The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now

connected to the internet, collecting and sharing data.

This includes everything from cellphones, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps,
wearable devices .

The IoT is a giant network of connected "things" ,which also includes people. The relationship will be
between people-people, people-things, and things-things.

Pretty much any physical object can be transformed into an IoT device if it can be connected to the
internet and controlled that way.

A smartwatch or a fitness band or other wearable device might be counted as an IoT device.

The IoT was initially most interesting to business and manufacturing, but the emphasis is now on filling
our homes and offices with smart devices, transforming it into something that's relevant to almost
everyone.

The most-used enterprise IoT devices will be smart electric meters and commercial security cameras.

What are the benefits of the Internet of Things for consumers?

The IoT promises to make our homes and offices and vehicles smarter, more measurable, and chattier.

Smart speakers make it easier to play music, set timers, or get information. Home security systems make
it easier to monitor what's going on inside and outside, or to see and talk to visitors. Meanwhile, smart
thermostats can help us heat our homes before we arrive back.

What about Internet of Things security?

Security is one the biggest issues with the IoT.

Sensors are collecting in many cases extremely sensitive data what you say and do in your own
home,for example.

The IoT bridges the gap between the digital world and the physical world, which means that hacking into
devices can have dangerous real-world consequences.
Smart cities

By spreading a vast number of sensors over a town or city, planners can get a better idea of what's really
happening, in real time. As a result, smart cities projects are a key feature of the IoT. Cities already
generate large amounts of data ,from security cameras and environmental sensors and already contain
big infrastructure networks. IoT projects aim to connect these up, and then add further intelligence into
the system.

Smart cities add digital intelligence to the urban world and use it to solve public problems and achieve a
higher quality of live.

Smart cities can create a new type of digital urban commons and enhance social connectedness.

Becoming a smart city is not a strategy for job creation, but smart solutions can make local labor
markets more efficient and slightly lower the cost of living.

Smart cities change the economics of infrastructure and create room for partnerships and private-sector
participation.

OEM

An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, manufactures products or components that are

purchased by another company and retailed under that purchasing company's brand name. OEM
refers to the company that originally manufactured the product.

Such companies allow the brand firm to produce without having to engage in the organization or
running of a factory.

The OEM is the company that makes subsystems or parts that are used by other companies to make
the end product.

Benefits of OEM
Improved time for producers to market their new machines using the OEM products.

Increased innovation by the component manufacturers.

Reduced development costs and risks for machines manufacturers.

Access to key technologies.

Today, component parts and processed items are becoming branded, and as such their names are
becoming well-known by consumers.

OEM, or original equipment manufacturer, is a term heard most often within two industries:
automotive and IT. Initially, it was associated with a company that manufactured a product which was
then resold or rebranded by another company. However, the meaning of this term has evolved over
time, and today it refers to different things. For instance, OEM can reference a company that
manufactures the actual components used by another company to build a whole system. In other
instances, the OEM is a company that rebrands another company’s products and sells them to end
users.

OEM is also associated with the software industry.

Products from an OEM are normally cheaper thanks to economies of scale. As the company partners
with others to manufacture goods in large numbers, both the price and production time are
significantly reduced.
Embedded system examples

Value chain or supply chain: Most broadly, embedded systems can operate in and connect various
plants and sources within a supply chain (or value chain, as some say), as connected systems of
software.

Plant or facility: At the plant level, various departments can have embedded systems. Traditionally,
engineering design and procurement may have been in separate silos; interconnection and integration
of such systems are increasing.

Plant floor: Maintenance, controls and automation, logistics, engineering systems each are embedded
on the plant floor, along with the computers, databases, and communications for each. Power
systems also may be considered embedded at this level.

Automation and controls: Embedded systems within automation and controls includes various control
systems and controls, across the plant, in the building, fire and life safety, lighting, HVAC, air handling,
power, and other systems. These can be discrete control (things) process control (continuous flow),
batch control (in tanks or vats), or hybrid control.

Cell level: Within and between various work cells, individual machines and connecting motion
controls each can be called embedded systems. In process settings, embedded systems may be
considered the controls for the cracker, the fermenter, reactor, or other areas.

Machine level: Within a machine, an embedded system could operate as stand-alone controller, such
as an industrial PC (IPC), programmable automation controller (PAC), or programmable logic
controller (PLC) outside the machine. Other embedded systems could include networks, machine
vision, and other sensors, actuators (motors, valves, pumps), an on-machine or on-process line
enclosure or control panel of embedded components, or power system for discrete or process
applications.

Device level: Within a device, an embedded system can be the board or the silicon chip providing the
logic, the network, power, or sensors especially when each may have their own logic, software, and
communications.
Board level: Board-level systems can include sensors, logic elements, and actuators, along with
communications. (Unless otherwise specified, most embedded systems, for Control Engineering, are
usually at this level.)

Chip level: Once only logic devices, micromechanical systems have brought the embedded systems
discussion to the silicon level. Logic is involved with many processors now operating on one chip, and
communication systems are involved. Chips also can have gears, actuators, valves, and embedded
microsystems. Within embedded memory and instructions (some of it hidden in secure locations),
logic can be permanent, such as with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or changeable,
such as with a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

The electronic system which integrates the hardware circuitry with the software programming
techniques for providing project solutions is called as embedded systems.

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific
function or functions within a larger system.

Industrial machines, agricultural and process industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment,
cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices, are
possible locations for an embedded system.

Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have Microcontroller as the main part which controls
all the operations required through them. Almost every device that we use today is an example of
embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries
and in automation systems.

A digital camera is very good example of embedded systems.

Cameras that we use today are smart and have a lot of features that were not present in early
cameras all because of embedded system used in them.

Examples of embedded systems include automotive. Today cars use embedded systems replacing old
traditional systems.

Home security system is example of embedded system.

These systems have several features just as checking for fire or gas leakages, and detecting if someone
suspicious tries to enter the house.

A Microcontroller is used for controlling all the operations. Sensors give data and if something wrong
happens than safety alarms get activated.
Sensors used in such systems include gas sensors, smoke sensors, temperature sensors, IR sensors etc.

Ovo se ne moze nauciti ja nista ne kontam!!!!!!!!!!

Process-oriented programming

Simulation begins with an application created using process-oriented programming provided as part
of the machine module development package. A software engineer defines rules for how the shuttles
should behave on the track. The rules become active when shuttles pass virtual trigger points. This
makes implementation of motion sequences more efficient and reduces the amount of programming
required for individual shuttles.

Simulation, efficient operations

With the integrated simulation options, a developer can run tests to identify the optimum number
and speed of shuttles to maximize productivity. The simulation and real plant use the same software.
This makes it possible to switch between simulation and real operation at any time. How the shuttles
interact with additional mechanical elements such as robots can be visualized in such a system.

3-D simulation, machine code

When simulations are based on real machine code, no additional software or interfaces are required.
This also makes it easy to test, modify, and finalize code in the same software development
environment.A 3-D visualization of the development environment allows the user to fine-tune
processes in simulation mode before commissioning. With a few clicks of a mouse, the optimized
machine code is then transferred to a target control hardware.
Servomotors

Servomotor is actuation device for the precise control of speed, torque and position.

A servo motor is a device that contains an encoder which converts the mechanical motion (turns of the
shaft) into digital pulses interpreted by a motion controller. It also contains a driver; and in conjunction,
they make up a circuit that governs the position, torque and speed.

This little motor is high in efficiency and power.

Servo motors are utilized in many applications.

They are used in industrial applications, robotics, pharmaceutics and food services.

Servo motors allow us to create all kinds of controlled movements, and are an important breakthrough
when developing new technologies.

The servo circuitry is built right inside the motor unit and has a positionable shaft, which usually is fitted
with a gear (as shown below). The motor is controlled with an electric signal which determines the
amount of movement of the shaft.

There are two types of servo motors - AC and DC. AC servo can handle higher current currents and tend
to be used in industrial machinery. DC servos are not designed for high current currents and are usually
better suited for smaller applications.

Integrated servomotors are designed so as to include the motor, driver, encoder and associated
electronics into a single package

Servo motors with integrated drives benefit retrofits and new applications and provide decreased
commissioning times when paired with EtherCAT and PC control.

Those benefits continue become more cost-effective and esier to implement than traditional control
system.

Web 3.0 –

It refers the evolution of web utilization and interaction which includes altering the Web into a
database.

Web 3.0 is a term which is used to describe many evolutions of web usage and interaction among
several paths.
Also called the semantic Web, it is an extension of the World Wide Web where it can be expressed a
natural language understandable and usable by software agents, thus permitting finding, sharing and
integrating information easily.

Web 3.0 is a term used to describe the future of the World Wide Web.

With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata.

Web 2.0 vs Web 3.0

Web 2.0 is a web application, which encourages interactivity, information sharing, and collaboration on
the Internet.

Web 2.0 is based on user interaction. All social networking sites, video sharing sites, blogs, forums etc.
are examples of web 2.0 application.

If you are present in social media like Twitter or Facebook, you can directly interact with your
customers.

The document type Web 2.0 is static and employs Google keyword to retrieve information to the users.
On the other hand, the highly mobile Web 3.0 uses databases with metadata to look for the
information.

Web 3.0 will be based on semantic web. This is a technology, where information and data are stored in
such a way that the computer systems understand them.

Web 2.0 is a writable and more social oriented World Wide Web that uses Google as a catalyst to
perform.

Whereas, Web 3.0 is a dynamic metadata web that is enriched in performing personal assistance for an
individual using Semantic web.

Examples of Web 2.0 applications are Youtube, Wiki, Flickr, Facebook, and so on.

One example of Web 3.0 is Tivo.

Engineering the Semantic Web

Content engineers are creating a more powerful and agile web of content and data by first parsing
and structuring the discrete elements of content that constitute websites, such as people, events,
ideas, concepts, products. These elements are then assigned a “label” describing its meaning in a
standardized language. When such machine-readable descriptions are present, they can be linked to
build a more robust web of data where computers can find, read, and even reason about a unit of
content.

SEMANTIC WEB

The semantic web is an exciting new evolution of the World Wide Web (WWW) providing machine-
readable and machine-comprehensible information far beyond current capabilities.

The Semantic Web is a mesh of information linked up in such a way as to be easily processable by
machines, on a global scale. You can think of it as being an efficient way of representing data on the
World Wide Web, or as a globally linked database.

Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and
write rules for handling data. Linked data are empowered by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL.

Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for representing information about resources
in a graph form. Since it was primarily intended for representing metadata about WWW resources, it
is built around resources with URI.

SPARQL stands for Protocol and RDF Query Language and is the way data stored in RDF format gets
queried, retrieved and manipulated on the Semantic Web. It is SPARQL that allows us to navigate
diverse databases and discover relationships between data. Those familiar with SQL will notice the
differences in capabilities between the query languages.

OWL

OWL is a logic-based language, designed to be interpreted by machines so that they can automatically
process and reason through the information it describes.
Using Semantic Web Technologies, publishers can:

Build smart digital content infrastructures

Connect content silos across a huge organization

Leverage metadata to provide richer experiences

Curate and reuse content more efficiently

Connect internal and external content sets

Build towards real augmented and artificial intelligence

Power-up authoring experiences and workflow processes.

Oui charger

Most consumer devices that transfer power over wireless links follow the Qi standard.

The construction of these power transfer systems is simpler thanks to the availability of new
reference designs.

Examine the wireless charging setup used in the passenger compartment of most vehicles and you are
likely to find a system that follows the Qi standard.

Charging takes place via magnetic induction between a charging pad and a compatible wireless
receiver.

A limited data transmission takes place between the charger and the mobile device being charged.
Transmitted data provides information about the state of charge and similar parameters so the
charger can shut down when the battery is charged.

Qi chargers also can sense the presence of foreign objects in the charging field. When this happens,
the charger cuts out.

Transmitter design

All wireless transmitters have four common building blocks: transmitter coils and resonance
capacitors, a full or half-bridge inverter, a modulator/demodulator handling communication packets,
and circuits that sense power transfer and protect against conditions arising from factors such as
foreign objects in the resonance field.
Smart grid
A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to supply electricity to
consumers via two-way digital communication.

The grid refers to the electric grid, a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers and
more that deliver electricity from the power plant to your home or business.

This system allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to
help improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and
reliability of the energy supply chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of overcoming the
weaknesses of conventional electrical grids by using smart net meters.

The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era
of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental
health.

In addition, the Smart Grid is a way to address an aging energy infrastructure that needs to be
upgraded or replaced.

The benefits associated with the Smart Grid include:

More efficient transmission of electricity.

Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances.

Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for
consumers.

Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates.

Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems.

Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable energy
systems.

Improved security.

The Role Of Smart Grids And AI In

The Race To Zero Emissions
The term “smart grid” encompasses much more than just power delivery, though that is an important
factor. At its core, the main pillar of a smart grid is a two-way connection of energy and information,
but it goes much deeper than that. For maximum effectiveness and efficiency, a smart grid
infrastructure should also include two more pillars: distributed generation and AI.

DER systems typically use renewable energy sources, including small hydro, biomass, biogas, solar
power, wind power, and geothermal power, and increasingly play an important role for the electric
power distribution system.

Distributed generation, also distributed energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a
variety of small, grid-connected or distribution system connected devices referred to as distributed
energy resources (DER).

AI Is The Backbone Of A True Smart Grid.

Artificial intelligence (AI), coupled with many advanced energy storage technologies, when it comes
with machine learning, deep learning, and advanced neural networks, can demonstrate tremendous
potential for energy transformation and the utility sector.

There are many forms of renewable energy .

Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.
Wind Power-Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies.

Wind is used to produce electricity using the kinetic energy created by air in motion. This is
transformed into electrical energy using wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems.

Hydropower refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a
renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.

Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the
world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth.

Carbon dioxide increases in air that is not good for health.

Geothermal power. Energy left over from the original accretion of the planet and augmented by heat
from radioactive decay seeps out slowly everywhere, everyday.

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency simply means using less energy to perform the same task .

Energy efficiency brings a variety of benefits: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing demand
for energy imports, and lowering our costs on a household and economy-wide level.

Building designers are looking to optimize building efficiency and then incorporate renewable energy
technologies, leading to the creation of zero-energy buildings.

Combined heat and power systems capture the waste heat from power plants and use it to provide
heating, cooling, and/or hot water to nearby buildings and facilities. TThe smart grid is another
system that will improve the efficiency of electric generation, distribution, and consumption.