Sie sind auf Seite 1von 7

Human anatomy 1

Human anatomy

The human skeleton

The human muscles List of muscles of the human body

The nervous system

The internal organs and their contents


The various layers of a human body
Human anatomy (gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and τέμνειν, "cut"), which, with human physiology
and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of
the human body.[1] Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also
called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be
seen by unaided vision.[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with
microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues),[1] and cytology (the study of cells).
Anatomy, physiology (the study of function) and biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are
complementary basic medical sciences when applied to the human body. As such, these subjects are usually taught
together (or in tandem) to students in the medical sciences.
Human anatomy 2

In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative
embryology,[1] through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient
segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in
the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.
The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and
connective tissue.
The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing
understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically,
advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to
technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

Study
Generally, physicians, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, and students of certain
biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks,
diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by
practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical and
dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead
human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required for all medical doctors, especially surgeons,
and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology.
Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical
students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is,
respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as
the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized
from a systems format to a regional format,[2] [3] in line with modern teaching.

Anatomy in arts
Gross anatomy has become a key part of visual arts. Basic concepts of how muscles and bones function and deform
with movement is key to drawing, painting or animating a human figure. Many books such as "Human Anatomy for
Artists: The Elements of Form", are written as a guide to drawing the human body anatomically correct.[4]
Leonardo da Vinci, in attempts to improve his art via a better understanding of human anatomy expanded both fields.

Approaches

Regional groups
• Head and neck – includes everything above the thoracic inlet.
• Upper limb – includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
• Thorax – the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
• Human abdomen to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
• The back – the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral disks.
• Pelvis and Perineum – the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The
perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
• Lower limb – everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle,
and the foot.
Human anatomy 3

Internal organs (by region)


Head and neck
• Brain
• Amygdala
• Basal ganglia
• Brain stem
• medulla
• midbrain
• pons
• Cerebellum
• Cerebral cortex
• Hypothalamus
• Limbic system
• Eyes
• Pituitary
• Thyroid and Parathyroids
Thorax
• Heart
• Lung
• Esophagus
• Thymus
Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)
• Adrenals
• Appendix
• Bladder
• Gallbladder
• Intestine - large
• Intestine - small
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Spleen
• Stomach
Male pelvis
• Prostate
• Testes
Female pelvis
• Ovaries
• Uterus
Human anatomy 4

Major organ systems


• Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood
vessels.
• Digestive System: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
• Endocannabinoid system: neuromodulatory lipids and receptors involved in a variety of physiological processes
including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, motor learning, synaptic plasticity, and memory.
• Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the
hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or
adrenal glands
• Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
• Immune system: the system that fights off disease; composed of leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen.
• Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph
and the nodes and vessels that transport it.
• Musculoskeletal system: muscles provide movement and a skeleton provides structural support and protection
with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
• Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves,
and nerves
• Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and
in the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
• Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion
of urine.
• Vestibular system: contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation.
Human anatomy 5

Superficial anatomy
Superficial anatomy or surface
anatomy is important in human
anatomy being the study of anatomical
landmarks that can be readily
identified from the contours or other
reference points on the surface of the
body.[1] With knowledge of superficial
anatomy, physicians gauge the position
and anatomy of the associated deeper
structures.

Common names of well known parts


of the human body, from top to
bottom:
• Head – Forehead – Jaw – Cheek –
Chin
• Neck – Shoulders
• Arm – Elbow – Wrist – Hand –
Fingers – Thumb
• Spine – Chest  – Thorax
• Abdomen – Groin
Superficial anatomy of female and male human
• Hip – Buttocks – Leg – Thigh –
Knee – Calf – Heel – Ankle –
Foot – Toes
• The eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are also
superficial structures.

