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Principles of
Ex-Protection
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Table of Contents
1 Basics
The history of explosion-protection and the legislative provisions .............................................. 4
Physical principles of explosion-protection .................................................................................. 6
Explosion-protection concepts .................................................................................................... 9
Hazardous areas ........................................................................................................................ 10
Gas-Ex areas .............................................................................................................................. 11
Dust-Ex areas ............................................................................................................................ 12
2 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Preface
0
Preface
This publication provides a brief
survey of the essential aspects
of explosion-protection.
The statutory regulations
define the obligatory duties of
manufacturers, installers and
operators of electrical installa-
tions in explosive atmospheres.
Important hints you will also
find in the regulations of the
professional associations.
Eaton‘s Crouse-Hinds Division
seminars imparts expert know-
ledge in explosion protections
in theory and practice.
(https://www.crouse-hinds.de/
de/seminar-explosionsschutz/)
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 3
Principles of Explosion-Protection
1 The history of explosion-protection and the legislative provisions
}
• Closed encapsulation
The governing principles and
• Plate encapsulation specifications of the VDE regula-
• Close-meshed screen
Flameproof tions 0165 and 0171 were the
• Labyrinth encapsulation
enclosure basis of the police decree dated
13.10.1943 for electrical appara-
• “Flat joint” encapsulation tus in hazardous locations and in
mines subject to the hazard of
firedamp. The police decree was
From 1924 incandescent lamps The fundamental revision of primarily aimed at the manufac-
only were permitted for lighting these regulations began with turers of electrical apparatus. It
the VDE regulations 0171 “Con- specified that explosion-protect- Research papers by
hazardous areas, whereby the
ed electrical equipment could Carl Beyling, mining engineer
luminous element was hermeti- structional regulations for explo-
cally sealed. The incandescent sion-protected apparatus”, only be placed on the market, in-
lamps had to be protected with which came into force in 1943. stalled and operated if it con-
a strong glass that also tightly They provided the manufactur- formed to the so-called VDE reg-
enclosed the lamp holder. ers of electrical equipment for ulations and had successfully
use in potentially ex plosive at- passed the specified type and
mospheres with the necessary routine tests.
documents for a safe design
and construction.
The responsible factory inspec-
Ex
torate division was chosen to be
The regulation not only de- the competent authority to de-
scribed the individual types of fine to what extent a room or
protection and the scope of plant might be subject to the
their application, but also includ- hazard of explosion.
ed a number of constructional
4 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Principles of Explosion-Protection
The history of explosion-protection and the legislative provisions 1
The “Decree concerning electri- Directive 94/9/EC on the ap-
cal installations in potentially ex- proximation of the laws of the
plosive atmospheres (ExVO)”, Member States concerning
which was issued in 1963, not equipment and protective sys-
only introduced the obligation to tems for use in potentially ex-
have the explosion-protected plosive atmospheres, issued on
apparatus tested by the Federal 23.03.1994 by the European
Physico-Technical Institute Parliament and Council, irrevo-
(Physikalisch-Technische Bun- cably replaced any previous di-
desanstalt PTB) or the Mining rectives concerning explosion-
Test Station (BVS), but also the protection that existed on a
obligation to obtain the design European level from 01.07.2003.
approval from the authorities of
the competent federal state.
On 12.12.1996, Directive 94/9/
EC was converted into national
In 1975 the Council of the Euro- law by the second decree con-
pean Community issued frame- cerning the equipment safety ElexV from 1980
work directives on explosion- law and the changes relating to
protection. The European the equipment safety law by The BetrSichV replaces the
standards for electrical equip- the explosion-protection decree ElexV for explosion protection.
ment for use in hazardous areas (ExVO). With this decree, the However, within the scope of
were drawn up by CENELEC, acetyl decree (AcetV), the the transitional regulations, the
the “European committee for decree on flammable liquids ElexV could still be applied for
electro-technical standardiza- (VbF) and the ElexV were also installations that were commis-
tion”. In Germany the new Euro- brought into line with the sioned before 03.10.2002.
pean standards EN 50 014 to European law.
EN 50 020 were adopted in the
national standards as VDE On 19.04.2014 Directive
standards. These new stand- On 28.01.2000, Directive 2014/34/EU, the successor di-
ards DIN EN 50014 to 50020/ 1999/92/EC of the European rective to 94/9/EC came into ef-
VDE 0170/0171, Parts 1 to 7, Parliament and Council, dated fect with a two-year transition
designated as VDE regulations, 16.12.1999, the second impor- period. This new directive had
came into force on 01.05.1978. tant directive concerning explo- become necessary as a result
sion protection, was published of the approximation with other
in the official gazette of the Eu- EU directives, without revising
The application of these Euro- ropean communities. It con- the technical content. On a na-
pean standards for the con- tains minimum requirements tional level, this new ATEX di-
struction and testing of explo- for the improvement of the rective was transposed in the
sion-protected electrical safety and health protection of 11th Regulation on the Product
apparatus was governed employees potentially at risk Safety Act. (ExVO –11. ProdSV).
throughout Europe by the “EC from explosive atmospheres.
Directive 79/196/EC”. With the This EC directive, also called
new regulation, now known as the European Occupational As a result of the reform of na-
ElexV, among other things this Safety Directive, lays down the tional and European regulations
EC Directive was implemented rules for operational explosion (REACH regulation- 1907/2006/
on 01.07.1980 and explosion pro- protection and is aimed at the EC, the Chemicals Act ChemG
tection newly regulated for operators of installations where and the Occupational Safety Act
manufacturers and operators. explosion hazards are to be ArbSchG,), it was also neces-
Furthermore, the expertise of expected. sary to review the Industrial
the testing establishments and Safety Regulation (BetrSichV)
the design approval were re- with the set of Technical Regu-
placed by a type sample test. The directive was converted lations on Industrial Safety
The type sample test was car- into national law on 03.10.2002 (TRBS) and the Ordinance on
ried out by authorized testing in the “Decree on health and Hazardous Substances
establishments of the member safety protection relating to the (GefStoffV) with the set of
states of the EU (Notified Bod- provision of work equipment Technical Rules for Hazardous
ies). The certificates of conform- and the use thereof during op- Substances TRGS.
ity and inspection granted on eration, safety during the opera-
the basis of the said tests were tion of installations requiring su-
valid throughout Europe. pervision and the organisation
of operational safety provisions
(Industrial Safety Regulation –
BetrSichV)”.
Explosion-protected electrical
equipment from the 60‘s
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 5
Principles of Explosion-Protection
1 Physical principles of explosion-protection
6 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Principles of Explosion-Protection
Physical principles of explosion-protection 1
whether or not an atmosphere is the simultaneous occurrence of a Flames and hot gases
Mechanical sparks:
explosive. In confined spaces, re- hazardous explosive atmosphere (including hot particles)
friction; hammering; grinding
gardless of their size, a continu- and an effective ignition source. Flames are associated with
ous volume of 10 litres of explo- Open flames and electric ignition combustion reactions at temper-
sive atmosphere must already be sources have always been con- atures of more than 1000 °C.
regarded as hazardous. In the sidered to be extremely critical Hot gases are produced as reac-
case of smaller spaces with a and the avoidance of these igni- tion products and, in the case of
volume of <100 m³, this also ap- tion sources by respective pro- dusty and/or sooty flames, glow-
plies for smaller quantities. tective measures has already ing solid particles are also pro-
been described in past docu- duced.
ments. However, in order to be Flames and their hot reaction
In addition to the material de- able to prevent the occurrence of products or otherwise highly
scription of an explosive atmos- explosions, it is necessary to take heated gases can ignite an ex-
phere, it is also necessary to de- all possible effective ignition plosive atmosphere.
scribe its local occurrence. sources into consideration.
Flames, even very small ones,
are among the most effective
Definition „Hazardous area“ a) as return currents in power
Ignition sources that can set off ignition sources.
generating systems – in parti-
Area in which an explosive at- an explosion are: cular in the vicinity of electric
mosphere is present, or may be
Mechanically generated railways and large welding sy-
expected to be present, in
Hot surfaces sparks stems - if, for example, conduc-
quantities such as to require
If an explosive atmosphere As a result of friction, impact or tive electrical system compo-
special precautions for the con-
comes into contact with a heat- abrasion processes, such as nents that are laid in the ground,
struction, installation and use of
ed surface, ignition can occur. grinding, particles can become such as rails and cable shea-
electrical equipment.
Not only can a hot surface itself separated from solid materials thing, lower the resistance of
act as an ignition source, but a and become hot due to the en- this return current path;
Ignition sources ergy used in the separation pro- b) as a result of a short circuit or of
Heat:
In addition to the combustible cess. If these particles consist a short circuit to earth in the
open flames; hot surfaces;
substance and the oxidizing hot gases; gases under pres- of oxidizable substances, e.g. event of faults in the
agent, e.g. air, a third partner, sure; sunlight; infrared light; iron or steel, they can undergo electrical installations;
namely an ignition source, is re- ultrasonic waves an oxidation process, thus
c) as a result of magnetic induction
quired for an explosion. EN 1127- reaching even higher tempera-
(e.g. near electrical installations
1 specifies 13 types of ignition tures.
with high currents or radio
sources that shall be taken into These particles (sparks) can ig-
frequencies) and;
account in connection with explo- nite combustible gases and va-
sion protection. pours and certain dust/air mix- d) as a result of lightning.
In order to prevent the ignition of tures (in particular metal dust/ If parts of an installation that
a hazardous explosive atmos- air mixtures). In deposited dust, can carry stray currents are dis-
phere, it is necessary to be aware smouldering can be caused by connected, connected or
of all possible ignition sources sparks, and this can become a bridged, even in the case of
that may occur and to ensure that source of ignition for an explo- minimal potential differences,
these ignition sources cannot be- sive atmosphere. an explosive atmosphere can
come effective by applying explo- be ignited as a result of electric
dust layer or a combustible sol-
sion protection measures. Electrical installations sparks and/or arcs.
id in contact with a hot surface
and ignited by the hot surface In the case of electrical installa-
Here a risk assessment is carried can also act as an ignition tions, electric sparks and hot Static electricity
out to analyse the probability of source for an explosive surfaces can occur as sources Incendive discharges of static
atmosphere. of ignition. Electric sparks can, electricity can occur under giv-
for example, be generated: en conditions. The discharge of
charged, insulated conductive
a) when electric circuits are Electric sparks:
opened and closed; opening and closing of contacts;
short circuits; over voltage;
b) by loose connections; static discharges
c) by stray currents.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 7
Principles of Explosion-Protection
1 Physically principles of explosion-protection
8 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Principles of Explosion-Protection
Primary and secondary explosion-protection concepts 1
Primary and secondary explo- Prevention of an ignition the case of liquid substances, nical means is that it needs
sion-protection concepts Here distinction is made be- the concentration is usually constant servicing and monitor-
Explosion protection measures tween two procedures: kept below the lower explosive ing. In addition to this, precau-
shall always be taken if the for- limit, since a large amount of ef- tions have to be taken in case
mation of a hazardous explosive fort is required to keep the con- the installation should operate
• Raising the flash point
atmosphere is to be expected centration in the upper range. at a lower output or fail alto-
and, at the same time, an igni- Here the flash point of a flam- gether.
tion source with sufficient ener- mable liquid shall be at least 5 K
• Inertisation
gy is present. In accordance to 15 K above the processing or Secondary explosion
room temperature. In the case If the proportion of oxygen in a
with Directive 2014/34/EU, the protection
of water soluble, flammable mixture is less than 10 % by
measures are divided into pri- Once all the possibilities of pri-
substances this can be volume, then, as a general rule,
mary, secondary and tertiary mary explosion protection have
achieved by adding water. a mixture is not explosive. In or-
measures. been exhausted, there can still
der to attain such a low propor-
tion, so-called inert gaseous be areas where a hazardous ex-
substances such as nitrogen, plosive atmosphere occurs.
carbon dioxide, water steam or These areas are called hazard-
halogenated hydrocarbon are ous areas. Here secondary ex-
added to the mixture until the plosion protection with protec-
desired concentration is ob- tive measures that render
tained. If the percent by volume ignition sources ineffective are
of the inert gas to the flamma- applied. All the types of protec-
ble gas is in the minimum ratio tion described in the standards
of 25:1, an explosive atmos- of the series IEC 60079-0ff for
phere cannot form, regardless electrical equipment and ISO/
of the quantity of air added. IEC 80079-36ff for mechanical
equipment are secondary explo-
sion protection measures.
• Ventilation
The formation of a hazardous
Constructional (tertiary)
explosive atmosphere can be
explosion protection
prevented or restricted by venti-
lation. In rooms above ground If, in spite of the measures
level and without special venti- named above, ignition sources
lation, the air is generally re- and, as a result, explosions are
newed by natural ventilation to be expected, e.g. due to
once per hour. By way of com- electrostatic discharges or
parison, the exchange of air in chemical reactions, construc-
cellar rooms takes up to 2.5 tional or tertiary explosion pro-
hours. The concentration of the tection measures shall be tak-
mixture can, however, only be en.
Primary explosion protection
• Lowering the processing calculated if the escaping quan-
The avoidance of a hazard is al- temperature tity per unit of time of a flam- The explosion-protected design
ways better than any protection
With this method it is neces- mable substance is known and is, for example, a constructional
method. Among other things, it
sary to apply technical meas- if an equal distribution can be measure that cannot prevent an
is possible to prevent an explo-
ures (e.g. cooling) to ensure assumed. explosion, but can limit the ef-
sion by excluding the formation
of an explosive atmosphere. Pri- that the processing tempera- fects to a nonhazardous degree.
mary explosion protection can, ture is always at least 5 - 15 K The equipment shall be de-
The natural flow conditions in a
for example, be achieved by ap- lower than the flash point. It is, signed in such a way that it can
room can be assessed by an ex-
plying the following measures: however, necessary to keep withstand the maximum explo-
pert on ventilation, who will
faults, standstills, leakages and sion pressure and, in extreme
then usually recommend venti-
other influence factors safely cases, even the detonation
Avoidance of flammable lation by technical means, as
under control. pressure. A detonation can hap-
substances the natural ventilation cannot be
considered to be a constant. pen quickly in pipes and elon-
Whenever possible, flammable
Limitation of the concentration Compared to natural ventilation, gated constructions. If the
substances should be substitut-
The formation of an explosive it ensures the exchange of larg- flameproof design is not able to
ed by substances that are not
atmosphere can be prevented if er quantities of air and a more withstand the increase in pres-
capable of forming an explosive
it is possible to limit the con- carefully directed air flow. sure, effective explosion pres-
mixture.
centration of a substance to the Moreover, the concentration oc- sure relief measures shall be
range below the lower or above curring can be determined with taken.
the upper explosive limit. This is a considerably higher degree of
often possible with gases. reliability. With technical ventila-
However, problems arise if tion, gas clouds that are re-
there is a gas leak or if the igni- leased due to faults can be
tion range has to be passed quickly diluted to non-critical
through when starting up or values. On the other hand, the
closing down the installation. In drawback of ventilation by tech-
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 9
Principles of Explosion-Protection
1 Hazardous areas
Zone 1 Zone 2
flammable liquid • Area in which an explosive at-
• Area in which an explosive
mosphere in the form of a
gas atmosphere consisting of
cloud of combustible dust in
Tank Flange/Pump/Piping a mixture of air with flamma-
air does not normally occur; if
ble substances in the form of
it occurs, then only rarely and
Example of the zone classification of explosive gas atmospheres to gas, vapour or mist is not like-
for a short time (GefStoffV).
