1

Over Speed Detection and Automated

Reporting System

Submitted by:

Ahmad Armghan Bashir (14TC24)

Haroon bin Abbas (14TC46)

Ahmed Ali Azhar (14TC23)

Supervised by: Engr. Hafiz Ali Sufyan

Department of Telecommunication Engineering

University and College of Engineering and Technology

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Telecommunication Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the work presented in this project thesis “ Over Speed
Detection and Automated Reporting System” is entirely written by the
following students themselves under the supervision of Engr. Hafiz Ali
Sufyan.
Submitted by:
Ahmad Armghan Bashir (14TC24)
Haroon bin Abbas (14TC46)
Ahmed Ali Azhar (14TC23)

Project Supervisor Head of Department

Engr. Hafiz Ali Sufyan Dr. Muhammad Ali Qureshi

Principal External Examiner

Dr. Muhammad Amjad

Date:
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PREFACE

The work presented in this dissertation was undertaken at the Department of Telecommunication

Engineering, UCET, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, between June 2018 to July 2018. This

dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done

in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. Neither the present dissertation,

nor any part thereof, has been submitted previously for a degree to this or any other university.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our praise and thanks are due first to Almighty Allah, the mercy of the mercies, by

whose mercy we were able to begin this project, for providing us this opportunity and

granting us the capability to proceed successfully. We humbly thank our Holy

Prophet Hazrat Muhammad ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬who forever is a torch of guidance and knowledge for

the humanity. This research thesis is due to assistance of guidance of several people. We

would like to offer our sincere appreciation to all of them.

We express our appreciation from the inner core our heart to Engr. Hafiz Ali Sufyan for his

invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout this thesis work.

Their encouragement has contributed to ultimate success of this research work. Without

their persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. Special Thanks go to

Dr. Ali Qureshi and Dr. Asjad Amin for their guidance and encouragement.

Last, but not the least, we would like to thank our loving parents who encouraged us and

always prayed for our success and prosperity.

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DECLARATION

We confirm that the research included within this thesis is our own work or that where it has been

carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and

my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below.

We attest that we have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is unique and does

not to the best of our knowledge infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual

Property Right or contain any confidential material.

We confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by

this or any other university.

The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information

derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author.
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DEDICATIONS

1. We would like to dedicate our work to our parents and families who have presented us with

the prospect to an outstanding education at this prestigious university and help throughout

our lives. They always supported us with their endless love, prayers and best wishes.

2. For all the lives that have been lost in road accidents. They certainly did not deserve to be

departed unnaturally. Rest in peace!

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 4
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... 5
DEDICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 6
ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 9
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 10
Description of Chapters .............................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER NO 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1 The Idea proposed .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.2 Project summary ............................................................................................................................ 14
1.1.2.1 Speed Detection ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.2.2 The camera ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.1.2.3 Reporting................................................................................................................................. 15
1.1.3 Prototype ....................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER NO 02....................................................................................................................................... 19
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Speed detection and techniques: ....................................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Vehicle speed estimation utilizing an imaging strategy............................................................. 19
2.1.2 An FPGA-based vehicle speed estimation framework utilizing an uncalibrated camera. ......... 19
2.1.3 Vehicle speed measurement using LASER. ................................................................................ 20
2.2 Advantages of the proposed system: ................................................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Cost effective ............................................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER NO 03....................................................................................................................................... 22
METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Hardware methodology ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Software Methodology...................................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER NO 04....................................................................................................................................... 29
DEVICES AND COMPONENTS .............................................................................................................. 29
4.1 Hardware components ...................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.1 Arduino....................................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2 Specialized details ...................................................................................................................... 30
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4.1.1.3 General Pin capacities ............................................................................................................. 32

4.1.1.4 Specialized pins ....................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):.............................................................................................................. 34
4.2.1 Interference Pin Description ...................................................................................................... 35
4.3 GSM .................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.3.1 Portable Station ......................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.2 How GSM/GPRS Work? .............................................................................................................. 38
4.3.3 Application ................................................................................................................................. 39
4.3.4 AT commands............................................................................................................................. 39
4.4 Ultrasonic SC-HR04 sensors: ............................................................................................................. 41
4.4.1 The Specifications of HC-SR04: .................................................................................................. 42
4.4.2 Features of HC-SR04 ............................................................................................................... 43
4.4.3 Pin Explanations of HC-SR04 ...................................................................................................... 43
4.4.4 Distance Measurements ............................................................................................................ 44
4.5 Camera .............................................................................................................................................. 45
4.5.1 How camera detect the motion. ................................................................................................ 45
4.5.2 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................. 50
4.5.3 System requirements ................................................................................................................. 50
CHAPTER NO 05....................................................................................................................................... 51
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER NO 06....................................................................................................................................... 52
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................... 52
6.1 Conclusion: ....................................................................................................................................... 52
6.2 Future work ....................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.1 Night Vision Camera................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.2 Image processing ....................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.3 Tracing the vehicle ..................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.4 Traffic counter............................................................................................................................ 54
REFRENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 55
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ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations used in this report:

GSM Global System of mobiles

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

VSM Vehicle Speed Measurement

RADAR Radio Detecting and Ranging

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

SRAM Static Random Access Memory

EEPROM Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

TX Transmitter

RX Receiver

USB Universal Serial Bus

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

TWI Two wire Interface

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

GPRS Global Packet Radio Service

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

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ABSTRACT

In cities there are lots of accidents because of over speeding of vehicles. This report deals with a

method to detect the over speeding vehicles and report them to the authorities so that they take the

necessary action about it. This way lot of accidents can be avoided and human lives can be saved.

The method proposed for the detection and reporting of over speeding vehicles is automatic. it uses

ultrasonic sensors to measure the speed , LCD to display and GSM for reporting. Motion Detection

Camera is used to take the picture. It will take the picture of the vehicle only if is speeding beyond

the given limit. The maximum speeding limit can be changed according to the requirement. The

status quo in our country is that there is a constable with a radar gun in his hand and he checks the

speed manually. So in this process there are high chances of mistakes and errors. The proposed

automatic system will not only reduce the burden of work for the police but it will also provide an

accurate system of detection and reporting of over speeding vehicles.

The processor of the project is the Arduino; it will take commands from all other devices. Sensor

will send data to the Arduino it will process the coding. For our convention, we have put the speed

limit 100 kph. So after noting the time and distance the speed will be measured and the system will

only go further if the speed is beyond the limit. The LED lights will blink causing the camera to

take the picture within milli-seconds. Finally the GSM module will send the message, having the

accurate speed of the vehicle, to the number that is built in.

For the reporting system we use software that have ha task to sends the email of the picture that is

taken bt camera when car is over speeded on the authorities email, by using SMTP protocol for

email and SSL socket security.

Our main objective is to design a system which automatically detects the over speeding vehicle
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and then take the picture if the vehicle and then report it to the police or any other authority,

without any human intervention. It will detect the speed, using ultrasonic radars. If over speeding

occurs it will take the picture of the vehicle and send it to the respective authorities using GSM.

Keywords

GSM

Global system of mobiles

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

MDC

Motion Detection Camera

LED

Light Emitting Diode

SMTP

Simple Mail Transport Protocol

SSL

Socket Security Layer

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Description of Chapters

Chapter no 1: Deals with the introduction, background and objectives of the project. We have

also mentioned the reason to choose this project and also the summary of the report. The chapter

includes the complete introduction of the project: the idea; the implementation and the process.

Chapter no 02: Is the literature review, which deals with the papers and reports we have read

beforehand; the previous work that has been done in this field and why our proposed project is

advantageous than the rest. The drawbacks of the other detection methods are also discussed so

that we can have a complete comparison of this project with the rest. It will help the reader to

understand the advantages of this project easily.

Chapter no 03: Deals with the methodology. We have divided this chapter in two parts: the

hardware methodology and the software methodology. Flowcharts and block diagrams are

included in this chapter, to make the understanding of the methodology better.

Chapter no 04: Is the complete discussion about the devices and components used in the project.

Every component, its working and specifications has been discussed in detail. The implementation

of the devices with one other has also been highlighted.

In Chapter no 05: We have put all the results of the project. The images are there to show how the

project is yielding results. Pictures of email and speed are shown as displayed by the project.

Chapter no 06: Is the last chapter, it deals with conclusion and the future work related to project.

This chapter will be a guideline for the future engineers who are willing to carry on their research

in this field.
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CHAPTER NO 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction
Road accident is the most unwanted thing to happen for a road user. It is causing many deaths

worldwide and the main reason of the accidents is over speeding of vehicles. These accidents can

be reduced if the necessary actions are taken against those who are over speeding. To accomplish

this goal, we have to have a comprehensive, cost effective, quick and accurate way to detect the

speed and report them to the authorities to take action against them.

The accident due to the over speeding is just too high than any other reason. The statistics show

that most of the road accidents are due to over speeding. This is not just a problem than can be

neglected. We all should do as much as we can to reduce the number of accidents. It is causing so

many lives daily. Road accidents are taking the lives of human being more than any other thing. So

these statistics comes as a shock for us and we decided to do a project that may help meeting the

problem effectively. The figure below is seconding my words.

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1.1.1 The Idea proposed

Keeping in view the necessity of the matter and the importance of the subject, we have proposed a

system to deal with the problem of over speeding. The idea is to trace down the driver who is over

speeding. If we have a fair and accurate system of detecting the over speeding vehicles and trace

down the driver and send him to the police, the over speeding problem can be effectively tackled.

The citizens will know that if we don’t follow the rules we are going to have to deal with the

consequences. Also, the more people will be aware of the danger of speeding, the more they will

act according to rule. So the main objective of the project is to design a system that will not only

detect the speed of vehicles but it will also report the respective vehicle to the police, so that they

can catch them and deal with them as they should be.

1.1.2 Project summary

The project can be divided into three steps:

 The speed detection

 Taking the image

 Reporting

1.1.2.1 Speed Detection

Speed detection of vehicles has many methods it is an important application worldwide. it is

important in reducing the number of accidents and to check the flow of the traffic. In many

countries there are number of ways to accomplish the speed detection. In this project we have used

the ultrasonic radars to detect the speed. There are two sensors, separated by a fair amount. The

distance between the two sensors should be noted down. When a car will pass the 1st sensor it will

start noting the time until the vehicle get pass through the other sensor. Once we have got the time

and distance speed can be measured using the formula

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Speed = distance/ time.

The programming language used in this project is C . The speed limit will be set manually, let’s say

it is 100 kph. If the speed of the vehicle comes out to be more than the maximum limit, the

algorithm of the programming will move on to the next step, to take the picture of the vehicle.

1.1.2.2 The camera

After measuring the speed of the vehicle, the next step is to show the speed. We have used the LCD

to display the measured speed. LCD is required, so that we can see from our naked eye that the

speed has been measured accurately. Now, the condition will apply: if the speed is greater than the

maximum limit it will go on to the other step to take the picture; if not the sensor and the LCD will

be reset and it will go on to the next vehicle to measure its speed.

On case of the over speeding the camera will be alerted by the blink of LED placed right in front of

it. As soon as the LED blinks, the camera pointing in the direction of the vehicle will capture the

picture.

1.1.2.3 Reporting
The final step is to report the picture. We have used the GSM to send message to the authorities

about the over speeding vehicle. It will immediately send a message to the nearby police station so

that they are alert about the person who breached the law. Moreover it will also send the picture to

an Email, from which they can figure out the information about the vehicle. The main focus of the

camera is the license plate number so that the police will easily trace the car by its license number.

We email the picture of the over speeded car by using a software Febooti automation.

In this software we first of all give a task to the software. This task is create by user like first of we

define a default storage location where the picture is to be save. This software continuously
16

watches that folder for new files. When new file is place in storage location then automatically

software sense that file and send it to the email which is define in software.

In this project we use Gmail account for sending e mail so for this we define the port number of

email 465 which is universally defined by IETF (International Engineering Task Force) for SMTP

protocol.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is use to send the email. Here smtp.gmail.com is use it is

because we need Gmail SMTP server settings if you want to send email from your Gmail account

through an email software program.

We use SSL (Secure Security Layer) for the online security purpose. This is an encryption

technology that's used to disguise data that's transferred between two devices on a network. It's

proficient by transforming conspicuous characters into unrecognizable garbage that can be come

back to its unique state utilizing an encryption key. This was initially proficient through an

innovation called Secure Socket Layer (SSL) security. In essence, SSL was the technology that

turned any data moving between a website and a browser into gibberish and then back into data

again.
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Figure 1.1 Reporting software picture

1.1.3 Prototype
The project uses ultrasonic sensors, Arduino UNO, LCD, LED, camera and GSM as hardware

components. The C programming language is used for coding. The figure shows the whole project

in figure. In this picture connections and the placement of the hardware component is shown. At

left and right corners there is Ultrasonic sensors. Between these sensors we placed an Arduino
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UNO, GSM and LCD. Motion detection Camera is placed at the bank of the road to take a snap. In

front of MDC there is LED Lights that only blink when over speeded is detected.

Figure 1.2 Prototype picture of project

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CHAPTER NO 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter deals with the background of study. We have studied a number of research papers

before starting our own project. We have mentioned a number of other techniques that was in used

previously. After studying the techniques we have also mention the drawbacks that we have to

remove from our project. In the end of the chapter we have mentioned how our system is most

suitable for the purpose as compared to the previous techniques of detecting the speed and

reporting.

2.1 Speed detection and techniques:

2.1.1 Vehicle speed estimation utilizing an imaging strategy.

In the imaging method, matching technique is used to determine the speed of a vehicle. The

camera is set up at 90 degrees to the road and a single framed is captured by frame store. The

consecutive half frames are then compared to find out the displacement between two frames of the

vehicle. After that the displacement is divided to the time to find out the speed of the vehicle. The

speed measured through this imaging technique and the speed measured using speedometer is

reasonably same.

To capture a clear image of the moving vehicle is not easy. It needs very expensive high resolution

cameras, the conventional cameras will capture the vague image and it will cause difficulties in

reading the frames while comparing. So this system of speed detection is not ideal, because it is

needs very high resolution cameras thus it is very expensive and complex.

2.1.2 An FPGA-based vehicle speed estimation framework utilizing an uncalibrated camera.

Keeping in view the disadvantages of the above mentioned method of measuring speed, the
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measurement of measuring the speed using a video image is studied. This is called as VSM vehicle

speed measurement and it is an intelligent method to accomplish the task. It is hardware

implemented method and the process can be divided into three steps.

First, the series of images are taken of the moving vehicle and then the vehicle is removed from the

image, using complex algorithms implemented on the hardware, to create a background. For this

purpose the system introduces a simplified exclusion algorithm optimized to the hardware.

Second, the process of rectification is applied to the image after subtracting the background from

the incoming image.

Lastly, it tracks the vehicle and measures its speed, based on the rectified image. The system uses

two SRAMs and one FIFO to store images. When the method is applied and compared with the

velocity measured by the speedometer we obtained ± 7.5% velocity error. This is not what we

wanted; we needed a system that is accurate in all sense. So the disadvantage remains there as we

need very expensive high resolution camera to capture the image and the complexity of the image

processing is also there.

2.1.3 Vehicle speed measurement using LASER.

Another common method of measuring the speed is using laser. It does not work same as radar.

The laser needs accuracy and preciseness because the laser beam is so narrow and it has to be set

up at an optical sight. So to for this process an operator should be there holding the laser gun and

point out at the vehicle manually, by looking and aiming at the vehicle and then he should pull the

trigger. The laser will fall on the vehicle and it will reflect back. The reflected laser signal

properties are then compared with the transmitted signal. The motion of the vehicle will render a

change in the properties so by the auto- correlation of the two signals, the speed is measured.

There are lots of disadvantages to this system. First, it is not automatic, as we mentioned earlier

that we are looking for a system that should be automatic to decrease the work force and to obtain
21

accuracy. Second, Laser can only be used at a large distance of a thousand feet. This does not give

much time for aiming or vehicle identification. Third, the laser is affected by the environment.

During rain, fog, heavy snowfall and wind, the accuracy of the laser is disturbed. It is very

sensitive towards environmental conditions. Fourth, there is a chance of misalignment of the

optical sight. If it happens it will give the speed of wrong vehicle. There are also chances of human

error which can sometimes be fatal.

2.2 Advantages of the proposed system:

The system is automatic, one of the main objectives of the project was to reduce the man force in

the process of detecting speed and it has been successfully achieved. The proposed project is

automatic. From detecting the speed, to taking the picture and reporting it, the project does not

need and any human presence.

2.2.1 Cost effective

they system we used in this process require ultrasonic RADAR so this is cost effective, because

other methods use cameras to detect the speed and the camera has to be high resolution it makes

the camera more expensive, all we need in this method is to have two ultrasonic radars that will be

placed at two ends, it will detect the movement of the vehicle will immediately note the time of the

detection. As the speed is distance over time, the distance between the two ultrasonic radars are

already known to us. So the speed can be measured accurately and easily.

2.2.2 Accuracy

The result we get from our proposed method and the result using manual ways are compared and

we have seen that the speed was accurately measured; there is almost no error in the measurement

of speed. So this system is reliable and accurate.

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CHAPTER NO 03

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter we will discuss the methods and step by step working of our project. Hardware and

Software are discussed separately in this chapter. We have defined each component along with its

working. The algorithm of the software has been discussed later. We also have included flowcharts

to show the working methodology of the project.

The construction of the project on speed detection and reporting system includes the operational

characteristics and function of Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic sensors (based on RADAR), GSM, LCD

and Motion Detection Camera. The tools and techniques are clearly elaborated in the software

methodology. The functional step of programming is fully illustrated using flow chart.

3.1 Hardware methodology

The hardware devices of the system are placed on a wooden board. The mechanical structure of the

system is shown in the figure. The Block Diagram is shown separately to make it easy.
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Figure 3.1: Block diagram of hardware component

There are two Ultrasonic Sensors; one is placed in the start and the other in the end. In between the

sensors other devices are places according to its functionality and requirement. The sensors are

used to detect the motion of the vehicle. The first sensor will sense the vehicle when it will pass

within the range of 20 cm. We have to keep in mind that the range of the sensor is already defined

we can change it manually in the program. The distance between the two sensors is also defined i.

e 63 inches, in this case. The second sensor will activate just when the motion of the vehicle is

detected by the 1st sensor and the time between the detection of two is noted. This time is called as

'escape time'. The speed of the vehicle is determined by the formula:

Speed = distance/ time

Ultrasonic sensors have 4 pins. Trigger pin, echo pin, ground pin and voltage pin. the trigger pin of

ultrasonic 1 is connected to the digital PWM port no 9 of Arduino UNO and the echo pin is

connected to port no 10 .the echo pin of ultrasonic 2 is connected to port no 13 of the Arduino

UNO and the trigger at port no 12.

The speed calculated by the system will then be displayed on the LCD. GSM is used for the

reporting purpose.

Motion Detection Camera is used to take the picture of the vehicle. If the speed of the vehicle is

beyond the maximum limit it will make the LCD light in front of the camera to blink which will

cause the camera to activate and it will take the picture of the vehicle. The picture taken will be

then sending to the given Email Address.

Arduino is the main processor of the system. It receives the commands and processes them and
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gives commands to the second sensor, GSM module, LCD and LED lights. Arduino UNO is used

to perform these tasks. It is microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. The operating

voltage of Arduino is 5V, which it takes from the power supply. It has quite large memory, as it has

8 Kb Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and 4 kb Electrical Erasable Programmable Read

Only Memory (EEPROM). Moreover it has 16 analogue input pins and 54 digital input/ output

pins on which 15 provide PWM output. Ultrasonic Sensors are connected to these PWM pins. It

works on voltage as low as 5 volt which it takes from the Arduino.

The Arduino has 8 power pins. Ultrasonic sensor and LCD is receiving the power of 5 V from

Arduino. The analogue data pins are used to transfer data from Arduino to MPU of LCD to display

the calculated result. LCD has Register Select (RS) signal pin. They are connected to Arduino

UNO at analogue pin A1. Read and write (R/W) signal pin of LCD are connected to the Arduino at

A2. Operational Enable Signal pin (E), is connected at A3 of Arduino. The digital port number 5

and 6 are used to send data to GSM module.

DB4 is connected at A4 and DB5 is connected at A5. The pin no 15 and 16 of the LCD is

connected to the rheostat resistor for LED BKL (Back light). Rheostat resistor is used to adjust the

contrast and brightness of LCD for optimal view in all light conditions.

Motion Detection Camera is placed near the road so that it may face proper exposure to the

running vehicle. It receives power from the external power supply. Its sensitivity is defined by the

LED light, which is placed right in front of the camera. The camera will activate when the LED

will blink, and it will take the picture.

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3.2 Software Methodology

There are three main software application used in this project:

One for speed detection of vehicles; second for LCD which will display the calculated speed on the

screen and third for the reporting the vehicle which is over speeding. We have used Arduino.C

software for coding. The programming is written in the C language, because the Arduino UNO

supports C language and it is the most suitable language for our purpose. We have used three main

libraries: ultrasonic.h for sensors; liquidcrystal.h for LCD and softwareserial.h for GSM.

First of all we have defined the pin number for ultrasonic sensors. Pin number 9 and 8 in Arduino

is defined for ultrasonic sensor 1, for echo pin and trigger pin respectively. Pin number 6 and 7 of

the Arduino is defined for the ultrasonic sensor 2 for echo pin and trigger pin respectively. After

that integers are defined. The limit for the sensors is defined as under 30 cm. it can also be changed

according to our requirement, as an experiment on this level we keep it 30 cm for our own

feasibility. When the vehicle enters in the range of the Ultra 1, the software commands to start to

calculate the time until it is not sensed by ultra 2. The time calculation will stop as soon as the

vehicle pass through the 2nd sensor and the time interval for the vehicle to pass through from ultra

1 and ultra 2 is saved. The elapsed time is calculated by subtracting current time from start time.

time elapsed= current time - start time

the current time is the time when the vehicle was in the range of ultra 2 and the start time is the time

when the vehicle came in the range of ultra 1.

The distance between the two sensors is 65 units. The speed is calculated by dividing distance over

elapsed time. serial.print command is used to display the calculated speed on LCD. Now the
26

conditional command is used: if the speed is greater than 100 kph, the command will go to the next

step. Pin no 11 is activated which will cause the LED light to blink. It will blink for 100

milliseconds and that will be enough for the camera to automatically take the picture of the vehicle.

yawcam software is used to adjust the sensitivity of the camera according to the blinking of the

LED lights. The camera will take the snap as soon as the LED light is on. If the speed of the vehicle

is under 100 kph, no further command will be executed and the sensor will be all ready to detect

the next vehicle. The simple flow chart of the software programming explains the outline of how

the coding actually works.

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of software methodology

27

Fabooti Automation is universal software which is used to send the picture to email. We are using

this application for our purpose. In this software we first of all give a task to the software. This task

is create by user like first of we define a default storage location where the picture is to be save.

This software continuously watches that folder for new files. When new file is place in storage

location then automatically software sense that file and send it to the email which is define in

software. The saved picture of the vehicle will be send to the respective email. The calculated

speed of the over speeding vehicle is also send to the police station via GSM. The complete flow

chart of the coding is also given here. This flow chart explains the step by step procedure of how

the coding is working.

Descriptive flowchart of the complete program is below.

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CHAPTER NO 04

DEVICES AND COMPONENTS

4.1 Hardware components

The hard ware components used in this project are the following

1. Arduino

2. GSM

3. Camera

4. LCD

5. Wires

6. ultrasonic sensors

4.1.1 Arduino
Arduino UNO is an open source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

microcontroller. It is developed by Arduino.cc. It is widely used by programmers and engineers.

Figure 4.1: Arduino UNO

30

There are number of (I/O) input/output pins, which may be analog or digital. These pins are

interfaced to various expansion board and circuits. There are total of 14 digital pins and 6 analog

pins. The program can be uploader to this processor by a USB cable with Arduino IDE (integrated

Development Environment). It can be controlled by a USB link or by an outside 9 volt battery;

however it acknowledges voltages in the vicinity of 7 and 20 volts. It is likewise like the Arduino

Nano and Leonardo. The equipment reference configuration is appropriated under a Creative

Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 permit and is accessible on the Arduino site. Format and

generation documents for a few variants of the equipment are likewise accessible. "

In Italian language UNO means one and it is used to show the arrival of the Arduino software IDE

1.0. the version 1.0 and the Uno board together make up the Arduino, now this Arduino has been

upgraded to a new developed level and it is being used in by many engineers and programmers.

For the Arduino plate form the reference display is the UNO board which is the first progression of

the USB Arduino sheet. The AT mega 328 on the Arduino is pre-programed with a boot that is

used to transfer new codes to the processor without the involvement of another programmer

equipment. The Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to rendition R2) has been modified to a USB to

serial converter and it is used instead of FTDI USB to serial driver chip.

4.1.2 Specialized details

 Microcontroller:- ATmega328P.

 Working Voltage:- 5v.

 Info Voltage:- 7-20v.

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin:- 50 mA.

 Streak Memory:- 32 KB of which 0.5 KB utilized by bootloader.

31

 SRAM:- 2 KB.

 EEPROM:- 1 KB.

 Computerized I/O Pins:- 14 (of which 6 give PWM yield).

 Simple Input Pins:- 6.

 DC Current per I/O Pin:- 20 mA.

 WEEPROM:- 1 KB.

 Clock Speed:- 16 MHz.

 Length:- 68.6 mm.

 Width:- 53.4 mm.

 Eight:- 25 g.
32

Figure 4.2: description of Arduino UNO

4.1.1.3 General Pin capacities

Stick no 13 is being used to drive the LED: the LED will be on if the stick is high; and it will be off

when the stick is low.

The Arduino can be powered by a USB cable or it can be powered by an outer directed power

source at 5V. If not, this stick 13 is used to power the Arduino with an input voltage. The stick is

used when it is using an outside power source. If we are powering the Arduino with power jack,

this stick can be used. The DC jack can be 7 to 20 volts; the USB cable 5 volts and the VIN stick of

the board's voltage is 7 to 20 volts. The 5 V voltage sources or the 3.3 V can harm the Arduino by

side stepping the controller. 50 mA is the extreme current draw for an Arduino UNO.

GND:- Ground pins.

33

IOREF:- The IOREF stick on the Arduino/Genuine board furnishes the voltage reference on which

the microcontroller works. A legitimately well designed shield can read the IOREF stick voltage.

Then it selects the suitable power source or empowers voltage interpreters. The output it gives on

which to work with is 5V or 3.3V.

Reset: - the reset button is used if something goes wrong and we need to upload the program again.

4.1.1.4 Specialized pins

A few pins have specific capacities, those pins are:

Serial:- pins 0 (Receive) and 1 (Transmit). Used to get (Rx) and transmit (Tx) TTL serial

information. These pins are associated with the relating pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL

Serial chip.

Outer Interrupts:- (Pins 2 and 3). These pins can be designed to trigger a hinder on a low esteem, a

rising or falling edge, or an adjustment in esteem.

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation):- (Pin number 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11) these pins can furnish 8-bit

PWM yield with the analog Write() work.

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):- 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins bolster

SPI correspondence utilizing the SPI library.

TWI (Two Wire Interface):- A4 or SDA stick and A5 or SCL stick. Bolster TWI correspondence

utilizing the Wire library.

AREF (Analog Reference):- Reference voltage for the simple information sources.
34

4.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and locate an extensive

variety of uses. A 16x2 LCD show is exceptionally fundamental module and is normally utilized

as a part of different gadgets and circuits. These modules are favored more than seven sections and

other multi fragment LEDs. The reasons are that LCDs are temperate; effortlessly programmable;

have no constraint of showing extraordinary and even custom characters (not at all like in seven

portions).

In 16*2 LCD there are 16 characters in each line and we have 2 lines making total of 32 characters.

Every character is shown in 5*7 pixels framework. This LCD specifically has two registers that

can be useful: Command and Data.

The command enlists stores the command directions given to the LCD. A summon is a guideline

given to LCD to complete a predefined errand like introducing it, clearing its screen, setting the

cursor position, controlling presentation and so forth. The information enlista stores the

information to be shown on the LCD. The information is the ASCII estimation of the character to

be shown on the LCD.

Figure 3.3 2D picture of LCD

35

4.2.1 Interference Pin Description

4.3 GSM
Connection between GSM-GPRS and Personal computer is set up by using GSM module or GPRS

module. This system is world widely used for Mobile communication GSM is an engineering

utilized for portable communication in an enormous portion of the country. Higher information

transfer rate is increased by using Worldwide Packet Radio Service (GPRS) in GSM GPRS is an

expansion of GSM. Module of GSM/GPRS comprise GSM or GPRS modem that collected with

circuit of control supply and also with correspondence interface as like (RS - 232, USB and so

forth) for PC. The GSM and GPRS organize with GSM and GPRS MODEM that is a class of
36

remote modem gadgets intended for correspondence of PC. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity

Module) card simply like cell phones to initiate correspondence with the system.

Figure 4.4 the GSM module

We use GSM/GPRS MODEM for the following purposes:

1. For send, get and erase a SMS messages in a SIM.

2. To make the calls, and receive or reject also.

3. It includes, read and look phonebook sections of the SIM.

37

The MODEM needs AT charges, for interfacing with processor or controller, which are imparted

through serial correspondence. AT commands in MODEM is use for interfacing with the

microprocessor or microcontroller, which is connected through serial correspondence. These

charges are sent by the controller/processor. Controller or processor sends these AT commands to

modem. The MODEM sends back an outcome after it gets an order. Then after getting a response

MODEM sends back an outcome. For collaborating with the GPRS/GSM cell arrange, a

distinctive AT command bolstered by MODEM can be send by the processor and controller.

1. In this project we are using a SIM900 GSM Module – This implies the module bolsters

correspondence in 900MHz band. 900MHZ band is implies the module bolsters correspondence.

We are from Pakistan so in Pakistan the portable system suppliers in this country work in the

900MHz band. In other case if you belong to other country, you have to check that which band is

work in your region for portable systems. A lion's share of United States of America versatile

systems work in 850MHz band (the band is either 850 MHz or 1900 MHz). Canada works

fundamentally on 1900 MHz band. For more if it's not too much trouble read this wiki section on

GSM Frequency Bands far and wide.

For connect the GSM module with Arduino there is TTL Output Pins in module check for it – If

the GSM module is empowered with TTL pins then you only can bolster the information from

GSM module to your Arduino. Otherwise you need to change your information over RS232 to

TTL by using MAX232 IC and then feed it to Arduino (UNO, MEGA, NANAD, ETC). Mostly,

GSM modules in advertise are furnished with the TTL yield pins
38

4.3.1 Portable Station

Portable Station means Cell telephones and SIM.

Portable station is a frame of cell phone and SIM together. It is the client gear that speaks with the

versatile system. A cell phone contains Terminal Equipment, Mobile Termination and Terminal

Adapter.

4.3.2 How GSM/GPRS Work?

Versatile Termination is interfaced with the GSM portable system and is controlled by a baseband

processor. Versatile Termination is controlled by a baseband processor and also interfaced with

the GSM portable system like cell phone and SIM. GSM module handles the access to SIM,

discourse encoding and disentangling, flagging and other system related assignments. An

application processor that arrangements with taking care of tasks identified with keypad, telephone

memory, screen and other equipment and programming administrations inserted into the handset is

Terminal Equipment. The Terminal Adapter builds up correspondence between the Mobile

Termination and Terminal Equipment utilizing AT orders. We use GSM with Arduino; the

connection of GSM to Arduino is as shown in the figure below.

39

Figure 4.5: Connection of Arduino and GSM

4.3.3 Application
The GSM or GPRS module exhibits the utilization of AT summons. Functionalities of a cell phone

through PC like making and accepting calls, MMS and SMS is can highlight every one by AT

commands. These are basically utilized for PC based MMS and SMS administrations.

4.3.4 AT commands
To control MODEM, AT commands are utilized. Here AT is the shortened form for Attention. To

show the consideration from the Modem the Hayes command began with AT. These summonses

originate from Hayes charges that were utilized by the Hayes savvy modems. To associate with a

PC remote MODEMs and the dial up (gadgets that include machine to machine correspondence)

require AT charges.
40

AT commands with GSM MODEM or cell phone can be used to attain to following

administrations and data:

1. Design and data is relating to MODEM or Cell Phone and SIM card.

2. MMS administrations.

3. SMS administrations.

4. Voice and Information interface over versatile system.

5. Fax administrations.

The fundamental orders, the orders particular to a GSM arrange are called reached out AT

commands that are known as the Hayes subset.

41

4.4 Ultrasonic SC-HR04 sensors:

Figure 4.6: Ultrasonic sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that senses the separation between sensor and the nearest protest in

its way by using sound waves. Ultrasonic sensors are basically solid sensors, and they work at a

recurrence above the human hearing. These ultrasonic sensors convey a sound wave at a particular

recurrence. Sensor sends the sound waves in particular direction then it tunes ricochet from the

object and return. The sensor estimates the time between sending sound wave and the sound wave

returning. In the event that how quick something is going in front of sensor and to what extent it is

voyaging, we can discover the separation distance.

42

Figure 4.7 Reflections of sound waves

The speed of sound can be computed in light of an assortment of environmental conditions,

including temperature, mugginess and weight. In reality computing the separation will be

indicated on in this record. It ought to be noticed that ultrasonic HC-SR04 sensors have a cone of

identification, the edge of this cone shifts with remove, demonstrate this connection. The capacity

of a sensor to recognize a protest additionally relies upon the articles introduction to the sensor. On

the off chance that a question does not introduce a level surface to the sensor then it is conceivable

the sound wave will skip off the protest in this way that it does not come back to the sensor.

4.4.1 The Specifications of HC-SR04:

The sensor decided for the Speed Detection Project was the HC-SR04. This segment contains the

details and why these sensors are essential to the sensor module. The sensor modules necessities

are as per the following.

● Power Supply: - +5V DC.

● Working current: - 15mA.

● Peaceful Current: - <2mA.

43

● Extending Distance: - 2-400 cm.

● Strong Angle: - <15º .

● Determination: - 0.4 cm .

● Its Trigger Input Pulse width: - 10uS .

● Measurement:- 45mm x 20mm x 15mm .

● Estimating Angle:- 30º .

● Weight:- approx. 10 g.

4.4.2 Features of HC-SR04

● Cost is cheaper that other sensors

● Network of specialists and support

● Weight

● Exactness of question location

● Likelihood of working in a smoky domain

● Convenience

The HC-SR04 Specifications are following. These specifications are from the Cytron

Technologies HC-SR04 User's Manual.

4.4.3 Pin Explanations of HC-SR04

The sensors HC-SR04 have four pins, GND, VCC, ECHO and TRIG whit have different

capacities. The VCC and GND pins are the most straightforward -- they control the HC-SR04.
44

These pins are connected to a +5 volt and also ground separately. In these pins the TRIG pin is in

charge of sending the ultrasonic burst. In HC-SR04 there is single control stick: it is TRIG stick.

This stick ought to be set HIGH for 10 μs, and soon thereafter the HC-SR04 send out an eight cycle

of sonic burst at the frequency of 40 kHz. Then a sonic burst has been sent the ECHO stick that will

go HIGH when receiving these burst. The ECHO stick is the information stick -- it is utilized as a

part of taking separation estimations. After an ultrasonic burst is sent the stick will go HIGH, it

will remain high until the point that a ultrasonic burst is distinguished back, and soon thereafter

then it will go LOW.

4.4.4 Distance Measurements

The ultrasonic sensors HC-SR04, by setting the trig stick to HIGH can be activated to convey an

ultrasonic burst. The echo stick will naturally go high when the burst is sent. This stick is stay high

unless the point when the burst of ultrasonic waves hits the sensor once more. You can ascertain

the separation to the question by monitoring to what extent the ECHO stick remains high. The

ECHO remains HIGH are the burst spent voyaging. Utilizing this estimation in condition 1

alongside the speed of sound will yield the separation voyage. An outline of this recorded is

follow;

1. First set TRIG to High.

2.. Keep the clock running until the point that ECHO goes to LOW.

3. Set a clock when ECHO goes to HIGH

4. Spare that time.

5. Utilize condition 1 to decide the separation voyaged.

45

Figure 4.8 Timing Diagram

4.5 Camera
The main purpose of motion detection is to sense an intruder and take the picture of over speeded

car and repot it to the authorities. Motion sensors stand guard, ready to react to various situations

4.5.1 How camera detect the motion.

To comprehend movement identification, we first need to see how a straightforward camera

functions. Inside each camera there is a picture sensor, which the camera focal point guides light to

- so when light hits the picture sensor, at that point every individual pixel records how much light it

getting. That example dim areas and light on the pixels turns into the entire video picture you see.

When you set up movement discovery, you select a district or region to screen, say a LED lights to

squint. Along these lines it works is to look at consecutive pictures from your video and if enough
46

pixels have changed between those casings, the camera programming decides something moved

and sends an alert by which it click the picture. How "enough" change is resolved relies upon the

affectability level or rate level settings you put on your movement recognition.

Figure 4.9 Pictures that reported by camera

Motion recognition is essentially the way toward contrasting successive pictures and deciding if

the contrasts between them speak to movement contrasting successive pictures . In the event that

there are noteworthy contrasts between two back to back pictures, the cameras "finish up" that

there has been movement inside the camera see. They do this in light of a couple vital settings -

affectability and rate.

Most, if not all, reconnaissance cameras will give you the choice of choosing a specific area inside

the review screen to be checked. As such, you can state that you just need to identify movement in
47

one zone - like in this project we select the only area of LED lights for detect the motion. These

LED lights only blink when over speed is detected by the system and in result of blinking the LED

lights motion detection camera sense the motion in the area that defined, capture the picture and

save it to the system.

There are two sorts of picture changes that can happen. We can have a general change in the pixels

as we would if the lights in the room went on or off. In the event that the room has windows

through which approaching light will enter, you most likely would prefer not to create movement

location photographs on the grounds that the sun is setting. Along these lines, you can choose an

"affectability" setting that gives a difference setting and decides the amount of a change ought to

be accounted for; setting the sensitivity and percentage on cameras in your data center.

You can also select how much of a change in your overall viewing area or within one or more

sub-areas of interest represent motion. If you want to detect LED lights then change -- something

that affects 50% of the pixels in an area of interest.

We use Logitech Webcam C300 1.3MP camera to capture the picture of number plate of the over

speeded vehicle it sense the LED light when they blink, LED light blink when command of over

speeding goes to microcontroller.

48

Figure 4.9: The Camera

Sensitivity and tolerance of camera for motion detection is adjust by using Yawcam software for

camera. The sensitivity of motion detection camera is 56% because of Led lights intensity which is

detected by camera. All is about the sensitivity level of camera to click the picture. Tolerance level

of camera is 33% for tolerate the difference between frames in defining area where to be motion is

detected by camera. Here we also define the area of motion that to be detected when over speeded

is occurred.
49

Figure 4.10: Camera setting

After taking picture it save the picture in memory and send it to the email that you define in

system using febooti automation. Its technical specification is, it is 1.3 megapixel real sensor (1280

*1024 pixels) camera and video capturing up to 1280*1024 pixels take photo up to 5.0 mega pixels

up to 30 frames per second.

50

4.5.2 Technical Specifications

1.3 megapixel real sensor (1280 x 1024 pixels)

Photos: up to 5.0 megapixels

Video capture: up to 1280 x 1024 pixels

Right Sound ™

Up to 30 frames per second

Universal clip for laptops

LCDs and CRTs

Snapshot button for image capture

4.5.3 System requirements

Windows-based PC

Windows Vista® or Windows® 7 (32-bit or 64-bit)

Processor: 1 GHz (1.6 GHz recommended)

Processor: 1 GHz (1.7 GHz recommended).

RAM: 256 MB RAM (512 MB RAM recommended)

51

CHAPTER NO 05

RESULTS
In this project we have developed speed detection and reporting system which can successfully

measure the speed of the vehicles and we can detect the speed if it is speeding beyond the limit. We

have seen that the project is able to take the picture and report them to the given numbers and

emails.

Figure 5.1: LCD result display

The picture above is the LCD displaying the speed of the vehicle. It shows that the speed of the

vehicle is beyond the limit i.e. 100 km. so it is displaying that the vehicle is speeding beyond the

limit.

Figure 5.1 Reported picture of over speeded car via email

52

CHAPTER NO 06

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 Conclusion:
This project has successfully detected the over speeding vehicles and reported them. The hardware

components of the project are working properly and the results are satisfactory. We can implement

this project on a higher and bigger level on roads and motorways. It can be very effective in

reducing the accidents which are caused by the over speeding of the vehicles. This project has lot

of advantages. It does not have high power consumption or any other expenses. so it will be easy to

practice. It can be utilized in towns, cities and institutions. With a little improvement and finances,

this project can be very easily mainstream in the development of traffic police and other security

institutions. The project is fully automatic: from detecting speed to taking the picture and reporting

it, all are programmed in the processor and the hardware is linked to it. So, no work force is needed

to execute this project. The current system of traffic control and speed detection in Pakistan can

easily be replaced by our proposed system. It will minimize errors and mistakes and it will also

save time and work force. Besides that, this project has lot of other application too. We can use it

for several other purposes: we can use it as a traffic counter; we can use it to trace the vehicles

which or stolen or wanted or we can use image processing techniques for a better and digital way

of communicating with the police.

We have seen that this project overcomes all the drawbacks of the other techniques of detecting

speed. It is financial and accurate and it has lot of other advantages. There is a lot of scope for the

development of this project also. The future scope of this project is vast.

The final results of this project are encouragingly positive. All the objectives have been met and

the project works efficiently. Although it is on a small level but we have given the idea of how
53

practical this way of reporting will be, if a special research and work is carried out on this project it

surely will be a big progress in the traffic rules implementation in our country Pakistan.

6.2 Future work

We have completed this project with less resources, time and budget. But the project can be

improved and it can be used for several other purposes other than the one we have already

discussed. In future the same project can be developed into a modified form for security purposes

and to trace out the stolen cars.

6.2.1 Night Vision Camera

A more expensive night vision camera can be used to take picture which will allow the project to

work during night too. It will be a costly but it will solve our issue during its working at night.

6.2.2 Image processing

The picture taken from the camera can be put through the process of image processing to find out

the exact number plate of the vehicle, and instead of sending the picture; we can send the vehicle

license number to the police. It will be more effective and easy for the authorities top charge fine

on the over speeding vehicle. Although in our project the number plate will be visible in the picture

and one can easily find out the license number. But the image processing technique will be very

effective in making the project more automatic and independent. The main problem with

executing this technique is the complexity. Image processing is very complicated and need careful

assessment.

Image processing actually works on the fragmentation technique. The picture taken will be

assessed according to the colour and then we will make fragments of the picture to sense the

number plate. After extracting the number plate, we can further divide into fragments to detect the

characters written on the number plate and then the exact number plate of the vehicle can be
54

extracted.

6.2.3 Tracing the vehicle

Another very important advantage of this system is that it can be very advantageous in tracing cars.

If the police are looking for a car, it may be a stolen car or causing security threats, then we can out

every vehicle through the screening process and we can get their vehicle number. Once we get the

number, we can compare it with the vehicle number we need to find out, if they are matched then it

will be very easy to trace down the respective culprit. This will make the job very easy and fair. It

will also save a fair amount of time.

6.2.4 Traffic counter

Another application of this project can be as a traffic counter. It can be used to count the number of

vehicle passing through the highway. Number of vehicles in a lane can be found by estimating the

number of disturbances sensor is experiencing.

In areas where Wi-Fi is not available, we can use the GSM module for MMS purpose.
55

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