Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Network
Planning
Whitepaper
February 2019
Table of contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3
2. 5G new radio overview ...................................................................................... 5
2.1. 5G NR standardisation and deployment timeframes .............................................5
2.2 Key enabling technologies ......................................................................................6
2.2.1 Millimetre wave (mmWave) communications .................................................. 6
2.2.2 Ultra-dense small cell and heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments .... 7
2.2.3 Massive MIMO .................................................................................................. 7
2.2.4 Beamforming (3D) ............................................................................................. 8
2.2.5 Scalable OFDM numerology .............................................................................. 9
3. 5G NR access network planning requirements .................................................. 10
3.1. 5G NR operating environment modelling ............................................................10
3.1.1 Geographic information system (GIS) ............................................................. 11
3.1.2 3D building models ......................................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Integrating outdoor GIS and indoor 3D building models ................................ 12
3.2 Radio propagation modelling ....................................................................................13
3.3 5G NR system modelling.......................................................................................14
4. Case studies ..................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Fixed wireless access (FWA) ......................................................................................16
4.2 Outdoor urban HetNet deployment .....................................................................18
4.3 Stadiums ...............................................................................................................19
5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 20
Reference ............................................................................................................... 21
About Ranplan Wireless .......................................................................................... 22
Li st o f Ta bl es
Table 1-1. 3GPP NR requirements ............................................................................................4
Table 3-1. 5G NR numerologies ...............................................................................................14
Table 3-2. 5G NR modulation schemes ...................................................................................15
Table 3-3. Uplink and downlink channel .................................................................................16
List o f Figures
Figure 1-1. New categories in 5G [1] .........................................................................................3
Figure 2-1. 5G NR standardisation ............................................................................................5
Figure 2-2. 5G NR deployment modes ......................................................................................5
Figure 2-3. Effect of oxygen and water on Frequency band .....................................................6
Figure 2-4. Ultra-dense small cell deployment .........................................................................7
Figure 2-5. Massive MIMO ........................................................................................................8
Figure 2-6. A diagram for BF to show beam steering ................................................................9
Figure 2-7. Comparison between analogue and digital beamformers......................................9
Figure 2-8. OFDM numerology ................................................................................................10
Figure 3-1. Outdoor GIS with vegetation (Screenshot of Ranplan Professional) ....................11
Figure 3-2. 3D model building model ......................................................................................11
Figure 3-3. Material database in Ranplan Professional covering all 5G frequency bands. .....12
Figure 3-4. Seamless integration of GIS and 3D building model with outdoor and indoor
radio signal in Ranplan Professional .....................................................................13
Figure 3-5. True 3D multiple-path ray tracing/launching radio propagation model...............14
Figure 3-6. 5G numerologies ...................................................................................................15
Figure 4-1. FWA Scenario ........................................................................................................17
Figure 4-2. Outdoor urban HetNet deployment .....................................................................18
Figure 4-3. Stadium 3D modelling and prediction with Ranplan Professional ........................20
ii
Introduction
1. Introduction
The fifth generation (5G) mobile network promises to create a platform and an eco-system to
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services. It will support both the
mobile industry and verticals such as automotive, industry automation and public safety. It is
foreseen that 5G will co-exist with other radio access technologies (RATs) such as LTE-A/Pro, NB-IoT,
and WiFi for a considerable amount of time.
In addition to supporting traditional services provided by the existing mobile networks, three new
service categories are envisioned for 5G – enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and
low latency communications (URLLC) and massive machine type communications (mMTC). The
eMBB category includes services such as HD video, virtual/augmented reality; the URLLC category
includes services such as vehicular communication and industry automation; and the mMTC
category includes services such as IoTs for smart city.
These three new categories of services have diverse requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency,
mobility, connection density, and data rates, as illustrated in Figure 1-1. For example, eMBB services
3
Introduction
place high requirements on spectrum efficiency, user experienced data rate, peak data rate, area
traffic capacity and network energy efficiency. Detailed requirements of eMBB, URLLC and mMTC
services can be found in the following table:
Table 1-1. 3GPP NR requirements
10-20Gbps peak
Data Rate
100 Mbps whenever needed
Enhanced Mobile
10000x more traffic
Broadband
(eMBB) Mobility Speed 500km/h
Use Scenario Marco and small cells
Network Energy efficiency Network energy saving by 100 x
Connection Density 2 × 105 − 106 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘2
Massive Machine Coverage Long Range
Type Data rate 1-100 kbps
Communications Battery Life 10 years
(mMTC) Cost M2M ultra low cost
Access method Asynchronous access
<1ms air interface latency
Ultra-Reliability Latency
5 ms E2E latency
and Low Latency
Communications Reliable and Available 99.9999%
(URLLC) Data Rate 50 kbps – 10 Mbps
Mobility High speed mobility
In order to account for a greater diversity of services that will be supported by 5G, and to be
spectrum and energy efficient, 5G New Radio (NR) needs to have a much higher degree of flexibility
and scalability unseen in the previous generations of mobile networks. This results in a much more
complicated radio system.
To fulfil what 5G promises, 5G NR, which sits at heart of the 5G network, needs to be empowered by
the following key enabling technologies:
• Millimetre wave (mmWave) communications;
• Massive MIMO and 3D beamforming;
• Ultra-dense small cell and heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments;
• Scalable OFDM numerologies: 2N sub-carrier spacing, scalable CP, TTI, etc.
Aiming at enabling a first phase of 5G NR deployments in 2020, a set of initial 5G NR features have
been defined in 3GPP Release 15 (aka phase 1), with a frozen date at the end of June 2018. The
complexity of 5G NR, the need of cost-effective deployment and the inter-working with existing
networks based on multi-RATs will bring the complexity of 5G NR network planning to an
unprecedented level unseen in previous generations of mobile networks.
In this whitepaper, we aim to analyse 5G NR network planning requirements and demonstrate how
5G NR networks can be planned in typical eMBB scenarios and evaluate their expected performance
in terms of a set of defined key performance indicators (KPIs).
The rest of the whitepaper is organised in the following manner: In Section 2, we give a brief
introduction to 5G NR specified in 3GPP Release 15, followed by the requirement analysis of 5G NR
access network planning in Section 3. We will present three case studies for typical 5G NR
deployment scenarios in Section 4 and draw some conclusions in Section 5.
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5G new radio overview
5G NR standardisation is divided into two phases. The first phase mainly focuses on providing eMBB
services, as there is a more urgent need from operators on eMBB than URLLC and mMTC services.
The low latency part of URLLC is also standardised in this phase. The second phase will address
mMTC and the ultra-reliability part of URLLC. The first phase of 5G NR standardisation was
completed in June 2018. The second phase of 5G NR standardisation is scheduled to complete by the
end of 2019. The first phase of 5G NR deployment is likely to start in late 2019-2020, while the
deployment of the second phase will start in 2021, refer to Figure 2-1. 5G NR networks can be
deployed in two modes, i.e., non-standalone (NSA) or standalone (SA) modes, see Figure 2-2.
As shown in Figure 2-2, in the NSA deployment mode, the 5G NR will share the same Evolved Packet
Core (EPC) with LTE. The advantages of this deployment mode are: i) the reduction of time and
CAPEX associated with deploying 5G NR network by leveraging on the existing core; and ii)
eliminating the waiting time for the new core to be available. The NSA mode is more suitable for the
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5G new radio overview
initial deployment, e.g., to cover hotspots. In the SA deployment mode, the 5G NR will use a new
core – Next Generation Corporate Network (NGCN). The advantage of the SA lies in its efficiency and
flexibility that is provided by network slicing based on NFV and SDN technologies, OPEX saving,
latency (which is critical for URLLC) and native support for mMTC. Hence, going forward, 5G NR will
be deployed in the SA mode. Thisis particularly beneficial to new entrants for green field
deployment.
Figure 2-3 shows that mmWave bands suffer from the oxygen absorption at the 57-64 GHz band,
and water vapour absorption at the 164-200 GHz band, thus 225 GHz of potential bandwidth is
available to be exploited for communication in the mmWave RF frequency range.
Due to their short wavelengths, mmWave signal propagation will be more affected by weather
conditions and small objects. Rain and snow may affect the mmWave links dramatically. Small
objects such as vehicles, trees, foliage, furniture, and human bodies will all affect mmWave signal
propagation and even block the radio link completely. Therefore, radio planning tools that support
mmWave are needed to study many “what - if” scenarios for mmWave small cell deployment and
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5G new radio overview
the cooperating-working between mmWave small cells and cells operating at sub-6GHz.
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5G new radio overview
magnitude. With TDD mode, the downlink capacity of a massive MIMO system in each cell can be
denoted by: Cdl = max log 2 det(I M + ρ dl GPG H ) , where M is the antenna number, ρ dl is the downlink
P
SNR, P is a positive diagonal matrix with the power allocations { p1 , p2 , , pK } as its diagonal
∑
K
elements and k =1
pk = 1 , K is the number of users, G is the channel matrix from the BS antennas
to UEs, dimensioned M*K. TDD mode is always used in the massive MIMO system for less resources
consumption for channel state information (CSI). The computation of downlink capacity requires the
solution of a convex optimization problem.
Massive MIMO can provide spatial multiplexing and diversity gains. The most important advantage
that massive MIMO can bring to 5G is its spectral efficiency enhancement (over 10 times compared
with that in LTE-A). By exploiting spatial multiplexing, massive MIMO can turn a hostile severe fading
channel (e.g., iid Rayleigh fading channel) into several independent channels that can be used to
transport multiple information streams simultaneously. By exploiting spatial diversity, the link
reliability can be increased as the same information streams are transmitted on several antennas to
the same UE.
CSI
1 Data s tream 1
Decoding
2 Data s tream 2
.
.. ... ..
.
M
M Data s tream K
UE K
UE K
In the meantime, massive MIMO will also improve energy efficiency. This is achieved by transmitting
much narrower beam towards the intended receiver rather than radiating power in the entire cell.
The Intra-cell interference between UEs served by the same time-frequency resource can also be
reduced. Nevertheless, the number of served UEs in each massive-MIMO enabled cell is limited by
the capability of handling required number of CSI. Additionally, pilot contamination is a major
bottleneck of the performance of massive MIMO system.
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5G new radio overview
The comparison between the digital and analogue beamforming is given in Figure 2-7. There are two
main differences. One is that digital baseband processing is required in the digital beamforming,
which can become very complicated in the massive MIMO system. The other is each antenna needs
its own RF chain in the digital beamforming, which will be costly and complicated if mmWave band is
applied. Thus, hybrid beamforming has been suggested for the massive
MIMO system.
The most advantage of beamforming is to restrain the transmitted signal at a desired angle by
exploiting the spatial properties of antennas. Consequently, much denser deployment of BSs can be
supported as compared with single antenna system, as co-channel interference can be suppressed.
Additionally, beamforming increases the signal transmission range, the indoor penetration capability
and the possibility of operating high-order modulations. In 3GPP Release 15, 3D beamforming
enables each BS to adjust beam direction at both horizontal and vertical dimensions, supporting up
to 256 antennas. Moreover, mobile mmWave, supported by adaptive 3D beamforming and beam
tracking, is essential in 5G NR to provide UE seamless mobility and extreme throughput
simultaneously. The challenge is how to allow each BS to fast steer its beams.
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5G new radio overview
principle is to introduce scalable OFDM subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix durations based on the
carrier frequency and bandwidth. Specifically, to simplify the implementation of scalable OFDM
numerology, it was proposed to use a certain number of scaling factors, a common value of
subcarrier spacing, and a common value of cyclic prefix duration to determine all the subcarrier
spacings and cyclic prefix durations for all configurations of carrier frequencies and bandwidths. This
can simplify the design of sampling clock rates since the duration of OFDM symbol is inverse of
subcarrier spacing. Furthermore, to simplify the scheduling and reference signal design, it has been
proposed that the number of OFDM symbols in a subframe should be equal for all values of
subcarrier spacing, which means that the increase in subcarrier spacing shortens the subframe
duration, as shown in Figure 2-8.
A specific solution adopted by 3GPP uses integer power of 2 as the scaling of subcarrier spacing from
15 kHz. This solution can also address the requirement of strict subframe alignment in an LTE-TDD
network, as the subframe duration of a certain carrier frequency and bandwidth is integer divisible
by all smaller subframe durations.
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5G NR access network planning requirements
In 2G/3G/4G mobile networks, most of the indoor mobile traffic is served by outdoor macrocells.
However, this will become infeasible in the 5G era, as 5G will use higher frequencies, which are not
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5G NR access network planning requirements
good at penetrating into buildings. It is estimated over 80% of indoor traffic (i.e., about 2/3 of the
overall traffic) will be served by mobile networks installed in buildings. In order to cost effectively
deploy small cells, DAS indoors, accurate 3D building models are needed. 3D building models will
model: 1) building structures with elements of walls, doors, windows, columns, as shown in Figure
3-2; and 2) whole 3D building models in Figure 3-2.
As the building material EM properties change over frequencies, they need to be measured across
the frequency range in which the 5G NR will operate. Measuring building material EM properties at
mmWave bands is particularly challenging due to the diffuse reflection effect as the material surface
roughness is comparable to the carrier wavelength. The building material EM properties need to be
stored in a database as shown in Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3. Material database in Ranplan Professional covering all 5G frequency bands.
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5G NR access network planning requirements
Figure 3-4. Seamless integration of GIS and 3D building model with outdoor and indoor radio signal in
Ranplan Professional
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5G NR access network planning requirements
3. 3 5G NR system mo dell i ng
In order to plan a 5G NR network, 5G NR numerologies must first be modelled in the planning tool.
In Table 3-1, we summarise these 5G NR numerologies:
Table 3-1. 5G NR numerologies
OFDM Configuration
Parameters
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5G NR access network planning requirements
Second, the corresponding frame structures also need to be modelled. For example, for 120kHz sub-
carrier spacing, 8 slots/sub-frame (1ms), 80 slots/frame (10ms), 14 OFDM symbols/slot. This is
shown in Figure 3-6.
Third, the new modulation schemes such as 256QAM need to be modelled. In Table 3-2, we
summarise all the modulation schemes that are supported in 5G NR.
Table 3-2. 5G NR modulation schemes
QPSK UL/DL
16QAM UL/DL
64QAM UL/DL
256QAM UL/DL
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5G NR access network planning requirements
Fourth, 5G NR control and data channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH and PUSCH need modelling. The
detail is shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3-3. Uplink and downlink channel
4. Case studies
In the following, we present three 5G NR planning case studies, including Fixed Wireless Access
(FWA), outdoor urban HetNet deployment and stadium scenario. These case studies demonstrate
Ranplan Professional’s world leading 5G NR network planning capabilities for scenarios such as joint
indoor-outdoor, urban outdoor and large venues.
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Case studies
testing. Furthermore, given the candidate locations in coverage regions of good signal quality, the
optimal CPE location can be obtained using Ranplan Professional’s optimization modules.
Indoor Floor
Outdoor
Figure 4-1 a) shows how beamforming in 5G NR can enhance the signal quality, with indoor signal
power reaching -65dBm in a substantial area facing macrocell site; Figure 4-1 b) shows that
compared with 2x2 MIMO, the performance of 8x8 MIMO is greatly improved due to the
beamforming gain, with a peak throughput up to 4.3Gbps for SU-MIMO mode if the CPE is deployed
with 8 antennas; and c) shows the ideal locations to deploy CPE.
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Case studies
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Case studies
4. 3 Sta diums
Large venues such as stadiums place high demand for eMBB services such as high definition videos,
VR/AR. How to design 5G NR networks to meet content uploading by thousands of simultaneous
users, data visualization and immersive capabilities of AR and VR is a big challenge.
Ranplan Professional has the best-in-class stadium modelling (detailed building structure and
material property database covering all 5G spectrum) and 5G NR simulation capability, thus it can
accurately design 5G NR networks comprising of both sub-6GHz and mmWave bands to meet this
challenge.
Figure 4-3 a) below shows an accurate 3D building model for a large stadium with picocells
deployment, b) and c) show SS RSRP and PDSCH throughput distribution of a 5G NR network
designed by Ranplan Professional. From (b), we can see that most of the seating area is covered by
indoor picocells, and the SS RSRP can achieve up to -50dBm with beamforming technology, and the
lowest SS RSRP value still reaches -100dBm in the seating area. The PDSCH throughput prediction in
figure c) shows that the 8x8 antennas indoor Pico cells deployment can efficiently enhance the
seating area’s throughput by Massive MIMO technology. The throughput prediction shows that most
of the seating areas can reach 4155Mbps with optimal signal quality, satisfying eMBB services
specified by 5G.
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Case studies
Ranplan Professional can accurately predict the received signal strength and throughput, thus RF
engineers can plan 5G NR networks using Ranplan Professional in confidence, resulting in much-
shortened time and reduced cost in network design, testing and post-deployment optimization.
5. Conclusion
In this whitepaper, we firstly gave a brief overview of the key enabling technologies in 5G NR,
including mmWave, massive MIMO, 3D beamforming, ultra-dense small cell/HetNet deployments
and scalable OFDM numerologies. Secondly, we analysed 5G NR network planning requirements on
GIS, 3D building models, the seamless integration of GIS and building model, radio propagation
models, and 5G NR system modelling. Finally, we studied three 5G NR deployment cases, i.e., FWA,
outdoor urban dense small cell deployment and stadiums. The case studies demonstrated Ranplan
Professional’s world leading capability in planning and optimisation of 5G NR networks in outdoor-
indoor, outdoor urban and large venues scenarios.
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Case studies
Reference
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University Press, 2007.
[3] D. Lopez-Perez, I. Guvenc, G. de la Roche, M. Kountouris, T. Q. S. Quek and J. Zhang, "Enhanced
intercell interference coordination challenges in heterogeneous networks," IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 22-30, June 2011.
[4] D. López-Pérez, I. Guvenc, and X. Chu. "Mobility management challenges in 3GPP heterogeneous
networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 70-78, 2012.
[5] A. H. Jafari, D. López-Pérez, H. Song, H. Claussen, L. Ho, and J. Zhang, "Small cell backhaul:
challenges and prospective solutions," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
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Case studies
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