EN 60079-10-1 ly to occur in normal opera-
tion, but if it does occur, will
persist for a short period only Note:
Dust-Ex-Areas (EN 60079-10-1). Layers, deposits and accumula-
• An area in which a hazardous tions of combustible dust are to
Sack emptying station explosive atmosphere con- be considered in the same way
Zone 22 sisting of a mixture of air and as any other source that forms
flammable gases, vapours or an explosive atmosphere.
mists does not normally oc- Normal operation is understood
cur, and if it occurs, then only as being the state where instal-
Zone 21
rarely and for a short time lations are being used within
(GefStoffV). their design parameters.
Zone 20
10 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Principles of Explosion-Protection
Gas-Ex-areas 1
Examples of applications can usually accommodate these
Zone 2
and the classification of explosive gases for longer peri-
suitable equipment: ods, so that it is also necessary Zone 1
Gas-Ex-areas to expect a Zone 0 area here.
With equipment for Zone 0, ig-
Gas-Ex-areas nition sources shall be protect-
ed against explosion even if the
Zone 0 occurrence of failures is only
Zone 0 mainly encompasses ar- rare. Hence, the equipment
eas such as the inside of en- shall satisfy the following re-
closed containers, pipes and ap- quirements:
paratus that contain flammable Should one type of protection
liquids. fail or should two faults occur
Here the respective operating simultaneously, sufficient pro-
temperature lies above the tection against explosion shall
Zone classification example: Loading/discharging flammable liquids
flash point. The hazardous area still be ensured.
from a road transporter tanker without stand-alone ventilation.
is above the surface of the liq- The constructional require-
uid and not in the liquid. Most ments DIN EN 60079-26 (VDE
gases of flammable liquids are 0170/0171/Part 12-1) state that type of protection “ia” to EN The chapter „Electrical equip-
heavier than air and spread in a the necessary explosion protec- 60079-11, Intrinsic Safety, or ment for use in hazardous are-
similar way to liquids. Cavities tion is attained if the equipment satisfies the requirements of as” describes the individual
such as pits or pump sumps is built in accordance with the two types of protection of the types of protection. According to
series EN 60079, which are ef- Directive 2014/34/EU, Zone 1
fective independently of each equipment shall satisfy the
other. requirements for Category 2G.
For this reason, for example,
flameproof luminaires were ad- Zone 2
ditionally pressurised or intrinsi- Zone 2 encompasses areas
cally safe apparatus in the type around Zone 0 and Zone 1, as
of protection “ib” potted. well as areas around flanged
According to Directive joints on pipes in enclosed
2014/34/EU, equipment for rooms. Furthermore, it includes
Zone 0 shall satisfy the require- such areas in which, due to
ments for Category 1G. In Zone natural or forced ventilation,
0 the hazard of an ignition due the lower explosive limit is only
to electrostatic charges, even attained in exceptional cases,
on rare occasions, shall be safe- such as the environment of
ly excluded. For this reason, the outdoor installations. Flamma-
requirements according to EN ble or explosive substances are
60079-0 for equipment for use manufactured or stored in Zone
in Zone 0 exceed those for 2. The probability of the occur-
equipment for Zone 1 by far. rence of an ignitable concentra-
tion is rare and, if one occurs, it
only persists for a short period.
Zone 1
Flammable or explosive sub-
During normal, trouble-free op-
stances are made, processed or
eration, ignition sources shall
stored in Zone 1. This includes
be safely prevented.
the proximity of loading flap or
filling and discharging facilities,
the vicinity of fragile equipment, According to Directive 2014/34/EU,
pipes and glands on pumps and equipment for Zone 2 shall sat-
slides that do not seal ade- isfy the requirements for Cate-
quately. It is likely that an ignit- gory 3G. In addition, all equip-
able concentration will occur ment that satisfies the
during normal operation. requirements for equipment for
use in Zone 0 and Zone 1 is, of
course, permitted.
Ignition sources that occur dur-
ing normal, trouble-free opera-
tion and those that usually oc-
cur in the event of operating
disturbances shall be safely
prevented.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 11
Principles of Explosion-Protection
1 Dust-Ex-areas
Dust-Ex-Areas Zone 21
Among others, Zone 21 encom-
passes mills, warehouses for
coal or grain, and the area sur-
rounding filling stations. Here,
for example, explosive clouds
of dust can develop due to the
occasional escaping of dust
from the opening. The risk of
hazards due to dust deposits is
often underestimated.
12 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
European Ex-Directives
European Ex-Directives 2
This directive, which applied to type and content of the con-
both electrical and mechanical formity assessment procedure.
equipment, encompassed re- Thus, for example, an EC Type
quirements relating to the ap- Examination Certificate accord-
proval of equipment and the ing to Directive 94/9/EC can be
requisite quality assurance sys- used to issue a new CE Decla-
tems. These requirements are ration according to Directive
graduated according to the 2014/34/EU. In accordance with
equipment category. Article 41, § 2, the issue of a
new EU Type Examination
Certificate according to the new
As this new directive was directive is not necessary.
drawn up according to the
“new approach” of the EC, it Directive 94/9/EC could be ap-
also introduced the Declaration plied for the last time on
of Conformity to be issued by 19.04.2016. As of 20.04.2016
the manufacturer for explosion- only the new ATEX directive
protected equipment and the 2014/34/EU applies.
European Ex-Directives This symbol was specified as
the distinctive mark for the plac- CE marking of products.
Free movement of goods ing of explosion-protected elec-
within the European trical equipment on the market Directive 2014/34/EU of the
Community throughout the community: European Parliament and
Council dated 26.02.2014 –
Article 100 of the treaty estab- 2nd ATEX Directive
lishing the EEC (European
Economic Community) was the Directive 94/9/EC had to be
basis for the free movement of adapted to Resolution No.
goods within the European 768/2008/EC. This resolution
economic area. In 1975, to im- required a common legal frame-
plement this article, the Council work for the marketing of prod-
of the European Community ucts and contains general prin-
issued the Explosion Protection ciples and reference provisions
Framework Directive that are to be applied in all sec-
(Directive 76/117/EEC). Directive 94/9/EC of the tor-specific legal acts. It was,
The issue of European Parliament and therefore, a common basis for a
Directive 79/116/EEC by the Council dated 23.03.1994 - revised or new version of exist-
European Commission 1st ATEX Directive ing legal provisions.
concretised this basis and
established a first legal basis.
The purpose of this directive
A series of European standards This new ATEX directive came
was the approximations of the
for explosion- protected appara- into effect on 20.04.2014, with
laws of the member states of
tus was drawn up by the Euro- a two-year transitional period.
the European Union for equip-
pean Standards Committee for However, this did not mean
ment and protective systems
electrical apparatus (CENELEC) that, as was the case with the
intended for use in potentially
to provide the basis for the en- transition to the 1st ATEX direc-
explosive atmospheres. As of
forcement of the requirements. tive, both directives could be
01.07.2003 it replaced all previ-
In Germany these European applied simultaneously. On the
ous directives on explosion pro-
standards, EN 50014 to EN part of the European Commis-
tection on a European level.
50020, were adopted as VDE sion only a legal certainty was
The directive, also known as provided that, when the transi-
standards in the national stand-
the ATEX directive, applied to tion period expired, the new di-
ards.
equipment and protective sys- rective only in the announced
tems that were intended for form was to be applied. Thus,
Directive 79/196/EEC was re- use in potentially explosive at- the manufacturers were given
stricted to explosion-protected mospheres. Safety devices and the opportunity to adapt their di-
electrical equipment and the control systems for use outside rective-specific documents and
regulations that were required of potentially explosive atmos- papers within this two year pe-
for the free movement of pheres also came under this di- riod. In the case of the notified
goods. rective. This also applied when bodies, this meant, for exam-
such devices were required for ple, that they had to complete
the safe operation of equipment the designation procedure for
By strict reference to the Euro- and protective systems in haz- the new ATEX directive within
pean standards, the normative ardous areas or contributed to these two years. The major
basis for the certification of ex- it, Furthermore, the directive changes only concern formal
plosion-protected electrical ap- now directly included “funda- and legal aspects. No changes
paratus was regulated by “noti- mental safety requirements“ for were made to the basic health
fied bodies”. explosion-protected equipment. and safety requirements or the
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 13
European Ex-Directives
2 ATEX directive 2014/34/EU
14 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
European Ex-Directives
ATEX directive 2014/34/EU 2
Essential health and safety Equipment groups and Classification of explosion protected apparatus in equipment
requirements equipment categories groups and categories according to 2014/34/EU
The requirements relating to Equipment is subdivided into
equipment and protective devic- groups and categories: Equipment Group I for mines endangered by firedamp.
es are divided up into general The equipment Group I is subdivided into the Categories
requirements and supplementa- M1 and M2:
• Equipment group I – applies
ry requirements, whereby, above to equipment intended for
all, the supplementary require- use in underground parts of The equipment in this category is intended for use in both underground
ments are to take both existing mines as well as those parts parts of mines and those parts of surface installations of such mines
and potential hazards into con- of surface installations of that are endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust.
sideration. This means that the such mines that can be en-
equipment and protective sys- dangered by firedamp and/or The equipment shall continue to remain functional even in the event of
tems shall satisfy one or more combustible dust. M1 rare incidents relating to the equipment with an explosive atmosphere
requirements at the same time, present, and feature such protective measures that in the event of fail-
• Equipment group II – applies ure of one means of protection, at least an independent second means
inasmuch as this is necessary
to equipment for use in the provides the requisite level of protection, or the requisite level of protec-
for their correct operation or
remaining areas that can be tion is assured in the event of two faults occurring independently of
their intended use.
at risk due to an explosive at- each other.
Adherence to the health and mosphere.
safety protection requirements
is absolutely essential to guar- Categories
antee the safety of equipment The equipment in this category is intended for use in both underground
See adjacent tables
and protective devices. These parts of mines and those parts of surface installations of such mines that
requirements shall be imple- are endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust.
mented with prudence in order Making available on the mar-
to fulfil the latest technological ket and commissioning M2 If an explosive atmosphere occurs, it must be possible to switch off the
developments at the time of of products equipment. The constructional explosion-protection measures ensure the
making equipment available on The member states must not required degree of safety during normal operation, even under severe oper-
the market. This directive only forbid, restrict or impede the ating conditions and, in particular, in cases of rough handling and changing
environmental influences.
defines general basic require- making available on the market
ments. In order to make it easi- and commissioning of equip-
er to furnish proof that a piece ment, protective systems and
of equipment or a protective devices that conform to the
system conforms to these re- terms of this directive. Similarly, Equipment Group II for all other hazardous areas
quirements, uniform standards the making available on the mar- The equipment Group II is subdivided into the
have been established on a Eu- ket of components accompanied Categories 1, 2 and 3:
ropean level. If standards are by a certificate of conformity
published by the European according to Article 13, § 3 of
Commission in the Official Ga- Directive 2014/34/EU shall not The equipment in this category is intended for use in areas in which an
zette of the European Commu- be forbidden, restricted or im- explosive atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods or fre-
quently.
nities as assigned to a given di- peded if they are to be built into
rective, they are a piece of equipment or a pro-
Even if equipment failures only occur infrequently, the equipment must
valid as so-called “harmonized tective system in line with this ensure the required degree of safety and feature such explosion protec-
standards”. directive. 1 tion measures that
If a product meets the require-
ments of the harmonized stand- • if one constructional protective measure fails, at least one other
The EU member states assume independent constructional protective measure ensures the
ards, the essential require- conformity with this directive required degree of safety, or
ments of the directive are and with the conformity assess- • if two independent faults occur in combination, the required
deemed to be fulfilled ment procedures if the appara- degree of safety is still ensured.
(presumption of conformity). If tus, protective systems and de-
necessary, this list in the official vices are accompanied by the
gazette is adapted in line with EU Certificate of Conformity
the latest versions of the stand- and if the products are provided
ards. These standards are, in The equipment in this category is intended for use in areas in which an
with the CE marking. explosive atmosphere occurs occasionally. Even in the case of frequent
principle, prepared by the Euro-
2 equipment failures or faulty conditions that are normally to be expected,
pean Committee for Standardi-
the constructional explosion-protection measures ensure the required
zation (CEN) and the European Products that do not yet meet degree of safety.
Committee for Electro-technical the requirements of this direc-
Standardization (CENELEC). tive may be displayed at exhibi-
In the field of explosion protec- tions, fairs and demonstrations
tion the standardization is large- if a visible sign clearly indicates
ly carried out by Technical Com- that it will not be possible to The equipment in this category is intended for use in areas in which no
purchase the product until com- occurrence of an explosive atmosphere due to gases, vapours, mists or
mittee TC31, “Equipment for
pliance with the directive has 3 whirled-up dust is to be expected. If, however, it occurs, then in all prob-
explosive atmospheres”, of the
been ensured. ability only rarely or for a short period. During normal operation the equip-
International Electro-technical ment ensures the required degree of safety.
Commission (IEC).
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 15
European Ex-Directives
2 ATEX directive 2014/34/EU
16 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
European Ex-Directives
ATEX directive 2014/34/EU 2
Explosion-protected linear light fitting type
eLLK 92 LED 800 with operating instruction
and Declaration of Conformity
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 17
European Ex-Directives
2 European directives
18 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
European Ex-Directives
Directive 1999/92/EC 2
Directive 1999/92/EC It does not apply to:
Structure of the directive 1999/92/EC
Directive 1999/92/EC of the Enacting part
European Parliament and a) areas used directly for and
during the medical treatment • Section 1
Council dated 16.12.1999 Article 1-2
of patients;
It defines the minimum require- General Requirements
ments for the improvement of
• Section 2
the health and safety protection b) the use of appliances burning Article 3-9
of employees potentially at risk gaseous fuels in accordance Duties of employer
due to an explosive atmosphere with Directive 90/396/EEC (2); 3: Prevent of and protection against explosions
and is also referred to as the
4: Assessment of the explosion risks
“European Workplace Directive”.