See also
• Anatomy
• Body orifices
• Death
• Human
• Human biology
• Human body
• List of human anatomical features
• List of human anatomical parts named after people
• List of bones of the human skeleton
• List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
• List of muscles of the human body
• List of regions in the human brain
• Terms for anatomical location
• Visible Human Project
Human anatomy 6

References
[1] "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 107/ 1. html). . Retrieved
27 March 2007.
[2] "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070220162610/
http:/ / www. intl. elsevierhealth. com/ catalogue/ title. cfm?ISBN=0443071683). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. intl.
elsevierhealth. com/ catalogue/ title. cfm?ISBN=0443071683) on 20 February 2007. . Retrieved 27 March 2007.
[3] "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070209134753/
http:/ / www. us. elsevierhealth. com/ product. jsp?isbn=0443071683). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. us. elsevierhealth. com/
product. jsp?isbn=0443071683) on 9 February 2007. . Retrieved 27 March 2007.
[4] Goldfinger, Eliot (1991). Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505206-4.

External links
• Human anatomy (http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Medicine/Basic_Sciences/Anatomy//) at the Open Directory
Project
• Help With Anatomy (http://helpwithanatomy.com)
• Lone Star Community College Biology Page (http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/index.html#nogo)
• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. (http://www.bartleby.com/107/) In public
domain.
Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and Contributors


