt heat is utiilized in
generatinng water vap por from th he strong so olution. In tthis system, similar to the others, there is
possibilitty of using ex xternal low grade heat source in LPG G.

Fig. 1. Seriies flow doublee effect absorpttion refrigeratiion system

 4

Fig. 2. Paralllel flow doublle effect absorpption refrigerattion system

9
Fiig. 3. Reverse Parallel
P flow double
d effect abbsorption refriggeration system
m

2. ANA
ALYSIS OF
F THE CY
YCLES
In order to
t simulate the systems, several assu umptions aree made as folllowing:
1) The annalysis is maade under steeady conditions.
2) Conditions of refriigerant (water) at the exits of condennser and evaaporator are saturated.
3) Solution is at eq quilibrium condition
c at the exits of absorberr, HPG, LP PG and theyy are at
corresponding dev vice temperaatures.
 5

4) Pressure losses due to the friction in heat exchangers and in the pipe lines are negligible, except
between evaporator and absorber and between LPG and condenser. The effect of these pressure
losses will be studied.
5) Heat exchange between the system and the surroundings, other than that prescribed by heat
transfer at the generator, evaporator, condenser and the absorber, does not occur.
6) Temperature potential of 5 K is assumed for heat transfer at the LPG.
7) The system produce chilled water in evaporator, and HPG is driven by pressurized hot water
stream. Also, the system rejects heat to cooling water at the condenser and the absorber. In LPG
when there exists a low grade heat source we assume it as a hot water stream too. The outlet and
inlet temperatures of these streams are presented in table (1).
8) The reference conditions for components used in the simulation and the range of their variation
are summarized in table (1) .All of these conditions are fixed in any case if it is not stated or
showed otherwise. Also, Simulations are carried out for 300 KW refrigeration capacity.

Table 1. Reference operating parameters, their variation range and inlet/outlet temperatures of cooling or heating
streams
Reference conditions Variation Inlet and outlet temperatures of Cooling and
range heating streams
Tcon=Tabs=310K(37C) 305-315 K Inlet temperature of cooling water= Tcon-8
Outlet temperature of cooling water= Tcon-3
277-283 K Inlet temperature of chilled water= Teva+8
Teva =277K(4C)
Outlet temperature of chilled water= Teva+3
380-480 K Inlet temperature of hot Water= THPG+18
THPG =400K(128C)
Outlet temperature of hot Water= THPG+10
ηLTHE =70% 50-90%
ηHTHE =70% 50-90%
ηpumps =95%
Pdrop1=0 (Pressure drop between evaporator and 0-100 Pa
absorber)
Pdrop2=0 (Pressure drop between LPG and 0-500 Pa
condenser)
0-300 Kw Inlet temperature of hot Water= TLPG+18
QLPG,out=0 (Low grade heat supplied at LPG)
Outlet temperature of hot Water= TLPG+10

The analysis of absorption systems involves the application of principles of mass conservation
and first law of thermodynamics. The general equations of these principles are specified below:
Mass conservation:
∑ =∑ (1)
∑ =∑ (2)
Energy conservation:
∑ −∑ =∑ ℎ −∑ ℎ (3)

These equations were applied to each component of the systems. The COP of the system is
defined by the equation;
= (4)
,
Where Q , = 0 when there is no low grade heat source for LPG.
 6

In parallel and reverse parallel systems the distribution ratio, D, is defined as ⁄ for the
former and ⁄ for the latter. (See figs 2 and 3).

2. VALIDATION OF THE SIMULATION

A computer program has been developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software [20]
for carrying out the analysis of the three configurations of double effect absorption refrigeration
systems. In the program a new set of formulations of thermodynamic properties of water/LiBr
solution is used as internal function instead of the EES data base [21]. Because they are more
accurate and provide properties at wider range of temperature and concentration.
In order to validate the present model, the simulation results of analysis of the present work have
been compared with that reported by Gomri [18] in series flow double effect system. From fig. 4 it
can be seen that our results are in good agreement with that obtained by Gomri.

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
COP

0.8
0.7 T_con=306K T_eva=277K (Gomri)
0.6
T_con=306K T_eva=277K (Present work)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
373 383 393 403 413 423 433
T_HPG
Fig. 4. Validation of results: comparison of COP with the results of Gomri [18]

2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A parametric study was carried out to identify the effect of parameters listed in table 1 on the
performance characteristics of the cycles. In the case of parallel and reverse parallel systems, at each
operating condition the value of D was chosen to be optimum for maximum COP. For optimization
purposes EES have many choices. If there is one degree of freedom, EES will minimize/maximize
the selected variable using either a Golden Section search or a Quadratic Approximations method.
The Quadratic Approximation method is usually faster, but the Golden Section method is more
reliable. So, we have chosen golden section method and after calculating the optimum D we have
checked it in cycle calculations to get acceptable results (none of the and  can be negative).

2.1. Effects of generator, evaporator and condenser temperatures

Figs. 5 and 6 show the effect of generator, evaporator and condenser temperatures (Tcon=Tabs in
every condition) on the COP. These figures show that, no matter of Tcon and/ or Teva, the COP
initially exhibits a significant increase with increasing generator temperature, and then the COP
curves become almost flat. In the other words, increasing the generator temperature to higher than a
certain value does not provide much improvement for the COP. The figures also indicate that the
higher COP values are obtained at higher evaporator and lower condenser temperatures. With the
range of evaporator and condenser temperatures considered in table 1, the value of maximum COP
 7

calculated for series, parallel and reverse parallel systems were 1.33, 1.375 and 1.37 respectively.
The higher value of COPmax for parallel and reverse parallel systems is due to the fact that, in these
systems, for a unit mass flow rates of refrigerant through the evaporator, the solution mass flow rate
passing the HPG is lower compared to that in series flow. This will lead to a lower in these
systems.Also, It is shown that the COP of parallel and reverse parallel configurations are very close
to each other being higher than that of series flow system; however, with increasing the condenser
temperatures (Tcon=Tabs) or decreasing the evaporator temperature this difference decreases. In all
systems, increasing Teva or decreasing Tcon cause a reduction in THPG, at which COP reaches the
maximum value. In the case of series system, this THPG is lower than the corresponding value for the
other systems.
The effects of HPG, condenser, and evaporator temperatures on PHPG are shown in Figs. 7 and 8.
PHPG in series flow cycle increases with an increase in THPG, but in the parallel and reverse parallel
cycles initially, PHPG increases with THPG and after reaching a maximum value it decreases very
slightly. Also, with increasing Teva in series flow cycle PHPG increases, while in parallel and reverse
parallel flow cycles it decreases. In series flow cycle PHPG remains constant with variation of
Tcon(=Tabs) while parallel and reverse parallel systems it increases with an increase in Tcon(=Tabs).
Therefore, in series system, an increase in THPG up to about 430K the difference between PHPG and
atmospheric pressure reduces. After this THPG the difference starts to increase again. It should be
noted that, the COP at THPG=430K is almost maximum (See Fig. 5) and increasing THPG not only
will not enhance the performance of the system but also increases PHPG which is an unwanted design
point as it can cause leakage problem and will need utilization of more expensive pumping system.
In parallel and reverse parallel systems PHPG is lower than atmospheric pressure at all operating
conditions, however, increasing Tcon(=Tabs) and THPG and decreasing Teva makes PHPG to get close to
atmospheric pressure.
1.4

1.2

series (T_eva=277K)
COP

1 series (T_eva=280K)
series (T_eva=283K)
parallel (T_eva=277K)
parallel (T_eva=280K)
0.8 parallel (T_eva=283K)
reverse parallel (T_eva=277K)
reverse parallel (T_eva=280K)
reverse parallel (T_eva=283K)
0.6
380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470
T_HPG [K]
Fig. 5. The effect of generator and evaporator temperatures on the COP
 8

1.4

1.2

COP
0.8 series (T_con=T_abs=310K)
series (T_con=T_abs=305K)
series (T_con=T_abs=315K)
0.6 parallel (T_con=T_abs=310K)
parallel (T_con=T_abs=305K)
parallel (T_con=T_abs=315K)
0.4 reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=310K)
reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=305K)
reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=315K)
0.2
380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480
T_HPG [K]
Fig. 6. The effect of generator and condenser temperatures (Tcon=Tabs in every condition) on the COP

210
series (T_eva=277K)
190 series (T_eva=280K)
series (T_eva=283K)
170 parallel (T_eva=277K)
parallel (T_eva=280K)
150 parallel (T_eva=283K)
P_HPG [KPa]

reverse parallel (T_eva=277K)

130
reverse parallel (T_eva=280K)
110 reverse parallel (T_eva=283K)

90

70

50

30
380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470
T_HPG [K]
Fig. 7. The effect of generator and evaporator temperatures on the PHPG

250 series (T_con=T_abs=310K)

series (T_con=T_abs=305K)
230
series (T_con=T_abs=315K)
210 parallel (T_con=T_abs=310K)
parallel (T_con=T_abs=305K)
190
parallel(T_con=T_abs=315K)
170 reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=310K)
P_HPG [KPa]

reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=305K)

150 reverse parallel (T_con=T_abs=315K)
130
110
90
70
50
30
380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480
T_HPG [K]
Fig. 8. The effect of generator and condenser temperatures (Tcon=Tabs in every condition) on the PHPG
 9