5: General obligations
c) the manufacture, handling,
6: Coordination obligations
Explosion-protection is of par- use, storage and transport of
7: Areas with explosive atmospheres
ticular importance to safety. Ex- explosives or chemically
8: Explosion-protection document
plosions endanger the lives and unstable substances;
9: Special regulations relating to working materials
health of workers as a result of and places of work
the uncontrolled effects of
d) mineral-extracting industries • Section 3
flame and pressure, the pres-
covered by Directive 92/91/EEC Article 10-15
ence of noxious reaction prod-
or Directive 92/104/EEC; Other requirements
ucts and consumption of the
oxygen in the ambient air which • Appendix I
workers need to breathe; e) the use of means of transport Classification of areas where explosive atmospheres may occur
by land, water and air, to 1. Areas where explosive atmospheres may occur
which the pertinent provisions 2. Classification of hazardous areas
For this reason, in order to es-
of the international agree- • Section II A
tablish a coherent strategy for
ments (e.g. ADNR, ADR, Minimum requirements for the improvement of the safety
the prevention of explosions at
ICAO, IMO, RID), and the and health protection of employees potentially at risk from
the workplace, organisational
Community Directives for the explosive atmospheres
measures have to be taken. Di-
implementation of those 1. Organisational measures
rective 89/391/EEC requires the
agreements apply. 2. Explosion-protection measures
employer to take the necessary
measures for the health and • Section II B
safety protection of employees, Means of transport intended for Criteria for the selection of equipment and
including measures for the pre- use in a potentially explosive at- protective systems
vention of occupational hazards, mosphere shall not be excluded. • Section II C
to inform and instruct, and to Warning signs for marking areas where explosive
provide a suitable organization atmospheres may occur
and the necessary means. Reduction and assessment
of explosion risks
It is the duty of the employer to After assessment of all the re- Zone 0
The directive was issued in ac- carry out measures in the fol- maining explosion risks, where- A place in which an explosive at-
cordance with Article 137 of the lowing order of precedence: by the interaction of installations, mosphere consisting of a mixture
treaty establishing the EEC and the materials being used, the with air of flammable substances
is, as such, only a minimum re- processes and their possible in-
1. Where possible, the prevention in the form of gas, vapour or mist
quirement. It states explicitly teractions were taken into con-
of explosive atmospheres by is present continuously or for
that any provisions issued on sideration, measures for the
the substitution of materials. long periods or frequently.
the basis of this article shall not safety of employees at work
prevent the member states 2. Prevention of the ignition of must be laid down to ensure
from maintaining or taking more explosive atmospheres. their health and safety at all Zone 1
stringent protective measures 3. Mitigation of harmful effects. times. Here special require- A place in which an explosive
that are compatible with the ments are imposed regarding atmosphere consisting of a mix-
treaty. the coordination duties of the ture with air or flammable sub-
This concept is already known stances in the form of gas, va-
employer at the place of work
in Germany due to the explo- pour or mist is likely to occur in
Scope sion-protection directives of the normal operation occasionally.
This Directive, which is the 15th employers’ liability insurance as- Classification of hazardous
individual Directive within the sociation and it has been put areas
meaning of Article 16(1) of into practice for many years. The areas in which explosive at- Zone 2
Directive 89/391/EEC, lays The new aspect of this directive mospheres can occur are subdi- A place in which an explosive
down minimum requirements is the systematic method ac- vided into zones according to atmosphere consisting of a mix-
for the health and safety protec- cording to which the measures the frequency and duration of ture with air of flammable sub-
tion of workers potentially at are laid down and documented. the occurrence of explosive at- stances in the form of gas, va-
risk from explosive mospheres. This classification pour or mist is not likely to
atmospheres. determines the scope of the occur in normal operation but, if
measures to be taken. it does occur, will persist for a
short period only.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 19
European Ex-Directives
2 Directive 1999/92/EG
20 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Basics 3
Electrical equipment for use
Subdivision into groups Gap
in hazardous areas:
Joint width
Basics Group I: -
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 21
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Basics
Ignition temperature and The ignition temperatures of Electrical equipment for use
temperature classes the different explosive mixtures in areas with combustible
The maximum surface tempera- vary considerably. Whereas a dusts
ture of the electrical equipment, mixture of air with town gas will
subject to the protective meas- only ignite at 560 °C, a mixture Group III
ures on the interior or exterior, of air and petrol will ignite at The subdivision of Group III
must not attain the ignition ca. 250 °C. electrical equipment is based
temperature of the hazardous The data can be found in on the same principle as the
explosive atmosphere. The igni- IEC 60079-20-1. subdivision of Group II electrical
tion temperature of a flamma- equipment, whereby the divi-
To simplify matters, these
ble substance is determined by sion into Groups A, B and C is
different properties were
means of a test apparatus and based on the properties of the
classified and divided into
is defined as the lowest tem- „dust“.
temperature classes.
perature on a heated wall at Groups Substances
which the flammable substance IIIA combustible flyings
will just ignite in the mixture Explosion-protected portable
with air. IIIB non-conductive dusts searchlight in the dust test chamber
IIIC conductive dusts
To avoid ignition hazards, it is
necessary that:
Ignition sources
Combustible dust can be ignit- ´the temperature of any sur-
ed by electrical equipment in faces on which dust deposits
various ways: can form or that can come into
contact with a cloud of dust are
´by equipment surface tem-
kept at a temperature that is
peratures that are higher than lower than the limiting tempera-
the ignition or glow tempera- tures laid down in EN 50028-1-2;
ture of the respective dust. The
Experimental determination of the temperature at which the dust ´all parts with electric sparks
ignition temperatures of flammable ignites is dependent on the or with temperatures above the
substances to IEC 60079-20-1 properties of the dust, on ignition or glow temperature of
whether it is present in the the dust are built into an enclo-
form of a cloud or deposits, on sure that prevents the ingress of
Tempera- Maximum permissible Ignition temperatures the thickness of the layer and dust in a suitable manner, or
ture class surface temperature of of the flammable on the type of heat source; ´the energy of the electric cir-
the equipment in °C substances in °C cuits is limited to such a de-
´by sparks at electrical parts
T1 450 > 450 such as switches, contacts, com- gree, that sparks or tempera-
mutators, brushes or similar; ture that could ignite
T2 300 > 300 ≤ 450
combustible dust are avoided;
T3 200 > 200 ≤ 300 ´by the discharge of stored
electrostatic energy; ´all other ignition sources are
T4 135 > 135 ≤ 200 avoided.
´by radiated energy
T5 100 > 100 ≤ 135
(e.g. electromagnetic radiation);
T6 85 > 85 ≤ 100
´by mechanic impact or friction
sparks or a rise in temperature
Classification of gases and vapours in explosion groups and originating from the apparatus.
temperature classes
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
I Methane
Acetone
Ethane
Petrol
Ethylacetate Ethyl-
Diesel
Ammonia alcohol
fuel Acetal-
Benzol i-amyl-
Aviation deyde-
II A Acetic acid acetate
fuel Ethyl-
Carbon ox- n-butane
Heating ether
yde n-butyl-
oils
Methanol alcohol
n-Hexane
Propane
Toluene
Town gas
II,B Ethylene
(lamp gas)
Carbon
II C Hydrogen Acetylene
disulphide
22 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Equipment protection level EPL 3
Equipment protection level
EPL
Historical background
Hazardous areas are divided
into zones according to the
degree of hazard. The degree of
hazard is defined according to
the probability of the occur-
This was carried out on the sta- As an alternative method to the The concept of protective levels
rence of an explosive atmos-
tistical basis that - depending on prescriptive and relatively rigid relating to the equipment was
phere. Generally, neither the
the probability or frequency of approach of the association of first implemented in the Euro-
potential consequences of an
the occurrence of an explosive equipment to zones, a concept pean directive 94/9/EC and
explosion nor other factors,
atmosphere- the required level that was uncoupled from haz- described as categories.
such as the toxicity of materi-
of safety against the probability ardous areas was introduced for
als, are taken into account. A This concept was adopted in
of the presence of an ignition the assessment of hazards for
true risk assessment would the standards as Equipment
source and the probability of the selection of Ex equipment.
consider all factors. Protection Levels (EPL).
the occurrence of an explosive
atmosphere has be adapted ac- The Equipment Protection Level
The ignition hazard posed by
Historically, the selection of cordingly. (EPL) is the level of protection
the equipment itself was the
equipment for each zone is assigned to equipment based
defining characteristic, whereby
based on a firm link between on its likelihood of becoming
At a very early stage the type of it did not matter which protec-
the zone and the type of protec- a source of ignition and distin-
protection “Intrinsic Safety”, tion measure was being ap-
tion to be applied. guishing the differences
which was used for the instru- plied.
between explosive gas
mentation and control technol-
Not all types of protection pro- atmospheres, explosive dust
ogy, was subdivided into vari- To simplify this, a system of
vide the same degree of safety atmospheres, and the explosive
ous “safety categories” while protections levels relating to the
against the possibility of the oc- atmospheres in mines
maintaining the general explo- equipment was introduced.
currence of an ignitable state. susceptible to firedamp.
sion protection measures
For this reason, specific types (see EN 60079-11 for details).
of protection have been allocat- These categories were then as-
ed to specific zones. signed directly to zones.
Gas,
Occasional occurrence Zone 1 II 2G II Gb high
mist, vapour
Not likely, but if it occurs only rarely and for
Zone 2 II 3G II Gc enhanced
a short period
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 23
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Equipment protection level EPL
Picture: Ruhrkohle-AG
24 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Equipment protection level EPL 3
Electrical types of protection for explosive atmospheres due to flammable gases, vapours and mists
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 25
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Equipment protection level EPL
26 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-0 3
Type of protection to Table 34/1: Ambient temperatures in service and additional marking
EN 60079-0
Electrical equipment Ambient temperature in ser- Additional marking
vice
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 0: Equipment – General Normal Maximum: +40 °C None
requirements Minimum: −20 °C
Electrical equipment for use in Special Specified by the Ta or Tamb with the special range, e.g. -30 °C
explosive atmosphere shall
manufacturer ≤ Ta ≤ +40 °C, or the symbol “X”
meet the general requirements
of EN 60079-0 and the specific To prevent an electrostatic Special requirements
Temperatures
requirements of the type of pro- charge, in the case of plastic
Electrical equipment shall be Depending on the type of pro-
tection in which it is designed. enclosures, a material with a
designed for use in a normal tection, special requirements
Under some circumstances, surface resistance of < 1 GOhm
ambient temperature range of apply to
particularly harsh operating con- is used if the area specified in
ditions, the effects of humidity, -20 to +40°C (see table 34/1). fasteners and interlocks, bush-
the standard is exceeded.
high ambient temperatures and ings and connection pieces ,ro-
other special demands require Mechanical strength of tating machines, switchgear,
additional measures. equipment fuses, plugs and sockets,
The mechanical strength, suit- luminaires and batteries.
ability for the intended operat-
Some of the main points are ing temperature range and the
listed below: resistance to ageing of the ma-
terials used are verified by cli-
Equipment grouping matic conditioning and tests for
resistance to impact and drop
Electrical equipment for explosive
tests(see table 34/1).
atmospheres is divided into the
following groups:
Electromagnetic and ultrasonic
energy-radiating equipment
Electrical equipment of Group I is In order to prevent the ignition of
intended for use in mines sus- an explosive mixture, the signals
ceptible to firedamp. Electrical emitted from equipment shall be
equipment of Group II is intended below the values stated in the
for use in areas where an explo- standard. The specified limiting
sive gas atmosphere is to be ex- values shall also apply to lasers
pected, other than mines suscep- and other continuous light
tible to firedamp. Electrical sources.
equipment of Group II is subdivid-
ed according to the nature of the
explosive atmosphere for which it Enclosures and parts of
is intended. enclosures
If plastics and light alloys are
used, special requirements list-
Group II subdivisions ed in the standard that apply
• IIA, a typical gas is propane specifically to enclosures shall
• IIB, a typical gas is ethylene be met.
• IIC, a typical gas is hydrogen Tests for resistance to impact of an explosion-protected junction box
Table 34/2
Electrical equipment of Group
III is intended for operation in 0
Drop height h +0,01 with mass
areas with an explosive dust at-
mosphere, other than mines Tests for resistance to impact 0
1 +0,01 kg
susceptible to firedamp. Elec-
m
trical equipment of Group III is
subdivided according to the na- Equipment grouping Group I Group II or III
ture of the explosive atmos- Risk of mechanical danger high low high low
phere for which it is intended
a) Enclosures and external accessible parts of
2 0,7 0,7 0,4
enclosures (other than light-transmitting parts)
Group III subdivisions b) Guards, protective covers, fan hoods, cable glands 2 0,7 0,7 0,4
• IIIA, combustible flyings c) Light-transmitting parts without guard 0,7 0,4 0,4 0,2
• IIIB, non-conductive dust d) Light-transmitting parts with guard having individual
• IIIC, conductive dust openings from 625 mm² to 2 500 mm²; see 21.1 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,1
(tested without guard)
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 27
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079...
28 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-1 3
EN 60079-1 Requirements for level of
Explosive Atmospheres– Part protection “da”
1: Equipment protection by The level of protection “da” only
flameproof enclosures “d” applies to catalytic sensors or W
portable combustible gas detec-
Scope tors. The maximum free internal
This part 1 of EN 60079 contains volume shall not exceed 5 cm³.
specific requirements for the
construction and testing of
I
Requirements for level of
electrical equipment in the protection “db”
type of protection The new level of protection “db”
Flameproof Enclosure “d” replaces and describes the previ-
intended for use in explosive gas Principle of flameproof enclosures
ous flameproof enclosure “d”.
atmospheres. It supplements
and modifies the general
Requirements for level of
requirements of EN 60079-0.
protection “dc”
The level of protection “dc” de-
Definition scribes a simplified flameproof
Type of protection where the encapsulation without the cons-
parts which can ignite an explo- tructional requirements for, for
sive gas atmosphere are built example, the geometry of gaps.
into a flameproof enclosure that The maximum free internal vo-
can withstand the pressure de- lume shall not exceed 20 cm³.
veloped during an internal ex-
plosion of an explosive mixture
General requirements
and prevents the transmission
of the explosion to the explosi- The flameproof encapsulation
ve atmosphere surrounding the can be seen as a one-way
enclosure. street. An explosive atmosphe-
re can enter into the enclosure,
but, in the event of an explosion
inside the enclosure, the trans-
mission of the explosion to the
explosive atmosphere surround-
ing the enclosure.
As, due to the construction prin-
ciple, there are normally gaps in
flameproof enclosures, these
gaps shall be such that an arc-
through through these gaps is
prevented. In particular, it is ne-
cessary to ensure that the gaps
are not damaged mechanically.
The geometry of gaps, the gaps
and the width of joints shall
vary according to the respective
group (A, B, C).
