JAVA CONCEPTS

1.History of JAVA?
Many java versions have been released till now. The current stable release of Java is Java SE 10.

 JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

 JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)
 JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)
 J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
 J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)
 J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)
 J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
 Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)
 Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
 Java SE 8 (18th March 2014)
 Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)
 Java SE 10 (20th March 2018)
Codenamed Oak and released on January 23, 1996
JDK Version 1.0
JDK Version 1.1
Features in JDK 1.1
 JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
 Inner Classes
 Java Beans
 RMI (Remote Method Invocation)
 Reflection (introspection only)
2. J2SE Version 1.2
Code named Playground and released on December 8, 1998
Features in J2SE 1.2
 Collections framework.
 Java String memory map for constants.
 Just In Time (JIT) compiler.
 Jar Signer for signing Java ARchive (JAR) files.
 Policy Tool for granting access to system resources.
 Java Foundation Classes (JFC) which consists of Swing 1.0, Drag and Drop, and Java 2D
class libraries.
 Java Plug-in
  Scrollable result sets, BLOB, CLOB, batch update, user-defined types in JDBC.
 Audio support in Applets.
3. J2SE Version 1.3
Code named Kestrel and released on May 8, 2000.
Features in J2SE 1.3
 Java Sound
 Jar Indexing
 A huge list of enhancements in almost all the java area.
4.J2SE Version 1.4
Code named Merlin and released on February 6, 2002 (first release under JCP).
Features in J2SE 1.4
 XML Processing
 Java Print Service
 Logging API
 Java Web Start
 JDBC 3.0 API
 Assertions
 Preferences API
 Chained Exception
 IPv6 Support
 Regular Expressions
 Image I/O API
J2SE Version 5.0
Code named Tiger and released on September 30, 2004.
Features in J2SE 5.0
 Generics
 Enhanced for Loop
 Autoboxing/Unboxing
 Typesafe Enums
 Varargs
 Static Import
 Metadata (Annotations)
 Instrumentation
Java Version SE 6
Code named Mustang and released on December 11, 2006.
Features in Java SE 6
 Scripting Language Support
 JDBC 4.0 API
 Java Compiler API
 Pluggable Annotations
 Native PKI, Java GSS, Kerberos and LDAP support.
 Integrated Web Services.
 Lot more enhancements.
Java Version SE 7
Code named Dolphin and released on July 28, 2011.
Features in Java SE 7
 Strings in switch Statement
 Type Inference for Generic Instance Creation
 Multiple Exception Handling
 Support for Dynamic Languages
 Try with Resources
 Java nio Package
 Binary Literals, underscore in literals
 Diamond Syntax
 Automatic null Handling
Java SE 8
Java 8 was released on 18 March 2014. The code name culture is dropped with Java 8 and so no
official code name going forward from Java 8.
Features in Java SE 8
 Lambda Expressions
 Pipelines and Streams
 Date and Time API
 Default Methods
 Type Annotations
 Nashhorn JavaScript Engine
 Concurrent Accumulators
 Parallel operations
  PermGen Error Removed
 TLS SNI
2.Difference between JDK, JRE, JVM, JIT?
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine.
 Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is an implementation of the JVM.
 Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE along with various development tools like
Java libraries, Java source compilers, Java debuggers, bundling and deployment tools.
 Just in Time compiler (JIT) is runs after the program has started executing, on the fly. It
has access to runtime information and makes optimizations of the code for better
performance.
3.What is the role of JIT in JVM?
The JIT compiler helps improve the performance of Java programs by compiling
bytecodes into native machine code at run time. The JIT compiler is enabled by default. When a
method has been compiled, the JVM calls the compiled code of that method directly instead of
interpreting it.
4.What is program Arguments?
Command Line Argument is information passed to the program when you run the
program. The passed information is stored as a string array in the main method
 Command Line Arguments can be used to specify configuration information while
launching your application.
 There is no restriction on the number of java command line arguments. You can specify
any number of arguments
 Information is passed as Strings.
 They are captured into the String args of your main method
Arguments
 class CommandLineExample{
 public static void main (String args[]){
 System.out.println("Your first argument is: "+args[0]);
 }
 }

5.What is Copy Constructor?

There is no copy constructor in Java. However, we can copy the values from one object
to another like copy constructor in C++.
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in Java. They are:
  By constructor
 By assigning the values of one object into another
 By clone () method of Object class
6.Explain about Constructor Overloading?
Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with
different parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different
task. They are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in the list and their types.
7.Is possible static constructor in Java?
Java does not permit to declare a constructor as static. Following are the reasons.
 Static means for the same class. For example, static methods cannot be inherited.
 With static, "this" reference (keyword) cannot be used. "this" is always linked to an object.
A constructor always belongs to some object.
 If a constructor is static, an object of subclass cannot access. If static is allowed with
constructor, it is accessible within the class but not by subclass.
8.Difference between Abstract class and Interface?
Abstract class Interface
Abstract class can have abstract and non- Interface can have only abstract methods.
abstract methods. Since Java 8, it can have default and static
methods also.
Abstract class doesn't support multiple Interface supports multiple inheritance.
inheritance.
Abstract class can have final, non-final, static Interface has only static and final variables.
and non-static variables.
Abstract class can provide the implementation Interface can't provide the implementation of
of interface. abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare The interface keyword is used to declare
abstract class. interface.
An abstract class can extend another Java An interface can extend another Java interface
class and implement multiple Java interfaces. only.
An abstract class can be extended using An interface can be implemented using
keyword "extends". keyword "implements".
A Java abstract class can have class members Members of a Java interface are public by
like private, protected, etc. default.

9.Explain about Diamond Problems?

 This leads to the ambiguity as the compiler doesn't know which superclass method to
execute. Because of the diamond-shaped class diagram, it's referred to as Diamond Problem in
java. The diamond problem in Java is the main reason java doesn't support multiple inheritances
in classes.

10.Can we define a constructor in abstract class?

 Yes, an abstract class can have a constructor. When we define a class to be an Abstract
Class it cannot be instantiated but that does not mean an Abstract class cannot have a
constructor.
 Each abstract class must have a concrete subclass which will implement the abstract
methods of that abstract class. Hence, we can have a constructor in abstract classes.
11.Explore about Static Block?
Static block is used for initializing the static variables. This block gets executed when
the class is loaded in the memory. A class can have multiple Static blocks, which will execute in
the same sequence in which they have been written into the program.
 Single static block
 Multiple Static blocks

12.Difference between Overloading and Overriding?

Method Overloading Method Overriding
Method overloading is used to increase the Method overriding is used to provide the
readability of the program. specific implementation of the method that is
already provided by its super class.
Method overloading is performed within Method overriding occurs in two classes that
class. have IS-A (inheritance) relationship.
In case of method overloading, parameter In case of method overriding, parameter must
must be different. be same.
Method overloading is the example of Method overriding is the example of run time
compile time polymorphism. polymorphism.
In java, method overloading can't be Return type must be same or covariant in
performed by changing return type of the method overriding.
method only. Return type can be same or
different in method overloading. But you
must have to change the parameter.
13.How to implement overloading and overriding in Java?
Method Overloading:
Same as constructors, Conditions for method overloading are:
1. Methods to be overloaded must have the same name.
2. All methods must have different arguments (either different number of parameters or different
type of parameters).
Method Overriding:
Conditions for Method Overriding
 Methods of both parent and child class must have the same name.
 Methods must have the same argument list and return type.
 A method declared static cannot be overridden.
 If a method cannot be inherited, it cannot be overridden.
14.Types of class in Java?
Java supports three types of classes.
 Concrete classes
 Abstract classes
Concrete classes:
A concrete class is a class that has an implementation for all of its methods. They cannot
have any unimplemented methods. It can also extend an abstract class or implement an interface
as long as it implements all their methods.
Abstract classes:
Abstract class in Java is similar to interface except that it can contain default method
implementation. An abstract class can have an abstract method without body, and it can have
methods with implementation also. abstract keyword is used to create a abstract class and method.
15.How to stop the inheritance features of class?
 Use final.
 Use private constructors.
 Use a comment: // do not inherit.
 Use a javadoc comment.
 Make every method final, so people can't override them.
 Use a runtime check in the class constructor: if (this. getClass() != MyClass. class) {throw
new RuntimeException("Subclasses not allowed"); }
16.How to stop the overriding of the function?
We can prevent method overriding in java in 3 ways
  By making method final in Base class
 By making method static in Base class
 By making method private in Base class
17.Is Constructor Overloading is possible?
Yes, we can overload constructors in java.Constructor is just like a method but
without return type. It can also be overloaded like Java methods.
Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with different
parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different task. They
are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in the list and their types.
18.Properties in Java?
 The properties object contains key and value pair both as a string. The java.util.Properties
class is the subclass of Hashtable.
 It can be used to get property value based on the property key.
 The Properties class provides methods to get data from the properties file and store data
into the properties file. Moreover, it can be used to get the properties of a system.
19.How to make property as read only?
To make a file read only in java, you can use one of below methods. 3rd method using
Runtime.getRuntime().exec () is platform specific because of command you pass to it as
parameter. Rest two methods will work fine in most cases.
 1) Use java.io.File.setReadOnly() method
 2) Use java.io.File.setWritable(false) method
 3) Execute a native command (platform dependent)

20.Log Files in Java?

Logging helps a programmer in the debugging process of a program. Java provides logging
facility in the java.util.logging package. The package consists of a set of classes and interfaces
which are used in logging. The System uses a Logger object to log messages
The need for Log Files:
 Recording unusual circumstances or errors that may be happening in the program
 Getting the info about what’s going in the application