2.2. Effects of solution heat exchangers effectiveness

The effects of solution heat exchangers effectiveness on the COP of three cycles are presented
in Fig. 9. It is observed that, in studied conditions, in the case of series flow the effectiveness of both
heat exchangers have almost the same effect on COP but in parallel and reverse parallel flow cases
this effect is more pronounced in the case of LTHE. Comparing the parallel and reverse parallel
systems, the effect of LTHE effectiveness on COP is higher in the case of parallel system. This
effect is reverse when the effectiveness of HTHE is considered.
T_HPG=420K
eta_LTHE series
1.3 eta_LTHE parallel
eta_LTHE reverse parallel
eta_HTHE series
eta_HTHE parallel
1.25 eta_HTHE reverse parallel
COP

1.2

1.15

1.1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
η_LTHE & η_HTHE
Fig. 9. Effect of LTHE and HTHE effectiveness on the COP

2.3. Effect of pressure drop in refrigerant path

The effects of pressure drop between evaporator and absorber (Pdrop1) and between LPG and
condenser (Pdrop2) are studied according to Fig. 10. It is observed that, in all the three systems, no
matter of the system kind, Pdrop1 has greater effect on COP compared to that of Pdrop2. So, as the
results indicate, the pressure drop between evaporator and absorber is a very important parameter
and should be reduced.
1.25

1.2
COP

T_HPG=420K
P_drop1 series
1.15 P_drop1 parallel
P_drop1 reverse parallel
P_drop2 series
P_drop2 parallel
P_drop2 reverse parallel
1.1
0 100 200 300 400
P_drop1 & P_drop2

Fig. 10. Effect of Pdrop1 and Pdrop2 on the COP

2.4. Effect of supplied energy from external source to LPG
 10

The last important parameter that is studied, is Q , . The effect of this parameter on COP is
shown in Figs. 11 and 12. It is shown that by increasing this heat COP decreases sharply for three
cycles. If the low grade heat is waste heat (available free) and is not taken into COP calculations,
from Fig. 18 it is observed that, the COP increases with this heat, so if there is a low grade waste
heat source, using it has very important effects on COP. Also, this point must be considered from
the view point of exergy, because the heat used in LPG is in lower temperature and has lower
quality in comparison with the heat used in HPG. The second law study of these cycles will be
presented in the next work.
1.25

1.15

1.05
COP

0.95
series (T_HPG =420K)

parallel (T_HPG =420K)

0.85
reverse parallel (T_HPG
=420K)
0.75
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Q˙_LPG,out [Kw]
Fig. 11. Effect of low grade heat supplied to LPG externally on the COP

4.5

4
series (T_HPG =420K)
3.5 parallel (T_HPG =420K)
reverse parallel (T_HPG
3
=420K)
COP

2.5

1.5

1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Q˙_LPG,out [Kw]
Fig. 12. Effect of low grade heat (available free) supplied to LPG externally on the COP

3. CONCLUSIONS
A computer program has been developed to study and compare the performance of three
configurations of double effect absorption refrigeration system (series, parallel and reverse parallel)
using energy and analysis. The comparison can be useful in the selection, design and control of
these systems. In the case of parallel and reverse parallel systems, optimum distribution ratio for
COPmax has been selected for calculations at each operating condition.
It is shown that, in the three systems an increase in THPG up to a certain value increases the COP.
Further increase in THPG the COP remains almost constant. Lowering the Tcon (=Tabs) and/ or
 11

increasing Teva brings down the optimum THPG of COPmax and increase COP, as well as its
maximum value. To compare the three systems, it is seen that, the COP of parallel and reverse
parallel systems are close to each other being higher than those of series system.
PHPG is an important design parameter and getting it close to atmospheric pressure is a wanted point.
It is supplied with increasing THPG up to about 430K and Teva in series flow case and with increasing
THPG and Tcon or decreasing Teva in parallel and reverse parallel cases.
In the three systems, using a heat exchanger with higher effectiveness as LTHE improves COP more
effectively.
The pressure drop between evaporator and absorber is a very significant factor and an increase in its
value is responsible for a reduction in COP. It is also established that, when a waste low grade heat
source is available, utilizing it in LPG is recommended.

Nomenclature
D Distribution ratio
h Enthalpy (kJ/kg K)
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
P pressure (kPa)
Pdrop1 Pressure drop between evaporator and absorber (Pa)
Pdrop2 Pressure drop between low pressure generator and condenser (Pa)
Heat transfer rate (kW)
, Supplied energy from external source to LPG (kW)
T Temperature (K)
Work transfer rate (kW)
X LiBr concentration

Subscript and abbreviation

COP Coefficient of performance
0 surrounding
abs absorber
con condenser
e exit
eva evaporator
HPG high pressure generator
HTHE high temperature heat exchanger
i inlet or each component
LPG low pressure generator
LTHE Low temperature heat exchanger
max maximum
p pump

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 12

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