The flanged/threaded joint pre- Application example: Ex-d enclosure solution for the chemical industry
vents a transission of an explosion
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 29
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-1
30 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-2 3
EN 60079-2 Equipment protection level
Explosive atmospheres – Part (EPL)
2: Equipment protection by Protection by pressurised enclo-
pressurised enclosure “p” sures is subdivided into three
levels of protection („pxb“,
Scope „pyb“ and „pzc“) that, due to
This part 2 of EN 60079 con- the equipment protection level
tains the specific requirements („Mb“, „Gb“, „Db“, „Gc“ or „Dc“)
for the construction and testing required for the respective exter-
of electrical equipment with nal explosive atmosphere, are
p Q
pressurised enclosures, of type selected according to whether
of protection “p”, intended for there is potential for an internal
use in explosive gas atmos- release and whether the equip- Principle of pressurisation
pheres or atmospheres with ment inside the pressurised en-
combustible dust. It specifies closure is ignition-capable (Table Protective gas Monitoring
requirements for pressurised 1). The type of protection then As a rule, air is used as the pro- It is necessary to monitor the
enclosures containing a limited defines the design criteria for tective gas. The protective gas maintenance of the overpres-
release of a flammable sub- the pressurised enclosure and shall enter into or exit the enclo- sure and, if the pressure should
stance. It supplements and the pressurisation system sure outside of the hazardous fall, to issue a warning or switch
modifies the general require- (Table 2). area. off the system.
ments of EN 60079-0.
General requirements Cells and batteries for Level
Definition Purging criteria of Protection „pxb“ and Level
A minimum overpressure of 50
A method that prevents the in- Pa for the level of protection a) For Level of Protection “pxb” of Protection „pyb“
gress of the surrounding atmos- “pxb” or the level of protection or Level of Protection “pyb”, the Only the cells listed in EN
phere into an enclosure, where- “pyb” and 25 Pa for the level of minimum purge flow and time 60079-0 for which there is an
by a protective gas is kept at a protection “pzc” shall be main- shall be specified. For simple EN(IEC) standard may be used
pressure that is higher than the tained at every point inside the geometries the minimum purge in pressurised enclosure.
pressure of the surrounding at- pressurised enclosure and the flow and time may be based
mosphere. associated conduit where leak- upon a five-enclosure-volume Secondary cells and batteries
ages may occur. purge. may be used if
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 31
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-2
Preventing incandescent particles from ex- Spark and particle barrier re- No requirement a) Level of protection pzc” does Level of protection pzc” does
iting a normally closed relief vent into an quired, see unless incandes- not apply to areas requiring not apply to areas requiring
area requiring EPL Mb, Gb or Db cent particles not normally EPL Mb, Gb or Db EPL Mb, Gb or Db
produced
Preventing incandescent particles from ex- Spark and particle barrier re- No requirement a) Spark and particle barrier re- Spark and particle barrier re-
iting a vent that opens during normal oper- quired, see unless incandes- quired, see unless incandes- quired, see unless incandes-
ation, to an area requiring EPL Mb, Gb or cent particles not normally cent particles not normally cent particles not normally
Dc produced produced produced
Door or cover opens only with use of a tool Warning b)ii) Warning b) Warning Warning c)
Door or cover opens only with use of a tool Interlock (no internal hot Warning a) Warning Warning
parts)
Internal hot parts that require a cool-down Comply with ii No requirement a) Warning Warning
period before opening enclosure
a) point ii) is not applicable for Level of Protection “pyb” since neither hot internal parts nor normally created incandescent particles are permitted.
b) There is no requirement for spark and particle barriers since in abnormal operation, where the relief vent opens,
it is unlikely that the external atmosphere is within the explosive limits.
c) There is no requirement for tool accessibility on a Level of Protection “pzc” enclosure since in normal operation the enclosure is pressurised with all covers and doors in place.
If a cover or door is removed, it is unlikely that the atmosphere is within the explosive limits
32 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-5 3
EN 60079-5 pressure test. Enclosures of
Explosive atmospheres – electrical equipment protected
Part 5: Equipment protection by the type of protection “q“
by powder filling “q” shall be filled, closed and sealed
during production. It shall not
Scope be possible for it to be opened h
This part 5 of EN 60079 con- without leaving visible signs.
tains specific requirements for Electrical equipment where re-
pairing is possible shall be fitted
the construction, testing and
with suitable fasteners that can
d
marking of electrical equipment,
parts of electrical equipment be opened without damaging
and Ex components in the type the enclosure. After completion
of protection powder filling “q”, of repair work, the equipment Principle of powder filling
intended for use in explosive shall be resealed and marked
gas atmospheres. It supple- accordingly. Cells and batteries
ments and modifies the general (Accumulators)
The built-in electrical compo-
requirements of EN 60079-0. nents shall be adequately insu- Containers of electrical equip-
lated, irrespective of the insulat- ment, parts of electrical equip-
ing effect of the filling material. ment or Ex components pro-
Definition tected by powder filling ”q”
In the case of bare, live parts,
A type of protection in which that contain cells or batteries
there must be sufficient space
the parts capable of igniting an shall feature a venting device
between the parts themselves
explosive gas atmosphere are that leads to the outside atmos-
and between the parts and the
fixed in position and completely phere, except if the cells or bat-
enclosure wall. The filling mate-
surrounded by filling material to teries
rial is compressed, whereby,
prevent the ignition of an exter-
depending on the built-in com-
nal explosive gas atmosphere.
ponents and requirements, the
a) have a capacity of 1.5 Ah
layers of filling material shall
or less or
Equipment Protection Level have a specified thickness.
b) do not release any gas under
The EPL provided by the type of
normal operating conditions and
protection powder filling “q” is
they meet the requirements
“Gb” or “Mb”.
according to EN 60079-7 for
primary and secondary bat-
General requirements teries with a capacity up to
With this type of protection the 25 Ah for the level of
enclosure is normally filled with protection “eb”.
solid glass or quartz particles
that have to meet specific re-
quirements relating to the grain
size, purity, moisture content
and disruptive strength. The sta-
bility of the enclosure shall be
verified by means of a static
• Capacitors
• Small transformers
Application example: Powder filled capacitor • Electronic equipment
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 33
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-6
34 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-7 3
EN 60079-7 General requirements
Explosive atmospheres – Part
7: Equipment protection by Electrical connections
increased safety „e“ In accordance with the require-
ments, electrical connections
Scope are subdivided into those for
field wiring and factory wiring
This part 7 of IEC 60079 speci- and into permanent types and
fies the requirements for the reconnectable/rewireable types.
design, construction, testing Each type shall, as applicable,
and marking of electrical equip- be constructed in such a way
ment and Ex Components with that the conductors cannot slip
out from their intended location
type of protection increased
during the tightening of a screw Principle of the type of protection “Increased Safety”
safety “e” intended for use in or after insertion, provide a
explosive gas atmospheres. means to avoid self-loosening
It supplements and modifies of the connection in service, be Degree of protection provided Electrical machines
the general requirements of designed in such a way that by enclosures Every insulating material is sub-
IEC 60079-0. contact is assured without dam-
age to the conductors and to Enclosures containing bare ject to a natural ageing process.
provide a positive compression conductive live parts shall To extend the service life of insu-
Definition force to assure contact pres- provide at least the degree lating materials used for wind-
A type of protection applied to sure in service. If intended for of protection IP54. ings, the limiting temperature is
electrical equipment in which stranded conductors, employ a lowered compared to conven-
additional measures are applied means to protect the conduc- The degree of protection IP44
tional windings. This reduces the
so as to give increased security tors and distribute the contact is sufficient for enclosures that
pressure evenly. risk of damage to the windings
against the possibility of exces- only contain insulated conduc-
sive temperatures and against and, consequently, the formation
tive parts. If rotating electrical
the occurrence of arcs and of arcs and sparks due to earth
Clearances and creepage machines in clean environments
sparks during the intended op- faults and shorted windings.
distances are monitored regularly by quali-
eration and under given ex-
traordinary conditions. fied personnel, the degree of
The clearances and creepage To protect the winding and to
protection IP 20 is sufficient for
distances are specified subject maintain the maximum permis-
Equipment protection level Group II.
to the level of protection. The sible surface temperatures, cur-
(EPL)) basis for this is EN 60644 for rent-dependent safety devices
Electrical equipment and Ex the use of equipment in outside Surface temperatures that respond in the event of
components in the type of pro- areas, which is decisive for in- With this type of protection the heavy starting or malfunctions
tection “e” can be designed dustrial equipment. To achieve ingress of an explosive gas at- are generally used in motors.
with various levels of protection an “increased safety“ and ex- mosphere cannot be excluded. With motors with the level of
which determine the overall clude flashovers and the forma- This reason, the maximum per- protection “eb”, this protective
equipment protection level. tion of creepage paths, the missible surface temperatures device shall ensure that a motor
a) Level of Protection „eb“ clearances were increased con- also apply to all surfaces inside that has reached its con tenuous
(EPL „Mb“ or EPL „Gb“) siderably for the Level of Pro- an enclosure. service temperature after sever-
tection „eb“ (in the first in- al hours of operation at rated
or stance by a factor of 1.5). load is still switched off safely
b) Level of Protection „ec“ before it reaches the permissi-
(EPL Gc“). ble limiting temperature if a ro-
tor blocks due to a malfunction
Level of Protection „eb“ and, as a result, the consump-
Rated voltage 11 kV rms AC or tion of an increased current.
DC Electrical motors in the type of
protection „Increased Safety“
This applies to the equipment may generally only be used in
specified in the standard and continuous operation and for
connections, conductors, wind- normal, not frequently recurring
ings, lamps and batteries, but starts, so that the temperature
not to electronic components. increases occurring at the start
do not exceed the permissible
Level of Protection „ec“ limiting temperatures.
Rated voltage 15 kV rms
AC or DC
Luminaires
This applies to the equipment The requirements of the stand-
specified in the standard and ard apply to all luminaires (fixed,
connections, conductors, wind- portable, or transportable), hand
ings, lamps and batteries, in- lights, and caplights (other than
cluding semiconductors or elec- for Group I); intended to be sup-
trolytic capacitors. plied by mains (with or without
galvanic isolation) or powered
by batteries.
Explosion-protected electrical machine
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 35
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-7
Permissible light sources for the All luminaires shall feature a lamp In addition, the following requirements apply for the use of lamps
Levels of protection „eb“ and cover of sufficient strength with bi-pin holders:
„ec“ are defined explicitly:
Type of Type of protection Temperature Temperature Maximun
• For Level of Protection “eb” lamp of luminaire class cathode
“eb” “ec”
or “ec”, fluorescent lamps of power
the cold starting type in ac-
T8/T10/T12 Permissible Permissible ≤ 40 °C T4 10 W
cordance with EN 60081 with
single-pin caps (Fa6) in ac- T8/T10/T12 Permissible Permissible ≤ 60 °C T4 8W
cordance with EN 60061-1;
T8/T10/T12 Permissible Permissible ≤ 60 °C T3 10 W
• For Level of Protection „eb“
or „ec“ tubular fluorescent LED luminaire in the type of protection T5 (8 W) Permissible Permissible ≤ 40 °C T4 4W
bi-pin lamps in accordance „e“, in Level of Protection „eb“ with
with EN 60081 with G5 or LEDs in the type of protection „m“ T5 (8 W) Permissible Permissible ≤ 60 °C T3 4W
G13 lamp caps in accordance T5-HE (8 W Not Permissible ≤ 60 °C T4 5W
with EN 61195 with pins Note: bis 35 W) permissible
made of brass. Lamp holders LEDs are currently not permitted
and sockets shall conform to as a source of light in the Level
5.3.5.3. Such lamps shall be of Protection “eb”, as these semi- Junction and connection
connected in a circuit in conductor devices are not yet boxes:
which they start and run with- considered to be sufficiently de- Rated data shall be specified for
out preheating of the cath- fined, with respect to safety fac- junction and terminal boxes to
odes; only T8, T10, or T12 tors and, therefore have to be ensure adherence to the limit-
lamps shall be used. T5 lamps protected by other suitable pro- ing temperature during opera-
shall be permitted only up to tective measures. tion.
8 watts.
• For the Level of Protection These can, for example, be
• For Level of Protection „ec“, “eb“ the lamp holders shall specified by determining the
tubular fluorescent bi-pin either meet the requirements load data in relation to the ter-
lamps in accordance with for the type of protection Flame- minal cross section (wire cross-
EN 60081 with G5 or G13 proof Enclosure „db“ or the section) and the number of con-
lamp caps in accordance with type of protection Increased nected wires.
EN 61195 with pins made of Safety “eb”, whereby, with the
brass. Lampholders and sock- Stainless-steel terminal box,
latter the is not live during
ets shall conform to 5.3.5.3. type of protection „e“
connection or disconnection.
Such lamps may be connected
in a circuit in which they start Type of Capacity Permitted activity in Remarks
Batteries and cells
and run with preheating of the cell or of cell or hazardous area
cathodes; only T5-type HE ac- Only those types of cells named
battery battery Dis- Char- Additional
cording to EN 60081 sheet explicitly in the standard are per-
missible. Here distinction is char- ging equipment in
6520 (14 W), sheet 6530 (21
made between: ging the same com-
W), sheet 6640 (28 W), sheet
partment
6650 (35 W), T8, T10, or T12 • Sealed cells
lamps shall be used. sealed ≤ 25 Ah yes yes yes -
• Valve-regulated cells and bat-
• For Level of Protection „eb“ teries Valve- No yes no Yes Equipment with Type
or „ec“ tungsten filament regulated restriction Only of Protection “d”, “í”or
• Vented cells and batteries “e” “m” “o” “q” shall be located in a
lamps in accordance with
separate compartment
EN 60064 and EN 60432-1.;
During transport in an explosive
• For Level of Protection „eb“
atmosphere the live parts of a a Vented No yes no
tungsten-halogen lamps in
battery shall have a minimum restriction
accordance with EN 60432-2,
degree of protection IP 30.
restricted to max. 100 W.
• For Level of Protection „ec“
tungsten-halogen lamp in ac-
cordance with EN 60432-2.;
without power limitation.