Human anatomy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=395195137  Contributors: -Marcus-, 19DrPepper91, 1dragon, 1exec1, 200.191.188.xxx, 3dscience, 5 albert square, 50blues,
62.253.64.xxx, Aaron Brenneman, Abrech, Adam Bishop, AdjustShift, Aetherfukz, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Aka042, AlanD, Alansohn, Alex.tan, Allen4names, AnatomyArcade, Anatomynerd60,
Andres, Andrewpmk, Anetode, Angr, Ap, Applejacks1234, Arakunem, Arcadian, Art LaPella, AxelBoldt, Bad dog 27, Bart133, Barticus88, Beelake, Beland, Bhadani, Bigdfurrow132, Bird,
Blindman shady, Blue Square Thing, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Bookandcoffee, Borgx, Brian Crawford, Brian0918, Brianhe, Bubba hotep, Calabraxthis, Calaka, Calmer Waters, CalumH93, Can't
sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian-Bacon, CanisRufus, Capricorn42, Carom, Carpentc, Catgut, Cenarium, Chaser, Cheebung, Closedmouth, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cooladoola,
Courcelles, Cshapiro, Cst17, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DRSPORTY, DaL33T, Danaman5, Dandelion1, DangApricot, Danogo, Davehi1, Davidbspalding, Davidruben, Dcfleck, DeadEyeArrow,
Delldot, DerHexer, Dersonlwd, Diberri, Dimitrii, Dinosaur puppy, Discospinster, Dismas, Donhoraldo, Doniago, Donjondonjon, Downsyndrom, Drdoomt3, Dreadstar, Drsanthosh,
Drybittermelon, E Pluribus Anthony, EconoPhysicist, EdBever, Edgar181, Ekko, El C, ElKevbo, Eleassar777, Eleven even, Eliz81, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Eric-Wester, Erkan Yilmaz, Erpbridge,
EscapingLife, Eu.stefan, Everyking, Extrema, Fama Clamosa, Ferb-uary, Fetchcomms, Flyguy649, Fplay, FreplySpang, Fribbler, Funeral, Fuzheado, Fuzzie, George Hernandez, Gerry Ashton,
Ghgugiff, Giftlite, Gilliam, Glane23, Glen, Gongoozler123, Gordie, Gregogil, Haakon, Hadal, Haemo, Halmunby, Harp, He 9921, Hectorthebat, Henrik, Heron, Horselover Frost, Hothothothot,
IGod, Iarescientists, Imasleepviking, Indyfitz, Inlightenmint, Ipatrol, Irishguy, J.delanoy, JNW, JaGa, Jab843, Jake Wartenberg, Jakehall2, Jaknouse, James086, James500, Jamesofur,
JamieHayden, Janet Davis, Jay, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jfdwolff, Jhenderson777, Jiddisch, Jj137, Jketola, Jmlk17, Jmontejo, Jnyanydts, Johnuniq, Jomamasiah, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Jusjih, Justin
Eiler, Juuitchan, KVDP, Kagredon, Kandar, Kariteh, Katalaveno, Kbh3rd, Kenny sh, Kensplanet, Kevin Rector, Keylay31, King Bee, King of Hearts, Klgangsta12, Konstable, Kosebamse, Kpjas,
Krewsuwa, Krishnachandranvn, Kubigula, LC, LOL, Lamilli, Lancevortex, Laxer123, Leszek Jańczuk, Leuko, LiDaobing, LinDrug, Linakang, Linarutouzumaki, Lir, Lisatwo, Lithoderm, Little
Mountain 5, Llywelyn2000, Loren.wilton, Lotje, LouisBB, Luka Krstulović, Magister Mathematicae, Mahanga, Malcolm Hast, Marek69, Markhurd, MarylandArtLover, Marysue007,
Mattbrundage, Matthew Yeager, Maurreen, Maxamegalon2000, Mayumashu, Mcohan, Mdd, Mdebets, Memstone, Mentifisto, MichaelGensheimer, Mikael Häggström, Mike14149393,
Millenniumindia, Minghong, Minimac, Modernist, Moh man742, Mokele, Mollymoon, Monkeys 1234567, Mrfordsclass, NerdyScienceDude, NickW557, Nifky?, Nihiltres, Nishanthb,
Niteowlneils, Nivix, No Guru, NuclearWarfare, Nuttyorange, OMCV, Ocatecir, Oda Mari, Onorem, Ortonmc, Oxymoron83, PFHLai, PIrish, Pan Dan, PandoraX, Patrick, Pax:Vobiscum, Pdcook,
Pedro, Peopleperson951515, Peruvianllama, Peter Karlsen, PhantomS, PhatRita, PhilKnight, Phoenix79, Pietaster, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Po panda, Pomte, Pontificalibus, Pseudomonas,
Pyrospirit, QueenCake, Quilbert, Qxz, Raven in Orbit, Razaelas, Rettetast, RexNL, Rgamble, Rickey145, Riddhill, Rockliffe, Rodsan18, Romanm, Ronhjones, Ryan Postlethwaite, Ryanrey, SJP,
Saltash, Sam Blacketer, Samuel Blanning, Sannse, Santasassassin, SchfiftyThree, SchnitzelMannGreek, SchuminWeb, Sdornan, Shadowjams, Shawnc, Shoaler, Silver Gin357, Skarebo,
SkyWalker, Slakr, SlimVirgin, Smalljim, Snalwibma, Snowmanradio, Snowolf, SoCal, Sodium, Spaully, Stabian, Steel, SteveAlbs, Stezton, THEREVENGEOFDRSPORTY, Taestell, Tarquin,
TeaDrinker, Telrúnya, Template namespace initialisation script, Test413, Tgr, The Anome, The Emirr, The Red, The Thing That Should Not Be, The demiurge, The sock that should not be,
TheEgyptian, Thedrewid314, Thehumorous, Themfromspace, Therealwago, Theresa knott, Theronrox, Tide rolls, Tnxman307, TomasBat, Tommy2010, Tonicthebrown, Tony Sidaway,
Trentmarcus, Trevor MacInnis, Trixt, Trusilver, Typhin, Tytrain, Undies44, Unyoyega, User A1, Utcursch, UtherSRG, VMS Mosaic, VasilievVV, Vicarious, Vicki Rosenzweig, Vipinhari,
Viriditas, Vsion, WAS 4.250, WadeSimMiser, Walters.theo, Wassupwestcoast, Wavelength, Where, Whereizben, WikipedianMarlith, Wisco, WookieInHeat, WriterHound, X-x-blonde-x-x,
Xbox58, Xiahou, Yidisheryid, Yummyuum, Z10x, Zazeza, Zonethree, Zoz, Åkebråke, ‫ملاع بوبحم‬, 达伟, 741 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors


file:Human_skeleton_diagram.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Human_skeleton_diagram.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Man vyi, Moyogo,
Origamiemensch, Snek01, Solon
file:Skeletal_muscles_homo_sapiens.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skeletal_muscles_homo_sapiens.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:KVDP
file:TE-Nervous system diagram.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Elm,
The Emirr
file:Internal organs.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Internal_organs.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mikael Häggström
File:Human anatomy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Human_anatomy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Mattbuck, User:Ralf Roletschek

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen