Design Aspects of Cathodic Protection

7/31/2019 Design and Installation Aspects of Cathodic Protection

(https://marcepinc.com)
DESIGN AND INSTALLATION ASPECTS OF

CATHODIC PROTECTION
 24th-Oct-2018 /  admin
(https://marcepinc.com/ les/5eac0347e226308d6c55e79d4d4e6eb0.jpg)
Design and Installation Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Design and Installation Aspects of Cathodic Protection on
Storage Tanks & Pipelines for safe operation of the plant.
Design Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Sacri cial Anode System
Sacri cial anodes design calculations centre around two basic

requirements:
https://marcepinc.com/blog/design-and-installation-aspects-of-cathodic-protection 1/24
There must be enough sacri cial anode material to last the design life.
The current output of the system must be suf cient to initially polarize
 and then maintain protection throughout the design life.
Design optimization is about meeting these two requirements at the
lowest cost i.e. with the least amount of sacri cial anode material
Maintenance cost is also a contributing factor
Steps in designing sacri cial anode system

1. Establish soil resistivity
2. Determine current density requirement on the basis of soil resistivity
and type of soil
3. Electrical continuity of structure
4. Select requirement of electrical isolation
5. Select suitable anode material on the basis of soil resistivity and soil type
6. Calculate total mass of anode required for design life
7. Calculate anode resistance to deliver output current
8. Calculate current output of each anode and its weight
9. Calculate total number of anodes required to satisfy mass and their
con guration that is horizontal or vertical
10. Consider facilities for monitoring performance
11. Proper project drawing & speci cations
Current requirement for steel for 3LPE coating

Soil Resistivity Current density µA/m²
< 10 ?-m for marshy soil 50
10 ?-m to 100 ?-m for normal 25
> 100 ?-m dry high resistivity 15
Safety margin of 30% to be provided on the above current

densities
• Step 1: Surface Area
Sa = pd l
• Step 2: Current Requirement
It = Sa x Cd x 1.3
It = Protective current requirement(Amp)
Cd = Protective current density (A/m2) l = length of the
pipeline(meter)
d = diameter of pipeline(meter)
Sa = Surface Area (m2 )
Safety margin is taken 1.3
Anode weight requirement
Step 3 : Anode weight requirement

W = It x Cr x L
U x E
W = It x L
 Ca X U X F
W = Total Anode Weight (Kg.)
It = C.P. current requirement in Amp
E = Ef ciency of anode
Cr= Consumption Rate of Anode in Kg/Amp-year
Ca= 1/Cr = Theoretical capacity of anode in Amp-year/Kg L
= Design Life in years
U = Anode Utilisation factor
Calculation of total circuit resistance
Step 4: Total Circuit Resistance
Calculations Rt = Ra.re + Rc + Rs.re

Rt = Total resistance
Ra.re = Resistance of anode to remote earth (?)
Rc = cable resistance between anode to structure (?)
Rs.re = Resistance of structure to remote earth (?)
Anode to remote earth resistance
Vertical prepackaged single anode by Dwight’ s modi ed the equation
Equation (1) When L>>d, soil resistivity is homogeneous and anode is

not located well below grade or t<L . Equation( 2) when depth t to the
top of anode is equal to L

Vertical Anode Bed

Resistance of single horizontal anode
When depth t < < L and L >> d then
Also used for resistance of multiple horizontal anode bed if s< 2La and
s> La and t< La and sorrounded by continuous coke breeze. Here L is the

length of anode bed and La is the length of anode
L - Length of anode
d – Diameter of anode
 t - Depth of top of anode
Rah is resistance of anode to remote earth
r- Soil resistivity
When t >> L, Rah =0.159 x ρln ( 2L/d)
L
Also used for single vertical anode where t >>L
Resistance of multiple horizontal anode where continuous coke breeze

is not there:
Rgbh = Rah x
FN
Where, Rah = Single anode to earth resistance
N = Number of anodes in parallel
F = Crowding factor due to multiple anodes
F = 1 + 0.318 x ρ ln 0.656N
S x Rah Where,
S = Anode spacing
Horizontal Anode Bed
Pipe to earth and cable resistance

Pipe to remote earth resistance Rpre = r" /As
r" = Speci c coating resistance in Ω-m² @ given soil resistivity
ρ As= Surface are of pipe = 3.14 x d x L
r" = 104 Ω-m² for excellent coating @ 1000 ?-cm soil
Cable resistance: As per Table provided by supplierFor 12 AWG
copper conductor cable Rc = 0.005314 Ω/m
Calculation of system life & number of anodes

Step 5 : Calculation of system life in years

 Wt = Weight of single anode

U = Utilization factor of anode
Ia = Anode output current
E = ef ciency of anode
Cr = Consumption rate of anode in Kg/Amp-year
Ca = Theoretical capacity of anode in Amp-year/Kg
Step 6 : Number of anodes required on weight basis
Number of anodes = W/Wt, W is the total weight and Wt is the

weight of individual anode
Number of anodes required on total current basis
N = Icp/Ia Icp and Ia are total CP current required to anode output
current Number of anodes must satisfy both weight and current
System driving voltage & current output of anode bed
System driving voltage Ecp = Eap – Esp Ecp = Driving potential
Eap = Anode polarization potential – 1700 mV for Mg Esp =

Structure protective potential – 850 mV
Ecp = 1700 – 850 = 850 mV
Current output of anode
Ia = Ecp/Rt
Area of pipeline to be protected by each anode A = Sa / N
Sa = Total surface area to be protected N= Number of anodes

Anode is spaced uniformly for protecting pipeline to cover all pipeline
Example of sacri cial anode system design

Consider the following data :
Pipe diameter 32.4 Cm, 6 Km long, FBE coated pipeline Soil

resistivity 5500 ohm-cm
Current density 30 µA/m²
Speci c coating resistance r" = 10Ω-m² Design life 15 years
Total CP current = 3.14 x .324 x 6000 x 30
1000
= 183 mA
Considering pre-packaged 17 lb (7.70 Kg) (17 D3) Magnesium anode of
size 30” long, 6” dia, placed at 1.2 meter depth from grade the resistance
of anode

Rah = 0.159 x ρ (ln 2L) , horizontal anode is

considered
 L d
= 26.5 Ω
Pipeline resistance Rp = r„ =10??-m²
Sa 3.14 x 0.32 x 6000 m²
= 1.64 Ω
Sacri cial anode design

Anode output current Ia = Ecp Rah+ Rp
= 1700-850 /26.5 + 1.64 =30 mA

Number of anodes on the basis of current requirement :
N = Icp = 183 = 6.1 or 6 anodes

Ia 30
Anode current density ia = Ia/A , Ia is anode output current and A ia area
of anode
Area of anode = 2 (W + H) X L = 2 ( 3.5” + 3.75”) X 26” = 2.6 ft²
ia = 30 mA/2.6 ft² = 11.5 mA/ft²

W,H and L are width, height and length of anode
From current density vs current capacity or consumption graph at
11.5 ma/ft², current capacity is 300 A-hr/lb or current consumption is
1/300 A-hr/lb = .0034 lb/A-hr or .0034 x 8760 lb/A-yr or 29.78 lb/A-
y

Anode current density vs elecrochemical capacity
Sacri cial anode design

Anode weight requirement W = Icp x Cr x L/ U x E

= 0.183 A x 29.78 lb/A-y x 15 yr 0.85 x 1
= 96.17 lb

Number of anodes per weight requirement N = W/Wt = 96.17/17 =
5.65 or 6 anodes
To meet current requirement 6 anodes are required
Life of anode L = Wt x U x E = 17 lb x 0.85 X1 = 16.17
For 6 Km line rst anode is put after 500 meter and then at each 1
Km interval horizontally at a depth of 1.2 meter and 6th at 500
meter from end for uniform distribution.
Potential Attenuation along pipeline
Impressed current CP system Dseign

Power supply voltage Eo = Icp (Ra.re+Rs.re+Rc) + Eb where
Icp = Cathodic protection current

Ra.re = Groundbed to remote earth resistance Rs.re = Structure to
remote earth resistance Rc = All cable resistance
Eb = Back voltage = ? Ea.p + ? Es.p + Eg = 2 V
? Ea.p & ? Es.p are change in polarization of anode and structure
due to cathodic protection current & Eg is the difference in corrosion
potential between an anode and structure

Shallow anode ground bed



Deep anode ground bed

Deep well anode bed

Anode bed locations
Low soil resistivity area at soil resistivity of <50 Ohm m
Moist and not drained soil
Anode bed should be remote to the structure for better distribution

Anode bed should not be in a vicinity of foreign pipeline or foreign

materials to avoid interference
 Anode bed con guration as horizontal, vertical, distributed or deep well
depends upon current distribution, attenuation, land area availability
and level of interference
Type of anodes such as high silicon iron, graphite or MMO anodes are
chosen on the basis of current requirement, soil resistivity, economy and
design life
Remoteness of anode bed

Anode bed should be located at remote location from structure for ideal
current distribution. The current is maximum at drain point and reduces
as moving away from drain point. This is due to a property that is called
attenuation that is loss of current due to high longitudinal resistance of
pipe , poor coating or high soil resistivity. Potential is also affected due to
current distribution.
Remoteness of anode bed

The key issues surrounding remoteness:
1. Remote earth potential (IR) of the Anode Ground Bed as this will
determine the pipeline voltage shift to the minimum protection level
that is - 0.85 V with respect to Cu/CuSo4 half cell
2. Voltage rise in earth with respect to remote earth at a distance x from
the anode which is given by following formula
The maximum voltage rise should not be more than 0.5 V where:
I = current delivered (by the anode) to the earth (A)
ρ = average resistivity of the earth (ohm-m)
L = Depth of anode bed (Active length in meters)
Xr= distance (meters) from the centre of the anode to the point xVr=
the voltage rise at x (volt) with respect to remote earth

Example of remote calculation

Let us consider a deep well anode of active depth 30 meter in a soil

resistivity of 20 ?-m and current output of 10.52 A, then at a distance of
 75 meter from anode the voltage rise Vr will be
10.52 A x 20?-m { ln {30 + √(30²) + (75²)}
2 x 3.14 x 30 75
= 0.435 V which is less than 0.50 V
This will be the voltage rise at that point with respect to remote earth
The remoteness of horizontal anode bed is achieved when a minimum
distance of 100 meter is maintained for anode bed from pipeline. In case
of deep well anode, depth of anode is kept suf cient to deliver ideal
current distribution.
Current distribution & Attenuation

Factors affecting current distribution
1. The anode ground bed should be at remote earth from structure

2. Current distribution is improved when attenuation is small. Attenuation
is more as pipeline longitudinal resistance increases with distance from
the drain point. Since attenuation is large hence current distribution
diminishes.
3. The good coating improves current distribution as attenuation is small.
4. An increased soil resistivity improves current distribution.
5. Polarization improves with time and so attenuation also becomes small
and current distribution improves.
Example of impressed current system design

Consider the following data
Pipeline length 3048 meter, OD 21.9 cm, ID 20.32 cm, coating
effectiveness 99 % , Soil resistivity 4000 ?-cm, current requirement 21.5
mA/m² of bare pipe, pipe to ground resistance ( Rp.re) 0.3 ?
Surface area = 3.14 x .219 x 3048 = 2097 m²
Bare surface area = .01 x 2097 = 20.97 m²
Current required = 21.5 x 20.97 = 451 mA
Assuming coating ef ciency to decrease, let us take current requirement
as 5 x 451 mA that is 2.3 A (Coating ef ciency 95 %)
Let us design anode ground bed by using vertical anodes of high silicon
iron anodes of 21 Kg weight having consumption rate of 1 Kg/A-y and
designing for 20 year life
Total weight required for 20 year life = 20 x 1 x 2.3 = 46 Kg
Number of anodes = 46/21 = 2.2 say 3 anodes of 21 Kg each
Anode ground bed resistance Ra.re =

Impressed current system design
ρ = 4000 ?-cm, L = 213.4 cm, d = 20.3 cm, S = 609.6 cm, N = 3 anodes

Ra.re = 4000 { ln 8x213.4 _1} + (2x213.4 x ln 0.656x3

2x3.14x3x213.4 20.3 609.6
= 3.9 Ω
Pipe to ground resistance Rp.re = 0.3?
Pipe lineal resistance Rp =ρsteel x L
A
ρsteel = 18 µ?-cm = .000018 ? -cm & L= 3048 meter = 304800 cm
A = 3.14 (OD² - ID² ) ; OD = 21.9 cm, ID = 20.32 cm
4
Rp = .000018 x 304800 = .104?, One direction is .104/2=0.052Ω
785 x { ( 21.9 )² - (20.32)² }

Ground bed is installed in the middle of the pipeline, then longitudinal
resistance will be half of this value that is 0.026Ω.
Impressed current system design

Cable resistance measurement
6 AWG negative cable from recti er to drain point- 15.24 meter
6AWG positive cable from anode bed to recti er- 60.96 meter
6 AWG ground bed cable from anode (3) to junction box- 18.29 m
Total length = 85.3 meter
Cable resistance Rc = 85.3 meter x 1.322 ? / 1000 m = .11 ?
Total resistance Rt = Ra.re + Rp.re + Rp + Rc
= 3.9 + .3 + .026 + 0.11 = 4 ? (approx)
Recti er output = Icp x Rt + 2 V (Back voltage)

2.3 A x 4 ? + 2 V = 11.2 V
The anode to earth resistance is high at 3.9 ? which limits current output
from anode if anode further deteriorates. Anode to earth resistance
should be less as much as possible. It can be reduced to less than 2 ? by
increasing number of anodes to 5 or 6 which will also increase current
required in case of anode deterioration.
Test stations
Test stations are provided along the structure for measurement of
structure to soil potential, current and other parameters to monitor
effectiveness of cathodic protection system. Test stations are provided
essentially at following locations

1. Cased crossings
2. Foreign structure crossings
 3. Isolating joints
4. Waterway crossings
5. Road, rail and bridge crossings where casing is provided
6. Galvanic anode installations
7. Valve stations
8. Stray current areas
9. Recti er installations
10. High tension line parallel or crossing
11. Vulnerable locations such as marshy areas or populated areas
12. Any other location needed for CP testing
Test station connection scheme

Anode junction box and cathode junction box
Anode junction box and cathode junction box are provided to measure
individual anode output current and pipeline current. Also anode output
current and pipeline current van be adjusted through variable resistor.
Anode resistance and ground bed resistance can also be measured



Cable to pipe connection
Cable to pipe connection should be mechanically strong and electrically
conductive. Two methods can be adopted
Thermit welding
Pin brazing
Thermit welding :
Thermit welding is a process where cable conductor is connected to pipe
through fusion process of superheated molten metal from chemical
reaction of thermite. Thermite is a mixture of Fe?O?and Al when ignited
produce heat and molten metal which join cable conductor to steel .
Pin brazing :
Pin brazing is a simple process of electric arc silver soldering where
cable lug is soldered on pipe surface by producing an electric arc at the
end of a silver pin by brazing gun. The arc also heats cable lug and pipe
surface to soldering temperature. The melted soldering pin and ux
solder cable lug on to the pipe
Pin brazing is more common as it has got advantages of easier
procedures and comparatively low temperature than thermit welding
Thermit welding kit

Location of Cathodic protection stations
Cathodic protection stations are located evenly along the pipeline
considering span of protection and CP recti er current capacity

Power availability is another important factor such as grid supply or

solar power cell
 Approachability to the location for maintenance purpose
Security threats are a concern fearing vandalism .
Availability of land
Power sources for CP
Following power sources are used for cathodic protection need
1. Grid power
2. Solar cells
3. Ni-Cd battery back up system
Type of insulation required in cathodic protection cables

Types of insulation required in corrosive environment such as at deep
well anode and shallow anode bed where coke back ll is used :
1. High Molecular Weight Polyethylene(HMWPE): The HMWPE insulation
is majorly used in soil installations. Not resistant to chlorine,
hydrochloric and petroleum hydrocarbon environments.
2. HALAR/HMWPE layered Insulation: this is a dual insulations where the
outer jacket HMWPE provides chemical resistance and di-electric
insulation, the inner HALAR layer is a uoro-copolymer which is
resistant to chlorine, hydrochloric and petroleum hydrocarbon
environments.
3. KYNAR/ HMWPE: Kynar(polyvinylidene uoride)/modi ed polyole n is
a dual jacketed insulation similar to Halar/polyethylene. provides
mechanical protection to the wire as well as chemical resistance and
dielectric insulation. resistant to chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sulfates,
hydrogen sul des, alkalis, other acids, petroleum-based chemicals, and
chlorine gas.

Cable speci cations
Anode and cathode header cable:

Shall be annealed, high conductivity,,650/1100V grade, PVC insulated
 and sheathed, armored, stranded copper conductor cable of 25 mm2
Anode tail cable : 10 mm2
Reference cell cable: 4 mm2
Grounding cell/polarization cell: XLPE insulated stranded 25mm2copper
conductor cable
Anode tail cable
Cathodic protection of plant piping, mounded bullets and

storage tank bottoms
Why cathodic protection is required for plant piping, mounded
bullets and storage tank bottoms
Integrity of buried plant piping carrying re water, cooling water,
waste water, raw water, product etc is very important for safe
operation of the plant. The underground pipeline coating is not
robust so cathodic protection is required to protect against
corrosion.
Heat of welding destroys soil side bottom plate coating which is not
repairable
Welding of steel plate results in micro structure changes in steel
resulting in formation of corrosion cells and signi cant metal loss.
Coating alone cannot be relied to protect the tank bottom and
mounded bullet from external corrosion.
Once leak arises, it is dif cult to repair and environmental hazard is
there.
Cathodic protection of plant piping, storage tank bottom and
mounded bullet is challenging task since underground structures in
plant are supported on RCC foundation and are connected through
copper earthing system which not only drains cathodic protection
current but also corrodes steel.
Plant piping cathodic protection anode con guration

Deep anode ground bed

1. Anodes and Installation: MMO tabular anodes In a vertical well 
todepths of 20--35 meter.
2. Current Effectiveness:

95% to 98% current being applied to incidental structures
only 2 to 5% of the current actually going to the piping systems.
3. Shielding / Current Distribution:
Piping in close proximity to RCC foundations and earthed structures

current distribution not effective
4. Design reliability:
Current distribution is a problem due to shielding by other structures in

vicinity
Expensive proposition
Current requirement is huge due to other structures in the vicinity of
structures
to be protected
Performance is not satisfactory as anode consumption is fast
Distributed shallow anode ground bed

Anodes and installation:
Mixed metal oxide tabular anodes distributed all around the structure
placed around 3 to 5 meters from the plant piping and lateral separation
of 10 to 30 meters.
Issues with this type of anode installation:

Dif cult to distribute the anodes properly because of physical
limitations.
Incidental structures pick up current between the anodes
Proper potential distribution is not achieved due to uneven current
distribution
Highly vulnerable to breakdown and damages during plant maintenance
Prone to areas of poor coverage due to shielding and over polarization.
Accurate information on grounding system, concrete foundations, and
all other buried metallic structures is required for proper system
designing.
Long line linear anode system

Anode and installation:
Long runs of linear anode laid parallel to pipeline and in very close
proximity to the piping being protected 
Bene ts of using long line linear anodes:

The current output is uniform and consistent across the entire system
 Close proximity to the piping signi cantly limits current losses to other
structures and current is mostly utilized to structure to be protected
Each anode segments output can be measured & controlled
independently.
Can be adopted for new construction projects and for selected spot
remediation
Accurate soil resistivity data is not required since the long anode length
signi cantly reduces overall system resistance.
Anode placement is a function of pipe location and not soil resistivity.
Signi cantly reduces the total current requirements for the system
Minimizes the risk of third party damage
Reduces trenching required for buried cable.
Very cost effective installation when installed concurrently with the
piping.
Con guration of linear anodes

Linear anodes with factory lled coke breeze are either polymeric or
copper cored mixed metal oxide based or titanium based mixed metal
oxide anodes. The copper cored MMO anode is frequently used for
cathodic protection Purpose.
Protective design current density

Comparison of current density for different design:
Isolated buried pipeline with coal tar epoxy coating: 200µA/m2)
Not isolated & coal tar epoxy coated, protected with a combination of
deep ground bed and distributed
shallow anodes: 10 to 20 ma//m2
Not isolated & coal tar epoxy coated, protected with long line linear
anodes : 3 to 5 ma/m2
The current consumption of long line linear anode is 52 ma/m and
suitable for 20 years of life and more.

Cathodic Protection of Pipelines with linear anodes


A typical layout of cathodic protection system using linear

anode

Combination of shallow and deep anode ground bed

Long line linear anodes



Graph of potential with respect to distance

Off potential graph with respect to distance
Installation of the Anode ex System provides Cathodic Protection on

every point without causing any under or overprotection

Conceptual design of CP for bullet tanks



Conceptual design of CP for bullet tanks

Conceptual design for CP for above ground tank bottom
GROUNDING OF BULLET OR TANK

Each bullet or tank is required to be grounded at 2 locations
The grounding is done through XLPE insulated 25mm2Copper
conductor cable

The grounding of the bullet to the earthing pits is done through a
“dc-de-coupler device which blocks DC current but allows AC
current to conduct.
DC voltage is blocked to a threshold value as per the-de-coupler

selected but within limits

ELECTRICAL ISOLATION

Electrical isolation is required to prevent CP current drain through
earthed structures and armour of instrument cable and imprive
performance of CP system. Monolithic Isolation Joints or ange kit is
provided to isolate the earthed structure. Surge diverter or spark gap
arrestor or over voltage protector is provided to clear lightening fault or
short circuit fault and induced AC voltage to < 5 KV
Spark gap arrestor/ over voltage protector across isolating

joint
Learn More about Cathodic Protection:

History of Cathodic Protection (https://marcepinc.com/blog/history-
of-cathodic-protection)
Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection in India 
Standard Measurement Techniques for Cathodic Protection on Storage

Tanks & Pipelines (https://marcepinc.com/blog/standard-
 measurement-techniques-for-cathodic-protection-on-storage-
tanks-&-pipelines)
Cathodic Protection & Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion
Control in Process Plants (https://marcepinc.com/blog/cathodic-
protection-&-electrochemical-techniques-for-corrosion-control-in-
process-plants)
Troubleshooting and Mitigation of Corrosion: Cathodic Protection
Technique (https://marcepinc.com/blog/troubleshooting-and-
mitigation-of-corrosion-by-cathodic-protection-technique)
The Basics of Corrosion - Corrosion Control & Corrosion Management
(https://marcepinc.com/blog/the-basics-of-corrosion---corrosion-
control-&-corrosion-management)

For Training and Consultancy Services (https://marcepinc.com/corporate-
blogs-marcepinc) Contact us on 022-62210100 or Email us
on techsupport@marcepinc.com (mailto:techsupport@marcepinc.com?
subject=In-house%20Training%20inquiry)

Share this Post:    
Related Posts:
Inte Pro
ma Saf
of Au
ons Pro
and Ha
o s Ana
(https://marcepinc.com/blog/integrity-
(https://marcepinc.com/blog/process-
pip a...
management-of-onshore- safety-audits,-process-
and-offshore-pipelines-
(htt hazard-analysis-and-risk-(htt
in-india) ma management-india) saf
of- aud
ons pro
and haz
o s ana
pip and 
risk
in- ma
ind ind

 
(https://marcepinc.com) 12th
Jul-
10th
May
2019 2019
R R
Ele 5
Saf Ste
Law for
Leg De
Reg Of
(htt Ele
(https://marcepinc.com/blog/electrical-
(https://marcepinc.com/blog/5-
saf Pow
safety-laws-legislations,- steps-for-design-of-
regulations,-compliances,-
law electrical-power-
Sys
india) leg systems-in-mumbai- i...
reg india) (htt
com ste
ind for

7th-
des
May of-
2019
ele
pow
R
sys
in-
mu
ind

23rd
Apr
2019
COPYRIGHT MARCEP INC 2017 | ALL RIGHTS

RESERVED
P R I VA C Y P O L I C Y
( H T T P S : // M A R C E P I N C . C O M / P R I VA C Y- P O L I C Y ) /

TERMS AND CONDITION
( H T T P S : // M A R C E P I N C . C O M / T E R M S - A N D -
CONDITION)

(https://marcepinc.com)
   
( H T T P S : // M A R C E P I N C . C O M / F R O N T U I / I M A G E S / C E R T I F I C AT E . P N G )
A N I S O 9 0 0 1 : 2 0 1 5 C E R T I F I E D C O M PA N Y


Design Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Design Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

7/31/2019 Design and Installation Aspects of Cathodic Protection

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION ASPECTS OF

Design and Installation Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Design Aspects of Cathodic Protection

Steps in designing sacri cial anode system

Current requirement for steel for 3LPE coating

Safety margin of 30% to be provided on the above current

Calculations Rt = Ra.re + Rc + Rs.re

Equation (1) When L>>d, soil resistivity is homogeneous and anode is

Anode to remote earth resistance

Also used for single vertical anode where t >>L

Anode to remote earth resistance

Resistance of multiple horizontal anode where continuous coke breeze

Pipe to earth and cable resistance

Calculation of system life & number of anodes

 Wt = Weight of single anode

Number of anodes = W/Wt, W is the total weight and Wt is the

Eap = Anode polarization potential – 1700 mV for Mg Esp =

Sa = Total surface area to be protected N= Number of anodes

Example of sacri cial anode system design

Pipe diameter 32.4 Cm, 6 Km long, FBE coated pipeline Soil

Rah = 0.159 x ρ (ln 2L) , horizontal anode is

= 1700-850 /26.5 + 1.64 =30 mA

N = Icp = 183 = 6.1 or 6 anodes

ia = 30 mA/2.6 ft² = 11.5 mA/ft²

Sacri cial anode design

Life of anode L = Wt x U x E = 17 lb x 0.85 X1 = 16.17

Potential Attenuation along pipeline

Impressed current CP system Dseign

Icp = Cathodic protection current

Anode bed should not be in a vicinity of foreign pipeline or foreign

Remoteness of anode bed

Remoteness of anode bed

Let us consider a deep well anode of active depth 30 meter in a soil

Current distribution & Attenuation

1. The anode ground bed should be at remote earth from structure

Example of impressed current system design

ρ = 4000 ?-cm, L = 213.4 cm, d = 20.3 cm, S = 609.6 cm, N = 3 anodes

785 x { ( 21.9 )² - (20.32)² }

Impressed current system design

= 3.9 + .3 + .026 + 0.11 = 4 ? (approx)

Recti er output = Icp x Rt + 2 V (Back voltage)

Test station connection scheme

Thermit welding kit

Power availability is another important factor such as grid supply or

Power sources for CP

Following power sources are used for cathodic protection need

Type of insulation required in cathodic protection cables

Anode and cathode header cable:

Cathodic protection of plant piping, mounded bullets and

Plant piping cathodic protection anode con guration

Deep anode ground bed

2. Current Effectiveness:

3. Shielding / Current Distribution:

Piping in close proximity to RCC foundations and earthed structures

Current distribution is a problem due to shielding by other structures in

Distributed shallow anode ground bed

Issues with this type of anode installation:

Long line linear anode system

Bene ts of using long line linear anodes:

Con guration of linear anodes

Protective design current density

A typical layout of cathodic protection system using linear