Examples of Increased Safety “e“ applications
• For Level of Protection
„ec“ discharge lamp in • Three-phase cage rotors
accordance with EN 62035 • Transformers
• for Level of Protection „ec“ • Current and voltage transformers
LEDs
• Measuring instruments
• Luminaires
• Terminal compartments for all electrical equipment
• Connections for plugs and sockets
36 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-11 3
EN 60079-11 60079-0, where the intrinsic
Explosive atmospheres – safety of the electrical circuits in
Part 11: Equipment protection the explosive atmosphere may R L
by intrinsic safety “I” depend upon the design and
construction of such electrical
Scope equipment or parts of such
electrical equipment. The cur- U C
One of the more recent types
of protection against explosion rent standard supplements and
hazards due to electrical appara- modifies the general require-
tus and installations is called ments of EN 60079-0. RL
”Intrinsic Safety”. The most
common types of protection Definitions
were conceived for electrical Principle of the type of protection Intrinsic Safety “I”
power engineering applications. Intrinsic Safety „i“
non-intrinsically safe circuits Equipment Protection Level
As a result of increasing auto- Type of protection based on the
cannot adversely affect the in- (EPL)
mation in hazardous areas, restriction of electrical energy
trinsically safe circuits. Electrical apparatus in the type
there has been an ever growing within equipment and of inter-
connecting wiring exposed to of protection Intrinsic Safety
demand for explosion-protected
the explosive atmosphere to a „i“ can be subdivided into vari-
measurement and control de- Note:
level below that which can ous levels of protection that
vices. This part of EN 60079
cause ignition be either spark- Associated apparatus may be determine the overall equip-
specifies the requirements for
ing or heating effects. either: ment protection level:
the construction and testing of
intrinsically safe apparatus in- Electrical equipment which has a) level of protection „ia“
tended for use in an explosive Intrinsically safe circuit another type of protection for (EPL „Ma“; „Ga“ or „Da“);
atmosphere and for associated Circuit in which any spark or use in the appropriate explosive b) level of protection „ib“
apparatus, which is intended for thermal effect produced in the atmosphere; (EPL „Mb“; „Gb“ or „Db“);
connection to intrinsically safe conditions specified in this Electrical equipment not so pro-
circuits which enter such at- oder
standard, which include normal tected and which, therefore, is
mospheres. operation and specified fault not normally used within an ex- c) level of protection „ic“
This type of protection is appli- conditions, is not capable of plosive atmosphere, e.g. a re- (EPL „Gc“ or „Dc“).
cable to electrical equipment in causing the ignition of a given corder which is not itself in an
which the electrical circuits explosive atmosphere. explosive atmosphere, but is Level of protection „ia“
themselves are incapable of connected to a thermocouple
With UM and UI applied, the in-
causing an explosion in the sur- situated within an explosive at-
Intrinsically safe apparatus trinsically safe circuits in electri-
rounding explosive atmos- mosphere where only the re-
Electrical equipment in which all cal apparatus of level of
pheres. It is also applicable to corder input circuit is
electrical equipment or parts of circuits are intrinsically safe. intrinsically safe. protection “ia” shall not be ca-
electrical equipment located pable of causing ignition in each
outside the explosive atmos- of the following circumstances:
Associated apparatus
phere or protected by another a) in normal operation and with
Type of Protection listed in IEC Electrical equipment which con- Diode safety barriers the application of those non-
tains both intrinsically safe and Assemblies that incorporate countable faults which give the
non-intrinsically safe circuits shunt diodes or diode chains most onerous condition;
and is constructed so that the (including Zener diodes) pro-
b) in normal operation and with
tected by fuses or resistors or a
the application of one countable
combination of these, manufac-
fault plus those non-countable
tured as an individual apparatus
faults which give the most on-
rather than as part of a larger
erous condition;
apparatus.
c) in normal operation and with
the application of two countable
faults plus those non-countable
faults which give the most on-
erous condition.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 37
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-11
stances.
Level of protection „ic“
Depending on the design of the Resistive circuit
With UM and UI applied, the in- intrinsically safe circuit, it is nec-
trinsically safe circuits in electri- essary to expect the presence
cal apparatus of level of protec- of energy stores. If the event of
.000 μF
C = 15 Ω (Cd)
protection. applies if the event of induct- C =5,6 Ω (Cd)
10 μF
ances in the circuit.
3 μF
• For the reasons stated above,
with intrinsically safe circuits (Sn)
1,0 μF
General requirements it is necessary to take the (Cd)
On principle, as with all other three limiting cases: 0,3 μF
Inductive circuit
38 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-11 3
Separation of intrinsically safe Intrinsically safe circuits with When using measuring instru-
circuits from non-intrinsically Zener barriers ments, it is necessary to bear in
safe circuits Normally intrinsically safe cir- mind that they might contain an
In order to avoid any mix-ups as cuits shall be insulated. They internal energy store (e.g. the
a result of the loosening of con- may be earthed if this is re- inductance of a moving coil indi-
nection cables during connec- quired for functional reasons. cator) that could nullify the in-
tion or bridging, the terminals of They must, however, be earthed trinsic safety.
intrinsically safe circuits shall al- if this is mandatory for safety
ways be safely segregated from Example of the separation of reasons. The earth connection Reduced separation distances
the terminals of non-intrinsically intrinsically safe circuits from may only be made at one point
non-intrinsically safe circuits with Under certain conditions speci-
safe circuits. by connection with the potential
a minimum distance of 50 mm fied in the standard, it is possi-
This can, for example, be achieved equalization, which has to be
ble to design printed circuit
by positioning the connection available throughout the area in
boards with separation distanc-
terminals of intrinsically safe the conductors of the intrinsical- which the intrinsically safe cir-
es that are smaller than the
circuits at least 50 mm away ly safe cores can withstand a cuit is installed. As, in the case
standard distances that normally
from the connection terminals test voltage of 2000 V. of safety barriers, there is no
apply, thus enabling the use of
of non-intrinsically safe circuits galvanic isolation of the intrinsi-
It is also necessary to ensure smaller, more effective
or by separating the two circuits cally safe circuit from the
that there can be no inductive electronic elements.
using an insulating partition or non-intrinsically safe circuit, for
or capacitive influences from safety reasons there has to be
an earthed metal partition. These the non-intrinsically safe circuit
partitions shall either extend to a faultless earth connection. Fieldbus intrinsically safe
into the intrinsically safe circuit.
within 1.5 mm from the enclo- concept (FISCO)
sure wall or they shall ensure a Working on and testing of The requirements for apparatus
minimum clearance of 50 mm Planning of intrinsically safe and systems for use with the
intrinsically safe circuits
between the connection circuits Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Con-
On principle, working on live
terminals. When setting up an intrinsically cept (FISCO) are based on con-
intrinsically safe circuits is
safe circuit with just one intrin- cepts of Manchester encoded,
allowed, as, due to their design,
Separation of insulated con- sically safe apparatus and one bus powered systems designed
no ignition can take place. How-
ductors of intrinsically safe associated apparatus, the limit- in accordance with IEC 61158-2,
ever, the generally valid require-
and non-intrinsically safe ing values for the permissible the “physical layer standard”
ments for work on live parts
external capacitance and the for Fieldbus installations.
The clearance between the con- shall be observed.
ductors of insulated cables shall permissible external inductance
satisfy given requirements. shall be taken from the type la-
bel of the associated apparatus.
With the exception of varnishes They are defining for the circuit.
and similar coatings, this insula-
tion is considered to be a solid Then, based on the maximum
possible power supply of the Typical system
insulation. The separation dis-
tance is determined by the ad- associated apparatus, it is only
dition of the radial thickness of necessary to check the heat
the insulation on the wires. The rise behaviour of the intrinsically
minimum clearances are speci- safe apparatus. However, when
fied in EN 60079-11: several intrinsically safe circuits
are interconnected (e.g. several
This clearance is not necessary if: pieces of associated apparatus
the cores of the intrinsically safe for one intrinsically safe appara-
and non-intrinsically safe circuits tus), a further verification of the
are fitted with an earthed screen intrinsic safety is necessary. The
verification of the intrinsic safe- Hazardous area Non-hazardous area
or if, in the case of electrical Legend
ty of a circuit shall be docu-
apparatus with the level of pro- 1 Terminating resistor 5 Field devices
mented in detail.
tection ib or ic, the insulation of 2 Supply unit 6 Main line
3 Data 7 Branch line
4 Handheld controller
1 24
24 V DC 24 V DC
supply supply
memory memory
I/O I/O
FB Remote I/O
Example of an intrinsically safe application: 4-wire PT 100
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 39
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-13
EN 60079-13 Definitions
40 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-15 3
EN 60079-15 Definitions
Electrical machines:
Plug-in connected pump drives by type of protection „nA“
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 41
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-15
Test port
42 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-18 3
EN 60079-18 mable or toxic gas from the
Explosive atmospheres – dust. It supplements and modi-
Part 18: Equipment protection fies the general requirements of
by encapsulation “m” IEC 60079-0.
Scope Definition h
This part 18 of IEC 60079 gives Type of protection whereby
the specific requirements for parts that are capable of igniting
the construction, testing and an explosive atmosphere by ei-
marking of electrical equipment, ther sparking or heating are fully
parts of electrical equipment enclosed in a compound or oth-
and Ex components with the er permitted non-metallic enclo- Principle of encapsulation “m”
type of protection encapsulation sure with adhesion in such a
“m” intended for use in explo- way as to avoid ignition of a Additional requirements for Permissible free space in the
sive gas atmospheres or explo- dust layer or explosive atmos- levels of protection “ma” and encapsulation
sive dust atmospheres. It only phere under operating or instal- “mb” With Group III equipment the
applies for encapsulated electri- lation conditions. Components without additional sum of the free spaces is not
cal equipment, encapsulated protection shall be used only if limited, but the volume of each
parts of electrical equipment they cannot damage the encap-
Equipment protection level individual free space is limited
and encapsulated Ex compo- sulation mechanically or ther-
(EPL) to 100 cm3. The thickness of the
nents (hereinafter always re- mally in the case of any fault compound surrounding such
ferred to as “m” equipment) Electrical equipment in the type conditions specified in this free spaces shall meet the re-
where the rated voltage does of protection encapsulation “m” standard. quirements laid down in the
not exceed 11 kV. The use of can be designed with various
standard.
electrical equipment in atmos- levels of protection which de-
pheres, which may contain ex- termine the overall equipment Additional requirements for With Group I and Group II
plosive gas as well as combusti- protection level: level of protection “ma” equipment the sum of the free
ble dust simultaneously, may The working voltage at any point spaces shall not exceed:
a) Level of protection „ma“
require additional protective (EPL „Ma“ or „Ga“); in the circuit shall not exceed 1 • 100 cm3 for level of protection
measures.. This standard does kV. Cells and batteries shall ad- „mb“ and „mc“,
not apply to dusts of explosives b) Level of protection „mb“ ditionally comply with the cell
which do not require atmos- (EPL „Mb“ or „Gb“); or and battery requirements of • 10 cm3 for level of protection
pheric oxygen for combustion c) Level of protection „mc“ IEC 60079-11.; however, parallel „ma“
or to pyrophoric substances and (EPL „Gc“). cells are not permitted.
does not take account of any Cells and batteries
risk due to an emission of flam-
General requirements Cells and batteries that can re-
Duromers, thermoplasts and lease gas during normal opera-
elastomers with and without tion are not permitted. If for lev-
fillers and/or other additives els of protection “ma” and
may be used as the compound. “mb” the release of gas in the
The selection of the compound event of a fault cannot be pre-
for a particular application de- cluded, the gassing shall be
pends on the function to be ful- minimised by a control device
filled by the compound in the With secondary cells, the con-
equipment. The encapsulation trol device shall be effective not
shall ensure the effectiveness only during charging, but also
of the type of protection subject during discharging.
to the level of protection, even
in the event of permissible over-
loads and given faults. Voids in
the compound for accommodat-
ing components such as relays,
transistors, etc. are permissible.
Specially designed multilayer
circuit boards are also classed
as encapsulated.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 43
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-25
EN 60079-25 Definitions
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 25: Intrinsically safe Intrinsically safe electrical R L
electrical systems system
An assembly of interconnected
Scope items of electrical apparatus,
U C
This part 25 of EN 60079 con- specified in a descriptive sys-
tains the specific requirements tem document, in which the cir-
for the construction and assess- cuit or parts of circuits intended
ment of intrinsically safe electri- for use in an explosive atmos- RL
cal systems, type of protection phere are intrinsically safe cir-
“i“, intended for use as a whole cuits.
or in part in locations in which Principle of protection „intrinsic safety“ „i“
the use of Group I,II or III appa-
Certified intrinsically safe Uncertified intrinsically safe General requirements
ratus is required. It supplements
electrical system electrical system A descriptive system document
and modifies the general re-
quirements of EN 60079-0 and An intrinsically safe electrical An intrinsically safe electrical sys- shall be created for all systems.
the intrinsic safety standard system for which a certificate tem for which the knowledge of The document shall provide an
EN 60079-11. has been issued confirming that the electrical parameters of the adequate analysis of the level of
the electrical system complies items of certified electrical appa- protection achieved by the sys-
with the standard. ratus, certified associated appa- tem. The minimum require-
ratus and simple apparatus and ments are:
the knowledge of the electrical
• a block diagram of the sys-
and physical parameters of the
tem listing all the items of
interconnecting wiring, permit
apparatus within the system;
the unambiguous deduction that
the intrinsic safety is preserved. • a statement of the group
subdivision, the level of pro-
Equipment protection level tection for each apparatus,
(EPL) the temperature classification
and the ambient temperature
Each part of an intrinsically safe
rating of the system;
electrical system intended for
use in an explosive atmosphere • the requirements and permis-
has a level of protection in sible parameters of the inter-
accordance with EN 60079-11: connecting wiring;
a) level of protection „ia“ • details of the earthing and
(EPL „Ma“; „Ga“ or „Da“) bonding points of the system;
b) level of protection „ib“ • where applicable, the justifi-
(EPL „Mb“; „Gb“ or „Db“) cation of the assessment of
c) level of protection „ic“ (EPL the apparatus as “simple ap-
„Gc“ or „Dc“). paratus” in accordance with
EN 60079-11.
The complete system need not
necessarily have a single level
of protection.
Typical system
44 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-26 3
EN 60079-26 and Ex “da”) cannot be applied.
This standard also applies to
Explosive atmospheres – equipment mounted across a
Part 26: Equipment with boundary wall where different
Equipment Protection Level Equipment Protection Levels
(EPL) Ga may be required.
When operated within the oper-
Scope ational parameters specified by
This part 26 of EN 60079 speci- the manufacturer, this electrical
fies alternative requirements for equipment ensures a very high p Q
the construction, testing and level of protection, even in the
marking of electrical equipment in the event of the occurrence
for use in explosive atmospheres Principle of the combination of two independent types of protection
of rare malfunctions or of two
in which explosive mixtures of malfunctions occurring indepen-
air with gases, vapours or mists dently of each other. Equipment Protection Level General requirements
are present continuously, for (EPL) In order to exclude ignition haz-
This standard supplements and
long periods or frequently that If the marking states several ards that can occur in connec-
modifies the general require-
provides the Equipment Protec- EPLs for the equipment (e. g. tion with electrical circuits, the
ments of EN 60079-0.
tion Level (EPL) Ga when sin- Ga/Gb), it is necessary to state requisite level of protection
gle, standardised types of pro- which parts of equipment have shall either be ensured by one
tections (e.g. Ex “ia”, Ex “ma” which EPL. means of equipment protection,
even in the event of the occur-
rence of two independent mal-
Application of a type of protection providing EPL “Gb” and a separation element
functions, or, in the event of the
The table shows the possible combinations of partition walls with types of protection for applications failure of one means of equip-
using separation elements. ment protection, by a second
independent means of equip-
ment protection.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 45
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-28
safe with two faults or using optical source based on the thermal failure characteristic yes yes yes
safe with one fault or using optical source based on the thermal failure characteristic no yes yes
safe in normal operation no no yes
Protected fibre optic media with ignition capable beam “op pr”
Protected fibre optic cable “op pr” for Gb/Db/Mb + shutdown functional safety system yes yes yes
based on ignition delay time of the explosive gas atmosphere
Protected fibre optic cable “op pr” for Gc/Dc + shutdown functional safety system based on no yes yes
eye protection delay times (IEC 60825-2)
Unprotected fibre optic cable (not “op pr”) + shutdown functional safety system based on no no yes
eye protection delay times (IEC 60825-2)
None (unconfined, ignition capable beam) no no no
Shutdown system safe with one fault
46 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-28 3
General requirements
Optical equipment shall be sub-
jected to a formally document-
ed ignition hazard assessment
using the principles stated in
the standard.
This assessment shall be made
to determine which possible op-
tical ignition source can arise in
the equipment under considera-
tion, and which measures may
need to be taken to mitigate the
risk of ignition. If a source of
optical radiation is inside an en-
closure providing a protection of
minimum IP 6X, after the tests
specified in IEC 60079-0 for en-
closures, the ingress of absorb-
ing targets from the outside of
the enclosure need not be tak-
en into consideration, but the
existence of internal targets
shall be taken into considera-
tion. However, where the opti-
cal radiation may leave such an
enclosure, the requirements of
this standard also apply to the
emitted optical radiation.
Safe optical power and irradiance for explosive atmosphere, categorized according to equipment group and temperature class
Temperature class T3 T4 T4 T4 T6
Irradiance
(mW/mm”) 20 mW/mm² 20 mW/mm² 5 mW/mm² 5 mW/mm² 5 mW/mm² 5 mW/mm²
(Surface up to 400 mm²)
For irradiated areas of more than 30 mm² where combustible materials can enter the beam, an irradiance limit of 5 mW/mm² applies
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 47
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
3 Type of protection to EN 60079-29 and EN 60079-30-1
EN 60079-29 EN 60079-30-1
Scope Scope
This part of the series EN 60079- This standard specifies general
29 contains general requirements and testing requirements for
for the construction, testing and electrical resistance trace heat-
performance and describes the ers for use in explosive gas at-
test methods that apply to port- mospheres.
able, transportable and fixed ap- It covers trace heaters that
paratus for the detection and comprise either factory or field-
measurement of flammable gas assembled units, e.g. series or
or air concentrations with air. parallel trace heater cables,
trace heater pads or trace heat-
Further standards of series er panels that have been as-
EN 60079-29 sembled and/or terminated in
EN 60079-29-2: accordance with the manufac-
turer’s instructions. The electri-
Explosive atmospheres - Part cal resistance trace heating
29-2 Gas detectors – Selection, shall be designed and con-
installation, use and mainte- structed in such a way that it
nance of detectors for flamma- Example of a trace heating
can be operated safely in the system
ble gases and oxygen explosive gas atmosphere,
EN 60079-29-3: whereby the components used
shall comply with the relevant
Explosive atmospheres - Part
type of protection.
29-3 Guidance on the functional
safety of fixed gas detection
systems Furthermore, it is necessary to
EN 60079-29-4: ensure that, under all circum-
stances and maintaining the
Explosive atmospheres - Part
safety clearance, the surface
29-4 Gas detectors – Perfor-
temperature of the resistance
mance requirements of open
trace heating remains below
path detectors for flammable
the ignition temperature of the
gases
explosive mixture. If this cannot
be ensured by the design of the
heating cable, suitable safety
thermostats shall be used as
limiters.
48 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Explosion-protected Electrical Equipment
Type of protection to EN 60079-31 3
EN 60079-31 Definition
Dust ignition protection by en-
Explosive atmospheres – closure “t” is a type of protec-
Part 31: Equipment dust tion for explosive dust atmos-
ignition protection by pheres where electrical
enclosure “t“ equipment is provided with an
enclosure providing dust in-
Scope gress protection and a means
This part 31 of IEC 60079 is ap- to limit surface temperatures.
plicable to electrical equipment
protected by enclosure and sur- Principle of the type of protection Principle of the type of protection
face temperature limitation for “t” level of protection „ta“ “t” level of protection „tb“
use in explosive dust atmos-
pheres. It specifies require- Requirements for electrical Requirements for electrical
ments for design, construction equipment with level of equipment with level of
and testing of electrical equip- protection „ta“ protection “tb” and electri-
ment and Ex Components. It cal equipment with level of
For electrical equipment with
supplements and modifies the protection “tc”
level of protection “ta”, the max-
general requirements of
imum surface temperature stat- For electrical equipment with
EN 60079-0.
ed on the exterior of the enclo- levels of protection “ta” and
This standard does not apply to sure and on the surfaces of the “tb”, the marked maximum sur-
dusts of explosives which do internal components of the face temperature shall be
Dust- ignition protection by enclo-
not require atmospheric oxygen sure “t”: fluorescent light fitting in electrical equipment shall be measured on the external sur-
for combustion, or to pyrophoric explosive dust atmosphere measured. The highest of the faces of the enclosure with no
substances. Similarly, this measured temperatures shall dust layer on the external sur-
standard does not apply to be the basis for the maximum faces under normal operating
electrical equipment or Ex Com- Equipment Protection Level surface temperature marking. conditions . Before testing for
ponents intended for use in un- (EPL) For electrical equipment with dust exclusion, a positive inter-
derground parts of mines as Electrical equipment in the type level of protection “ta”, the max- nal pressure of 2kPa shall be
well as those parts of surface of protection „t“ can be de- imum surface temperature shall applied to the enclosure to veri-
installations of such mines en- signed in various levels of pro- be determined by installing the fy that the seal fits tightly, ex-
dangered by firedamp and/or tection which determine the equipment in accordance with cept where the design of the
combustible dust. overall Equipment Protection the manufacturer’s instructions electrical equipment is such
The use of electrical equipment Level and surrounded by at least a that gaskets or seals are physi-
in atmospheres which may con- 200 mm layer of dust on all cally constrained from moving
• Level of Protection „ta“ sides.
tain both combustible dust and e.g. an “O” ring in a groove.
(EPL „Da“) or
explosive gases, whether simul-
taneously or separately, may re- • Level of Protection „tb“ Before testing for dust exclu-
quire additional protective (EPL „Db“) or sion, a positive internal pres-
measures not specified in this • Level of Protection „tc“ sure of 4kPa shall be applied to
standard. (EPL „Dc“). the enclosure to verify that the
seal fits tightly. For normal ap-
plications, equipment with level IP test
of protection “ta” shall be rated
The following table shows the
for connection to a circuit with a
relationship between the level of
prospective short circuit current
protection, group and required
of not more than 10 kA.
ingress protection against dust.
Required IP protection
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 49
Explosion-protected Mechanical Equipment
3 Requirements; / type of protection to ISO 80079...
50 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Safety devices
Safety devices for the safe operation of equipment with regard to explosion risks 3
EN 50495 Safety devices where the safety
Table 1:
Safety devices for the safe function cannot be adequately
Minimum requirements for safety devices for risk reduction
operation of equipment with specified with the existing
regard to explosion risks standards of the series Group IIIC Group IIIB Group IIIA
EN 60079 shall also meet the
Scope requirements of this standard. Equipment suitable Equipment suitable Equipment suitable
for EPL Ga / Da for EPL Ga / Da for EPL Gb / Db
This standard specifies the safety where an ignition where an ignition where an ignition
requirements for electrical safety Definitions EUC source can become source can become source can become
devices used for monitoring ig- effective in the effective in the effective in the
nition hazards with equipment Safety device event of rare faults event of faults to event of faults to
in explosive atmospheres. This Safety devices, control and reg- be expected be expected
also includes safety devices op- ulating devices lead to the safe Minimum risk re-
erated outside the explosive at- functioning of equipment with duction factor of 10 100 10
mospheres to ensure the safe regard to explosion risks. Safety safety device
functioning of equipment or devices provide explosion pro- EPL of the com-
protective systems by monitor- tection by carrying out a safety Ga IP5X IP5X
bined equipment
ing explosion risks. function that operates indepen-
Electrical equipment intended dently of the normal function of
for use in explosive atmos- the equipment.
pheres are dependent on the Safety function General requirements
correct functioning of the safety Function performed by a safety When specifying (selecting) a
Safety instrumented system
devices, such as, for example, device to ensure the safe state safety device, the EUC, includ-
(SIS)
devices for ensuring adherence of the EUC and, by doing so, ing the potential ignition source
System for carrying out one or provide explosion protection.
to given characteristics of the to be monitored, shall be taken
more safety-related functions.
equipment within permissible into consideration.
An SIS system consists of
limits. General requirements
sensor(s), logic solver and The safety device shall satisfy
actuator(s). General concept the level of operational safety
Examples of safety devices in- During the ignition source risk dependent on the reduction of
clude motor protection devices analysis of electrical equipment, the ignition source risk for the
(limitation of the rise in tempe- Safety component equipment under control (EUC)
it is necessary to assess all
rature if the motor blocks) and Part of the system or device potential ignition sources, inclu- subject to the EPLs.
control devices for the protec- for specific safety functions. ding the faults to be considered,
tion of the pressure compensa- in relation to the EPL. By apply-
tion. Ignition sources can be Example of an application:
Equipment under control ing the types of protection of
avoided with the aid of control the series of standards According to EN 60079-7, the
(EUC) rise in temperature of a motor
or monitoring devices. For this EN 60079 ff, the ignition risks
reason, these devices shall car- Equipment, machinery, appara- in EPL “Gb” shall also be limit-
covered by these standards are
ry out the respective measures tus or components that contain ed under fault conditions
minimized. EN 50495 provides
within the appropriate reaction a potential ignition source and (blocked rotor). This can be
solutions for ignition risks that
time, for example, the activation are monitored by a safety achieved by using a current
cannot be eliminated by apply-
of an alarm or an automatic device. measuring device that can be
ing the classic types of
switch-off. protection. installed outside the explosive
atmosphere. The safety function
comprises the monitoring of the
current and the switching off of
the motor in the event of an in-
admissibly high current under
the fault condition to be expect-
ed (blocked rotor). To ensure the
required level of safety for EPL
“Gb”, the minimum risk reduc-
tion factor of the safety device
shall be 10 (see table).
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 51
Marking of electrical equipment
3 Marking of electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
Marking of electrical equip- Rules and conditions for 1.0.5. Marking Example of marking accord-
ment for use in potentially affixing the CE marking and All equipment and protective ing to the Directive
explosive atmospheres due other markings systems must be marked legibly 1 Name or registered trade
to flammable gases, vapours and indelibly with the following mark (CEAG) and address
and mists as well as dusts Article 16: Excerpts minimum particulars: of the manufacturer
• name, registered trade name 2 Serial number including year
The requirements for the mar- of manufacture
(1) The CE marking shall be af- or registered trade mark, and
king of explosion-protected
fixed visibly, legibly and indel- address of the manufacturer, 3 Certificate number, may end
equipment are laid down in the
European Directive 2014/34/EU ibly to the product or to its • CE marking (see Annex II to with “X“ or “U” - “X“ indica-
and the standard EN 60079-0. data plate. Where that is not Regulation (EC) No tes that special conditions for
possible or not warranted on 765/2008), safe use apply“U” is used
account of the nature of the for component certificates
Directive 2014/34/EU • designation of series or type,
product, it shall be affixed to 4 Additional IECEx certification
All the applicable directives for the packaging and to the ac- • batch or serial number, if any,
the respective product shall be companying documents. 5 Marking according to direc
• year of construction,
observed when marking electri- tive: Equipment group (II) and
cal equipment. In the case of • he specific marking of explo- equipment category 2); type
explosion-protected equipment, (3) The CE marking shall be sion protection followed by of explosive atmosphere
Directive 2014/34/EU is mainly followed by the identification the symbol of the equipment- G (Gas, vapour or mist) –
applied. number of the notified body, group and category, D (dust)
where that body is involved in • for equipment-group II, the 6 Marking according to
This directive contains several the production control phase
articles (e.g. Article 6, 15 and letter ‘G’ (concerning explo- standard: IEC/EN
(for Category I and Category sive atmospheres caused by
16) and Annex II (1.0.5) where II electrical equipment) 7 Equipment name/type
the minimum requirements for gases, vapours or mists),
8 CE marking and number of
the marking of explosion-pro-
the ”notified body”
tected equipment are outlined (4) The CE marking and, where and/or
responsible for monitoring
explicitly. applicable, the identification the quality system
number of the notified body (0158 = EXAM Germany)
shall be followed by the • the letter ‘D’ (concerning
specific marking of explosion explosive atmospheres 9 Electrical parameters
CE marking caused by dust).
protection, the symbols of 10 Other essential information
„CE marking“ shall mean a the equipment-group and (depends on the standard,
marking by which the manu- category and, where applica-
Furthermore, where necessary, e.g. lamp)
facturer indicates that the ble, the other markings and
product is in conformity with they must also be marked with 11 Other optional information
information referred to in
the applicable requirements all information essential to their (e.g. degree of protection)
point 1.0.5 of Annex II.
set out in Community harmo- safe use.
12 Permissible ambient tem-
nisation legislation providing perature (-25°C to +55°C);
for its affixing. Marking in accordance with no marking required for
Annex II, No.1.0.5 temperatures from -20°C
The directive requires a special to 40°C (standard values
This CE marking indicates the and clear marking of this equip- for all equipment)
conformity of a product and is ment and these protective sys-
the visible result of a complete 13 Marking according to
tems that identifies their suita-
process that includes the con- EU-directive 2002/96/EC
bility for use in explosive
formity assessment in the broa- (WEEE-directive: Waste of
atmospheres and goes above
der sense. The general princip- Electrical and Electronic
and beyond the CE marking.
les for the CE marking are laid Equipment)
down in Regulation (EC)
765/2008. The C marking accor-
ding to Directive 2014/34/EU
4
shall only be applied for equip-
ment and not components.
SERIES
7 CEAG 1
D-69412 Eberbach
3 BVS 16 ATEX E 123 / IECEx BVS 16.123 IP66/67 11
II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb Ta= -25°C bis +55°C
8 12
II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db
9 AC: 110-254V 50-60Hz
DC: 110-250V 13
10
Lampe: G13-81-IEC www.ceag.de
2 Snr.: D123456 2016 Made in Germany
5 6
52 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Marking of electrical equipment
Marking of electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres 3
Marking according to Marking for explosive gas „nA“: Type of Protection n, II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb
EN 60079-0 atmospheres: type nA (for EPL Gc) II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db
In addition to the marking accor- „nC“: Type of Protection n, c) the symbol for the group:
ding to the directive, equipment II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb type nC (for EPL Gc)
II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db – I for electrical equipment for
shall also be marked with the
„nR“: Type of Protection n, mines susceptible to firedamp
marking specified in EN 60079-0, a) the symbol Ex, which indi-
type nR (for EPL Gc) – IA, IIB or IIC for electrical
to ensure a safe selection and a cates that the electrical
safe use of the equipment. This equipment corresponds to „ob“: Liquid Immersion equipment for places with an
marking shall be clearly legible one or more of the types of (for EPL Gb) explosive gas atmosphere
and affixed to the “main part” protection; other than mines susceptible
„oc“: Liquid Immersion
of the equipment. to firedamp
b) the symbol for the type of (for EPL Gc)
With the exception of enclosu- protection used „pxb“: Pressurization
res that have only been issued II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb
(for EPL Gb or Mb) II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db
with a component certificate II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb
(U certificate) where the Ex II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db „pyb“: Pressurization, d) for Group II electrical equip-
marking may only be affixed to (for EPL Gb) ment, the symbol indicating
„da“: Flameproof Enclosure
the interior, the marking shall be the temperature class.
(for EPL Ga or Ma) „pzc“: Pressurization
affixed to the exterior. Further (for EPL Gc)
„db“: Flameproof Enclosure II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb
requirements for the marking
(for EPL Gb or Mb) „q“: Powder Filling II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db
are laid down in Clause 29 of
(for EPL Gb or Mb) e) the equipment protection lev-
the standard named above. „dc“: Flameproof Enclosure
(for EPL Gc) “op is”: Inherently safe el, “Ga”, “Gb”, “Gc”, “Ma”, or
optical radiation “Mb” as appropriate
General „eb“: Increased Safety (for
(for EPL Ga or Ma)
EPL Gb or Mb)
The marking shall include the
“op pr”: Protected
following: „ec“: Increased Safety (for
optical radiation
EPL Gc)
a) the name of the manufacturer (for EPL Gb or Mb)
or his registered trade mark; „ia“: Intrinsic Safety
“op sh”: Optical system
(for EPL Ga or Ma)
b) the manufacturer’s type with interlock
identification; „ib“: Intrinsic Safety (for EPL Ga or Ma)
(for EPL Gb or Mb)
c) a serial number, except for
„ic“: Intrinsic Safety
– connection accessories (ca-
(for EPL Gc)
ble glands, blanking element,
thread adaptor and bushings); „ma“: Encapsulation
(for EPL Ga or Ma)
– very small electrical equip-
ment on which there is limit- „mb“: Encapsulation
ed space; (for EPL Gb or Mb)
d) the name or mark of the cer- „mc“: Encapsulation
tificate issuer and the certifi- (for EPL Gc)
cate reference
e) if it is necessary to indicate
specific conditions of use, the
symbol “X” shall be placed
after the certificate reference.
An advisory marking may ap-
pear on the equipment as an
alternative to the requirement
for the “X” marking;
SERIES
f) the specific Ex marking for CEAG
explosive gas atmospheres,
see 29.3, or for explosive
D-69412 Eberbach
dust atmosphere. The Ex BVS 16 ATEX E 123 / IECEx BVS 16.123 IP66/67
marking for explosive gas at- II 2G Ex db eb mb ib IIC T4 Gb Ta= -25°C bis +55°C
mospheres and explosive
dust atmospheres shall be II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80°C Db
separate and not combined; AC: 110-254V 50-60Hz
g) any additional marking pre- DC: 110-250V
scribed in the specific stand-
ards for the types of protec- Lampe: G13-81-IEC www.ceag.de
tion Snr.: D123456 2016 Made in Germany
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 53
Marking of electrical equipment
3 Marking of electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
54 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres 4
Requirements for the erection, • The relevant technical rules Design, selection and erection For example, most flammable
operation, maintenance and – Operational Safety (TRBS) of electrical installations materials and many materials
repair of electrical installa- and Hazardous Substances according to EN 60079-14 which are not normally regard-
tions in explosive (TRGS) ed as non-flammable might
atmospheres • On principle, the following Explosive atmospheres – Part burn vigorously under condi-
VDE regulations apply for the 14: Electrical installations de- tions of oxygen enrichment. Fur-
Rules, regulations and erection of electrical installa- sign, selection and erection ther precautions might also be
ordinances tions: necessary for the use of electri-
This standard contains the
VDE 0100, 0101, 0107, cal equipment under conditions
The following shall be observed specific requirements for the
0113, 0141, 0185, 0190, with extremely high tempera-
for the erection and operation of design, selection, erection and
0800 Parts 1 – 4. tures and extreme pressure.
electrical installations in hazard- initial inspection of electrical
Such measures are not within
ous areas: • In addition, the following VDE installations in explosive atmos-
the scope of this standard.
• Ordinance on protection regulations shall be taken into pheres. Where the equipment is
consideration for hazardous required to meet other environ- As part of the risk assessment
against hazardous substances
areas: mental conditions, e.g. against these additional measures as
(Gefahrstoffverordnung –
VDE 0165 and the ingress of water and resist- well as the requirements for hy-
GefStoffV)
VDE 0170 (all parts). ance to corrosion, additional brid mixtures must be determi-
• Ordinance governing the protection requirements may be ned.
health and safety aspects of • The following applies for the
necessary. If additional protec- This EN 60079-14 standard ap-
the provision of work equip- operation and servicing of ex-
tive measures are applied, they plies to all electrical equipment,
ment and use of materials at isting installations
shall not have an adverse effect including fixed, portable, trans-
work, the operation of equip- VDE 0105 Operation of
on the suitability of the portable and personal equip-
ment requiring supervision electrical installations
enclosure. ment, and permanent or tempo-
and the organisation of occu- – Part 1: General
stipulations rary installations. It applies to
pational health and safety
installations for all voltages.
precautions (Betriebssicher- The requirements of this stand-
heitsverordnung - BetrSichV) ard only apply to the use of
• Ordinance concerning the equipment under normal or al- This EN 60079-14 standard
placing on the market of most normal atmospheric con- does not apply to:
equipment and protective ditions. For other conditions,
• electrical installations in
systems intended for use in additional precautions may be
mines susceptible to
hazardous areas – Explosion necessary.
firedamp;
protection decree (ExVO)
• inherently explosive
• Directive on the harmonisa- situations, e. g. the
tion of the laws of the Mem- manufacture and
ber States relating to equip- processing of explosives;
ment and protective systems
• rooms used for medical
intended for use in potentially
purposes;
explosive atmospheres
(2014/34/EU)
• Directive on the minimum re-
quirements for improving the
safety and health protection
of workers potentially at risk
from explosive atmospheres
(1999/92/EC)
• Explosion protection rules
(EX – RL) with examples from
the “BG-Chemie“ (Employ-
ers’ Liability Association for
the Chemical Industry)
• Rule for the avoidance of igni-
tion hazards due to electro-
static charges issued by the
Confederation of the Insur-
ance Liability Associations
• Accident prevention regula-
tions of the Employers’ Liabil-
ity Association DGUV, Regula-
tion 4 “Electrical installations
and equipment”
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 55
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
4 of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres
The following Table of Contents • 6.7 Electromagnetic radiation • 13.2 Temperature monitoring • 19.1 General
provides an overview of the • 6.8 Cathodically protected • 13.3 Limiting temperature • 19.2 External connections
requirements found in the metallic parts
standard: • 13.4 Safety devices • 20 Additional requirements
• 6.9 Ignition by optical radiation for the type of protection “q”
• 1 Scope • 13.5 Electrical trace heating
– Powder filling
• 7 Electrical protection systems
• 2 Normative references • 21 Additional requirements
• 8 Switch-off and electrical • 14 Additional requirements
• 3 Terms and definitions for the type of protection
isolation for type of protection “d” –
“m” – Encapsulation
• 4 General • 8.1 General Flameproof enclosures
• 22 Additional requirements
• 4.1 General requirements • 14.1 General
• 8.2 Switch-off for the type of protection
• 4.2 Documentation • 14.2 Solid obstacles “op” – Optical radiation
• 8.3 Electrical isolation
• 4.3 Initial inspection • 14.3 Protection of flameproof • 23 Additional requirements
• 9 Cable and wirings systems
joints for the type of protection “t”
• 4.4 Assurance of equipment • 9.1 General
conformity • 14.4 Conduit systems – Protection by enclosure
• 9.2 Aluminium conductors • Annex A (normative) Knowl-
• 4.5 Qualification of personnel • 15 Additional requirements
• 9.3 Cables for the type of protection “e” edge, skills and competen-
• 5 Selection of electrical equip- cies of responsible persons,
• 9.4 Conduit systems – Increased Safety
ment operatives/technicians and
• 9.5 Additional requirements • 15.1 General designers
• 5.1 Information requirements
• 9.6 Installation requirements • 15.2 Maximum dissipated po- • Annex B (informative) Safe
• 5.2 Zones
wer of terminal box enclosures work procedure guidelines for
• 5.3 Relationship between • 10 Cable entry systems and
blanking elements • 15.3 Conductor terminations explosive gas atmospheres
Equipment Protection Levels
(EPLs) and zones • 10.1 General • 15.4 Maximum number of • Annex C (normative) Initial
conductors in relation to the inspection – Equipment-
• 5.4 Selection of equipment • 10.2 Selection of cable glands cross-section and the permis- specific inspection schedules
according to EPLs
• 10.3 Connections of cables to sible continuous current • Annex D (informative) Electri-
• 5.5 Selection according to equipment • 16 Additional requirements cal installations in extremely
equipment group
• 10.4 Addition requirements for the type of protection “i” low ambient temperatures
• 5.6 Selection according to the for entries other than “Ex d”, – Intrinsic Safety • Annex E (informative) Restric-
ignition temperature of the Ex “t” or Ex “nR” • 16.1 General ted breathing test for cables
gas, vapour or dust and the
• 10.5 Unused openings • 16.2 Installations to meet the • Annex F (informative) Installa-
ambient temperature
• 10.6 Additional requirements requirements of EPL “Gb” or tion of electrical trace heating
• 5.7 Selection of radiating
for type of protection “d” – “Gc” and EPL “Db” or “Dc” systems
equipment
Flameproof enclosures • 16.3 Installations to meet the • Annex G (normative) Potential
• 5.8 Selection of ultrasonic
• 10.7 Additional requirements requirements of EPL stator winding discharge risk
equipment
for type of protection “t” – “Ga” or “Da” assessment – Ignition risk
• 5.9 Selection taking other in- Protection by enclosure factors
• 16.4 Simple apparatus
fluences into consideration
• 10.8 Additional requirements • Annex H (normative) Verifica-
• 16.5 Terminal boxes
• 5.10 Selection of transporta- for type of protection “nR” – tion of intrinsically safe circuits
ble, portable and personal Restricted breathing enclosure • 16.6 Special applications with more than one associat-
equipment • 17 Additional requirements ed apparatus with linear cur-
• 11 Rotating electrical machines
• 5.11 Rotating electrical for pressurized enclosures rent/voltage characteristics
• 11.1 General
machines • 17.1 General • Annex I (informative) Meth-
• 11.2 Motors with type of ods of determining the maxi-
• 5.12 Luminaires • 17.2 Type of protection “p”
protection “d” – Flameproof mum system voltages and
• 5.13 Plugs and sockets enclosures • 17.3 Type of protection “pD” currents in intrinsically safe
• 5.14 Cells and batteries • 11.3 Motors with type of pro- • 17.4 Rooms for explosive circuits with more than one
tection „e“ – Increased safety gas atmosphere associated apparatus with lin-
• 5.15 RFID tags
ear/current /voltage character-
• 5.16 Gas detection equipment • 11.4 Motors with types of • 18 Additional requirements istics (as required by Annex H)
protection „p“ and „pD“ – for the type of protection “n”
• 6 Protection from dangerous Pressurized enclosures • Annex J (informative) Deter-
(incendive) sparking • 18.1 General mination of cable parameters
• 11.5 Motors with type of • 18.2 “nR” equipment
• 6.1 Light metals as protection „t“ – Protection by • Annex K (normative) Addition-
construction materials enclosures supplied at vary- • 18.3 Combinations of al requirements for the type
• 6.2 Danger from live parts ing frequency and voltage terminals and conductors of protection “op” – Optical
for general connection and radiation
• 6.3 Danger from exposed and • 11.6 Motors with type of pro- junction boxes
extraneous conductive parts tection „nA“ – Non-sparking • Annex L (informative) Exam-
• 18.4 Conductor terminations ples of dust layers of exces-
• 6.4 Potential equalization • 12 Luminaires sive thickness
• 19 Additional requirements
• 6.5 Static electricity • 13 Electric heating systems for the type of protection “o” • Annex M (informative)
• 6.6 Lightning protection • 13.1 General – Liquid Immersion Hybrid mixtures
56 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres 4
Brief information on selected Electrostatic charges hazardous area shall be installed closed conduit systems must
points Parts of the construction shall outside the hazardous area. not be laid unless, due to their
also be designed in such a way specific design, they are suitable
Potential equalization that no dangerous charges can for hazardous areas.
Electrical isolation
Potential equalization is required occur when they are used for
In addition, to allow work to be
for installations in hazardous ar- their intended purpose. For the
carried out safely, a suitable The transmission of gases or
eas to avoid incendive sparking. limitation of surface areas, it is
means of isolation with a label liquids through cables shall be
All conductive parts of the con- necessary to take both the sur-
to identify the respective circuit prevented by applying suitable
struction or installation where a rounding zone and the explo-
shall be provided for each cir- measures (e.g. potting,
hazardous potential shift is to sion group into consideration.
cuit (or each group of circuits). completely filled cables, etc.).
be expected shall be incorporat- Further useful requirements can
ed in the equipotential bonding be found in TRGS 727.
system. Cables and wiring systems Additional requirements
Lightning protection Wiring systems shall always be In addition to the basic require-
A functioning lightning protec- selected so as to ensure that ments already described, de-
Examples where additional po- tion system is required in haz- they withstand the mechanical, pending on the type of protec-
tential equalization measures ardous areas according to the electrical, chemical and thermal tion and/or equipment, the
may be required: zone. The individual require- stresses that are to be expect- standards also contain further
• via compensators ments can be found in VDE ed. Cables that are not laid in requirements.
(non-conductive) 0185. EN 60079-14 only states earth or in sand-filled cable
the objective of reducing the ef- trenches/ducts shall be protect-
• insulated conduit Commissioning of electrical
fects of lightning strikes to a ed against flame propagation.
• insulated gaskets installations in hazardous
non-hazardous level. A surge
areas
The following need not be in- protector is only required for in-
trinsically safe circuits leading Unused cores of multi-core ca- After erection, in accordance
corporated in the equipotential
into Zone 0. bles shall be connected safely with §15 of BetrSichV, the opera-
bonding system:
to the earth potential or ade- tor shall have the proper state of
• conductive window frames quately isolated by using a an installation inspected by an
• conductive door frames suitable connected terminal. authorized person in accordance
Emergency switch-off Bushings for cables into non- with Annex 2, Clause 3, No. 3.3
Enclosures need not be addi- or a notified monitoring body
tionally connected to the equi- For emergencies where the hazardous areas shall be ade-
quately sealed (e.g. sand seals prior to commissioning or after
potential bonding system if they spreading of a hazard is to be
or mortar sealing). Where cables modifications requiring testing.
are mounted in such a way that expected, devices for switching
they have reliable contact to off the electrical supply of the are subject to particular stresses,
parts of the installation that are they shall be specially protected
incorporated in the equipoten- (e.g. by conduit). However,
tial bonding system.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 57
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
4 of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres
Operation of installations in When work is being carried out Avoidance of formation of Here a distinction is made be-
hazardous areas in hazardous areas, the safety sparks tween two types of tools, tools
of persons and installations is With the electrical equipment where only single sparks occur
After an installation has been dependent to a large degree on used, the respective types of during use, e.g. screwdrivers or
erected correctly, it shall be op- the strict adherence to all safety protection ensure that no spanners, and tools that give off
erated in accordance with the regulations. incendive sparks or hot a shower of sparks during use,
state of the art technology. The company management and surfaces come into contact e.g. grinders. The use of tools
the operating and maintenance with the explosive that may give off sparks is gen-
In accordance with §6 GefStoffV, erally not permitted in Zones 0
(Ordinance on Protection against personnel shall work together in atmosphere.
an optimal way to ensure the and 20.
Hazardous Substances) the re- If no further organizational
sponsible operator shall observe maximum possible degree of measures have been taken, According to EN 1127, only
the following important princi- safety. Thus, the maintenance only explosion-protected meas- those steel tools that might
ples and document them before staff that works in such installa- uring instruments may be used give off a single spark can be
operation: tions bears a special responsi- to measure electrical values. used in Zones 1 and 2 if no
bility. Group IIC substances are pre-
1. Hazards during operations Sparks capable of causing igni-
sent. The use of steel tools that
with hazardous substances tion may also occur when con-
give off single sparks is permit-
2. Result of a test for the substi- Maintenance necting or disconnecting cables,
ted in Zones 21 and 22.
tution of the hazardous sub- Maintenance encompasses all even though no voltage source
measures (inspection, servicing is connected. On principle, tools that give off
stance and for the forgoing of
and repair) for maintaining and sparks may only be used to-
a possible technical substitu- The reasons for this can be
restoring the required state and gether with a “safe work per-
tion with protective stored energy in electrical in-
for determining and assessing mit” if the location has been as-
measures. stallations or external influences
the actual state. Inspections or sessed to ensure that an
3. Safety measures to be such as induction of electro-
the supervision of installations explosive atmosphere is not
carried out magnetic fields. The electrician
helps to prepare for upcoming present for the duration of the
shall, at all times, be aware of
4. Reasons for deviation from maintenance tasks and to iden- work in hand. The requisite
whether or not sparks capable
the known rules and findings tify trends with regard to possi- safety measures shall be speci-
of causing ignition are to be ex-
ble damages. fied in the safe work permit.
5. Verification of the effective- pected.
ness of the protective A visual inspection shows the A possible spark formation shall
measures experienced specialist, e.g. due also be taken into account
Subject to the development of to the formation of droplets on when using hand-operated
a hazard due to explosive mix- switch cabinets, whether more tools.
tures, the hazards shall be stat- intensive inspections are neces-
ed specifically in the explosion sary.
protection document. Determi-
nation and assessment of an Special safety measures
explosion hazard Whenever work is carried out in
1. Appropriate measures for hazardous areas, it is necessary
achieving the explosion to ensure that neither incendive
protection goals sparks nor hot surfaces occur
that, in combination with an ex-
2. Zone classification plosive atmosphere, can lead to
3. Areas for which explosion an explosion.
protection measures have On principle, work on live elec-
been taken trical installations and equip-
4. Measures for the safe ment is strictly forbidden. By
collaboration with various way of exception, work on in-
companies trinsically safe circuits and, in
certain cases, on other electri-
5. Tests for explosion protection
cal installations is permitted.
in accordance with the health
and safety ordinance In this case, the company man-
(BetrSichV) agement shall issue a safe work
permit to confirm in writing that
no explosion hazard exists at
After commissioning, it is nec- the worksite for the duration of
essary to ensure that the proper the work in hand (e.g. monitor-
state is maintained. For this the ing by a gas detector).
installations shall be inspected
The absence of voltage may
at given intervals on a recurrent
only be measured with explo-
basis according to §16 of Be-
sion-protected measuring in-
trSichV, at the least every 3
struments. The two special cas-
years. EN 60079-17/ VDE 0165
es named above are the only
Part 10 can be referred to for
exceptions.
details relating to the execution
of these inspections. Example of a safety work permit
58 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres 4
EN 60079-17 Contents of standard Terms and definitions Continuous supervision
Explosive atmospheres - (excerpt) Frequent attendance, inspecti-
Part 17: Electrical installations 1 Scope Visual inspection on, service, care and main-
inspection and maintenance tenance of the electrical installa-
2 Normative references Inspection which identifies, wi-
thout the use of access equip- tion by skilled personnel who
3 Terms and definitions have experience in the specific
Electrical installations in explo- ment or tools, those defects,
sive atmospheres feature speci- 4 General requirements such as missing bolts, which installation and its environment
al characteristics that allow their will be apparent to the eye. in order to maintain the explosi-
4.1 Documentation
correct operation in these on protection features of the in-
4.2 Qualification or personnel stallation in a satisfactory condi-
areas. For safety reasons it is
4.3 Inspections Close inspection tion.
essential for these special cha-
racteristics to remain effective Inspection which encompasses
4.4 Periodic inspections
throughout the service life of those aspects covered by a vi-
Skilled personnel
such installations. Additional to 4.5 Continuous supervision by sual inspection and, in addition,
skilled personnel identifies those defects, such Persons whose training has in-
an initial inspection this requires cluded instruction on the vari-
regular periodic inspections du- 4.6 Maintenance requirements as loose bolts, which will be ap-
parent only by the use of ac- ous types of protection and in-
ring plant operation. stallation practices, the
4.7 Environmental conditions cess equipment, e.g. steps and,
This standard, which is directed (where necessary), tools. requirements of this standard,
4.8 Isolation of equipment
at the operator, only deals with the relevant national regulati-
aspects directly related to the 4.9 Earthing and equipotential Note: ons/company rules applicable to
inspection and maintenance of bonding lose inspections do not normal- the installation and on the gene-
electrical installations 4.10 Specific conditions of use ly require the enclosure to be ral principles of area classificati-
It does not include: opened, or the equipment to be on.
4.11 Movable equipment and its
de-energized.
• other fundamental installation connections
and inspection requirements 4.12 Inspection schedules Documentation
for electrical installations (Tables 1 to 3) Detailed inspection For the purposes of inspection
• the verification of electrical Inspection which encompasses and maintenance, an up-to-date
equipment those aspects covered by a documentation for the following
close inspection and, in additi- items shall be available:
• the repair and reclamation of on, identifies those defects,
explosion protected equip- such as loose terminations,
ment (see EN 60079-19) which will only be apparent by
It does not apply to: opening the enclosure, and/or
• underground mining areas, using, where necessary, tools
and test equipment.
• areas in which a hazard can
occur due to the presence of
hybrid mixtures ,
• dusts of explosives that do
not require atmospheric oxy-
gen for combustion,
• pyrophoric substances.
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 59
Erection, Operation, Maintenance and Repair
4 of electrical installations in explosive atmospheres
a) zone classification of areas Continuous supervision So that possible weak points Continuous supervision shall be
and, if included, the equip- “Continuous supervision” is the can be identified at an early carried out by a technical per-
ment protection level (EPL) frequent attendance, inspection, stage, it is necessary to have a son with executive function (re-
required for each location service, care and maintenance specific knowledge of the instal- sponsible engineer). With re-
(see EN 60079-10); In Europe of electrical installations by lation and the demands on it. gard to the qualification of this
the respective equipment cat- skilled personnel with experi- In the course of their normal responsible engineer, impor-
egories apply ence in the environment to en- work, for example, control oper- tance is placed on the function-
sure the fast detection and im- ations, inspections, mainte- al description and not the edu-
mediate elimination of any nance work, cleaning work, cational background. Here the
b) for gases: equipment group person in question is a respon-
(IIA, IIB or IIC) and tempera- faults that may occur and the checking for faults, switching
early recognition of any changes operations, making terminal sible person with an executive
ture class requirements for function that, for example, can
the equipment used and the initiation of appropriate connections and disconnec-
countermeasures. tions, setting and adjustment be performed by a trained tech-
c) for dusts: equipment group work, alterations and erection nician with the necessary ex-
(IIIA, IIIB or IIIC) and maxi- For the realization of a continu- pertise. Based on this expertise,
ous supervision, the responsible work, skilled personnel shall de-
mum surface temperature re- tect faults or changes at an ear- he controls the qualification of
quirements for the equip- operator of the installation shall skilled personnel and the execu-
permanently employ qualified ly stage so that the necessary
ment used maintenance measures can be tion of the continuous supervi-
personnel and allow them suffi- sion by specifying appropriate
d) equipment characteristics cient freedom to supervise the carried out in good time.
operational procedures, and
e.g. temperature ratings, type installation. Here training as a analyses changes in environ-
of protection, IP rating, corro- skilled electrician is the mini- mental conditions, the feedback
sion resistance mum requirement. In addition, from maintenance measures
e) records sufficient to enable it is necessary to have an ade- and results of random individual
the explosion protected quate knowledge of the field of tests , so that necessary meas-
equipment to be maintained explosion protection. ures for the adaptation of elec-
in accordance with its type of trical installations can be carried
protection (for example list out at an early stage.
and location of equipment,
spares, certificates, technical
information) Table : Testing plan for Ex „d“, „e“ and „n“
(D = Detailed inspection; N = Close inspection; S = Visual inspection)
f) copies of previous inspection
records
g) copy of the initial inspection
records according to
EN 60079-14
Inspections
Before an installation or equip-
ment can be put into service, it
shall be subjected to an initial
inspection. These initial inspec-
tions are carried out following
the erection according to EN
60079-14. The inspection re-
quirements are specified in this
standard.
To ensure that the installations
in the hazardous area are main-
tained in the state required for
their further operation, accor-
ding to this standard it is
necessary for
a) regular periodic inspections
b) or continuous supervision by
skilled personnel and, if
necessary, maintenance and
repair work to be carried out
The Annex to EN 60079-17
contains information on tests
for the implementation of
these inspection
requirements.
60 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
Marking of degree of protection
of electrical equipment for use in explosive atmospheres 5
Marking of degree of protection Degree of protection of explo-
of electrical equipment for Table 1: IP-Code according to IEC/EN 60529 sion-protected equipment
use in explosive atmospheres Unlike industrial equipment
FIRST NUMBER SECOND NUMBER
In the relevant IEC(EN) Protection against the ingress of Protection against the ingress of where testing of the degree of
standards distinction is made foreign bodies water with adverse effect protection may be carried out
between on new test sample, with explo-
No protection 0 0 No protection sion-protected equipment, if the
IEC 60529 degree of protection is a con-
Vertically dripping
Degree of protection by enclo-
≥ 50 mm diameter 1 1 stituent element of the type of
water
sure (IP Code) and protection, tests shall be carried
≥ 12,5 mm Dripping water out on “aged” and mechanically
IEC 62262 diameter 2 2
15° angle stressed test samples.
Mechanical protection by ≥ 2,5 mm
enclosure (IK Code) 3 3 Sprayed water EN 60079-0 specifies this aging
diameter
process where, among other
≥ 1,0 mm things, the aging of plastics and
diameter 4 4 Splashed water
the resistance to aging of seals
SERIES is tested. This is followed by a
Dust-protected 5 5 Water jets mechanical test that simulates
CEAG IP56 a prolonged use of the equip-
D-69412 Eberbach Powerful water ment for the application and is
Dust-tight 6 6
jets
IP66/67 / IK 10 fundamentally different to the
T4 Gb Ta= -25°C bis +55°C Temporary tests for equipment for industri-
7
Db immersion al applications only.
Continuous The following chart shows that
8
immersion the test for the degree of pro-
ww.ceag.de
High pressure & high tection comes at the end of the
in Germany 9
temp. of water jets test chain. An impact piece with
a considerably smaller diameter
IP-Code - Degrees of protection is used for the mechanical test
to IEC/EN 60529 IK Code - Mechanical degree to EN 60079-0.
of protection to IEC/EN 62262
This standard describes a system This standard describes a sys-
with fixed gradations and test tem with fixed gradations and
methods for classifying the de- test methods for classifying the
grees of protection provided by mechanical degree of protec-
enclosures of electrical equip- tion (resistance to impact) pro-
ment against the ingress of solid vided by enclosures. The speci-
foreign objects and the ingress fied test is a type test and is
of water (see Table 1). The carried out on clean and new Impact test of an explosion
specified test is a type test and equipment at temperatures protected junction box
is carried out on clean and new ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C.
equipment at temperatures
Table 2: Combined designation if requirements for
ranging from 15°C to 35°C. The
several applications are met
first digit of the IP Code descri-
Enclosure passes test for:
bes the protection of persons
against access to hazardous Temporary/conti-
Water jets nuous immersion
parts and, at the same time, Table 3: Impact piece and second character- second charac- Designation and Range of
the protection of the enclosure test to IEC 62262 istic numeral teristic numeral marking application
against the ingress of foreign bo- Impact IK Code 5 7 IPX5/IPX7 Versatile
dies. The second digit specifies energy (J)
the protection of the enclosure 5 8 IPX5/IPX8 Versatile
with regard to harmful effects -- IK 00 6 7 IPX6/IPX7 Versatile
due to the ingress of water. With
0.14 J IK 01 6 8 IPX6/PX8 Versatile
the second number, numbers
up to 6 indicate that the require- 0.2 J IK 02 9 7 IPX7/IPX9 Versatile
ments for all the lower numbers 0.35 J IK 03 9 8 IPX8/IPX9 Versatile
are met. With numbers > 6 the
protection for lower numbers is 0.5 J IK 04 5 and 9 7 IPX5/IPX7/IPX9 Versatile
not necessarily given. The code 0.7 J IK 05 5 and 9 8 IPX5/IPX8/IPX9 Versatile
number for the lower degrees 1J IK 06 6 and 9 7 IPX6/IPX7/IPX9 Versatile
of protection need not be stat-
ed in the code. If an enclosure 2J IK 07 6 and 9 8 IPX6/IPX8/IPX9 Versatile
meets the requirements for 5J IK 08 - 7 IPX7 Restricted
both areas, this shall be indicat-
10 J IK 09 - 8 IPX8 Restricted
ed using a combined marking
(see Table 2). 20 J IK 10 9 - IPX9 Restricted
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 61
Marking of degree of protection
5 of electrical equipment for use in explosive atmospheres
Group I or II or III
Wärme
Thermal endurance to cold 26.9 Thermal endurance to cold 26.9
Resitance tound
impact 26.4.2 Resitance to impactTmin 26.4.2
and
2 samples 2 samples
Resistance to oil/greasses 26.11 Resistance to hydraulic liquids 26.11
62 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
IECEx
Conformity Assessment System 6
The IECEx Conformity
Assessment System
IECEx System
www.iecex.com Choice between:
IECEx Certificate of
Conformity
IECEx Equipment Scheme
Certification of IECEx Component
Ex Equipment and Systems Certificate
IECEx Unit
Verification Cert.
IECEx Certified Persons
Scheme(CoPC)
Competeny for work in Ex field
(NEW)
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 63
UNCE
6 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Structure
The Commission is made up of
an Executive Committee and
Sectoral Committees: Includes
United Nations 193 Nations
64 EATON www.crouse-hinds.de
ATEX/IECEx & NEC
Wall chart global reference guide , page 7
Wall-chart
Global Reference Guide
www.crouse-hinds.de EATON 65
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